无卤阻燃含磷环氧树脂的研究进展

无卤阻燃含磷环氧树脂中的磷成分具有气相和凝聚相的双重阻燃作用,且材料本身降解产物不产生可持续性环境污染物,因而作为环境友好型阻燃材料而被广泛研究。本文综述了近年来关于含9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲10-氧化物(DOPO)环氧树脂体系（包含DOPO环氧树脂、DOPO基固化剂和添加型DOPO改性聚合物）、磷酸酯型环氧树脂体系（包括磷酸酯环氧树脂、环状磷酸酯环氧树脂、磷酸酯型固化剂）、含磷固化剂以及磷腈环氧树脂和磷-硅环氧树脂的研究进展,介绍了每种体系的性能特点。总结了含磷环氧树脂的阻燃性能、热性能、阻燃机理,以及磷-氮协同效应、磷-硅复合二元体系的阻燃机理。     

DOPO及其衍生物在环氧树脂中的应用研究进展

综述了近年来9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物在环氧树脂中应用以提高环氧树脂阻燃性,耐热性,吸湿性及力学等性能的研究进展,内容涉及DOPO型环氧树脂、DOPO型环氧固化剂及添加型DOPO环氧树脂等。     

覆铜板用反应型DOPO基有机磷系阻燃剂的研究进展

综述了近年来覆铜板行业中常用的高耐热反应型DOPO基(9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)有机磷系阻燃剂的研究进展。阐述了DOPO基含磷环氧固化剂及环氧树脂的结构、制备方法、阻燃耐热等性能及其阻燃机制。     

DOPO及其衍生物在聚合物中的应用研究进展

9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)是一种含磷的有机阻燃剂,具有热稳定性高、耐水性优良等特点,被广泛应用于高分子材料的阻燃、耐水解改性等。综述了DOPO及其衍生物的结构、制备方法,以及在环氧树脂、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺等高分子材料中的应用研究进展。DOPO加入环氧树脂、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺等高分子材料中可改善其阻燃性,同时还改善了环氧树脂的力学性能和热稳定性,获得综合性能优良的环氧树脂复合材料,拓宽了环氧树脂的用途。DOPO或其衍生物加入聚酯中,可有效改善聚酯的阻燃性及耐水性能。DOPO或其衍生物加入到聚碳酸酯和聚酰胺中,可使聚碳酸酯和聚酰胺的阻燃等级提高到V-0级。     

DOPO型含磷本质阻燃环氧树脂的研究进展

9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）及其衍生物可以用于合成含磷环氧树脂及环氧固化剂,制备反应型的本质阻燃树脂;此类阻燃树脂阻燃效果持久、阻燃效率高,已成为当今阻燃剂研究开发领域的主攻方向。本文就结构型DOPO基含磷本质阻燃环氧树脂的合成及应用研究进行了综述。     

高分子材料DOPO基阻燃剂研究进展

综述了9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）基阻燃剂在高分子材料,如环氧树脂、聚酯、聚丙烯中的研究进展和应用,指明了阻燃剂的发展方向。目前,高分子材料DOPO基阻燃剂主要向着低添加量、多元素协同阻燃和不影响材料其他性能方向发展,展示出了良好的应用前景。     

阻燃剂DOPO及其衍生物在环氧树脂中的应用

综述了9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物作为阻燃剂、固化剂引入环氧树脂提高环氧树脂阻燃和热稳定性的国内外研究进展,并指出了今后该领域简化工艺、降低成本的发展方向。     

DOPO及其衍生物在环氧树脂中的开发与应用

9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)衍生物在环氧树脂中开发与应用的最新进展,介绍了作为环氧树脂阻燃剂、固化剂使用的DOPO衍生物的新品种和应用性能,并对其今后的研究与开发作了展望。     

DOPO-POSS掺杂没食子环氧纳米复合材料的制备及性能

合成了没食子环氧树脂及2种不同分子结构的经9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)修饰的环氧基笼形倍半硅氧烷(DOPO-POSS),采用浇注工艺制备了新型没食子环氧纳米复合材料,考察了DOPO-POSS分子结构及用量对复合材料力学性能、阻燃性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着DOPO-POSS含量的增加,复合材料的阻燃性能提高,但力学性能有所下降;当DOPO-POSS末端基均为DOPO且体系磷质量分数为0.5%时,复合材料的冲击强度及极限氧指数较双酚A型环氧树脂分别提高了3.29 kJ/m~2,6.4%,初始降解温度达309℃;DOPO-POSS可以用作没食子环氧树脂的高效增韧剂及阻燃剂。     

反应型DOPO衍生物阻燃环氧树脂的研究进展

环氧树脂是目前用量最大的一类热固性材料，凭借优异的机械强度、稳定性、粘接性和电气绝缘性，广泛应用于涂料、汽车、电子电气、航空航天等领域。但环氧树脂容易燃烧，存在严重的火灾隐患，对其进行阻燃改性已成为重要的研究方向。9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)分子中具有高活性的P—H键，可制备出具有反应活性的多种衍生阻燃固化剂或本征型阻燃环氧单体，通过参与环氧树脂的固化交联过程，提高环氧树脂的阻燃性能，且在燃烧过程中不释放有害气体，因此具有长期储存稳定性和耐迁移等优点。综述了近年来国内外在反应型DOPO衍生物的合成及其对环氧树脂阻燃性能、阻燃机理的研究进展，并展望了DOPO阻燃领域的研究方向。     

Flame retardant performance of a carbon source containing DOPO derivative in PET and epoxy

The combination of gas‐phase and condensed‐phase action will contribute to high quality flame retardant. A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐based flame retardant (DOPO‐DOPC), which contains carbon source was synthesized in favor of conducting the effect of gas‐phase as well as promoting the char formation in condensed‐phase. The chemical structure of DOPO‐DOPC was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DOPO–DOPC was used as an additive in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and epoxy resin (EP). The flame retardancy of PET/DOPO‐DOPC and EP/DOPO‐DOPC composites were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 test. The results showed that the incorporation of DOPO–DOPC into PET or EP could obviously improve their flame retardancy. The LOI values of modified PET or EP, which contained 10 wt % DOPO‐DOPC reached 42.8 and 31.7%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that DOPO–DOPC enhanced the formation of char residues. The Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to investigate the carbon structure of thermal oxidation residues. Because of the combination of the gas phase flame retardant effect of DOPO moiety and the promoting formation of char residues in condensed phase, the PET and EP composites exhibited significant improvement toward flame retardancy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44639.     

Joint flame‐retardant effect of triazine‐rich and triazine/phosphaphenanthrene compounds on epoxy resin thermoset

To obtain a more efficient flame‐retardant system, the extra‐triazine‐rich compound melamine cyanurate (MCA) was coworked with tri(3‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐2‐hydroxypropan‐1‐yl)?1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐trione (TGIC–DOPO) in epoxy thermosets; these were composed of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM). The flame‐retardant properties were investigated by limited oxygen index measurement, vertical burning testing, and cone calorimeter testing. In contrast to the DGEBA/DDM (EP for short) thermoset with a single TGIC–DOPO, a better flame retardancy was obtained with TGIC–DOPO/MCA/EP. The 3% TGIC–DOPO/2% MCA/EP thermoset showed a lower peak heat‐release rate value, a lower effective heat of combustion value, fewer total smoke products, and lower total yields of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in comparison with 3% TGIC–DOPO/EP. The results reveal that MCA and TGIC–DOPO worked jointly in flame‐retardant thermosets. The dilution effect of MCA, the quenching effect of TGIC–DOPO, and their joint action inhibited the combustion intensity and imposed a better flame‐retardant effect in the gas phase. The 3% TGIC–DOPO/2% MCA/EP thermoset also exhibited an increased residue yield, and more compositions with triazine rings were locked in the residues; this implied that MCA/TGIC–DOPO worked jointly in the condensed phase and promoted thermoset charring. The results reveal the better flame‐retardant effect of the MCA/TGIC–DOPO system in the condensed phase. Therefore, the joint incorporation of MCA and TGIC–DOPO into the EP thermosets increased the flame‐retardant effects in both the condensed and gas phases during combustion. This implied that the adjustment to the group ratio in the flame‐retardant group system endowed the EP thermoset with better flame retardancy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43241.     

不同POSS对磷⁃硅协同阻燃环氧树脂性能的影响

将两种多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)分别与9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)基有机磷阻燃剂(D-bp)复配,制备了磷-硅协同阻燃环氧树脂,并对其阻燃、热、力学和动态力学性能等进行分析.结果表明,在磷含量仅为0.25％(质量分数,下同)时,磷-硅协同阻燃环氧树脂就能达到UL 94 V-0级...     

Phosphorus‐containing epoxy resin for an electronic application

A phosphorus‐containing epoxy resin, 6‐H‐dibenz[c,e][1,2] oxaphosphorin‐6‐[2,5‐bis(oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]‐6‐oxide (DOPO epoxy resin), was synthesized and cured with phenolic novolac (Ph Nov), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), or dicyandiamide (DICY). The reactivity of these three curing agents toward DOPO epoxy resin was found in the order of DICY > DDS > Ph Nov. Thermal stability and the weight loss behavior of the cured polymers were studied by TGA. The phosphorus‐containing epoxy resin showed lower weight loss temperature and higher char yield than that of bisphenol‐A based epoxy resin. The high char yields and limiting oxygen index (LOI) values as well as excellent UL‐94 vertical burn test results of DOPO epoxy resin indicated the flame‐retardant effectiveness of phosphorus‐containing epoxy resins. The DOPO epoxy resin was investigated as a reactive flame‐retardant additive in an electronic encapsulation application. Owing to the rigid structure of DOPO and the pendant P group, the resulting phosphorus‐containing encapsulant exhibited better flame retardancy, higher glass transition temperature, and thermal stability than the regular encapsulant containing a brominated epoxy resin. High LOI value and UL‐94 V‐0 rating could be achieved with a phosphorus content of as low as 1.03% (comparable to bromine content of 7.24%) in the cured epoxy, and no fume and toxic gas emission were observed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 353–361, 1999     

Flame retardancy effects of phosphorus‐containing compounds and cationic photoinitiators on photopolymerized cycloaliphatic epoxy resins

This study presents a promising ultraviolet (UV)‐curable epoxy resin formulation with improved flame‐retardant properties. The formulation is based on the cycloaliphatic epoxide 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (ERL4221) and a novel silicon, phosphorous containing flame‐retardant additive. The additive, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetra 2‐(6‐oxido‐6‐H‐dibenzo(c,e) (1,2)oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl) ethylcyclotetrasiloxane (DOPO‐SiD), was synthesized by the addition reaction of 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄Vi) with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO). Formulations containing the cycloaliphatic epoxy resin ERL4221 and the flame‐retardant DOPO‐SiD additive were prepared in various concentrations and crosslinked by UV irradiation. The effects of DOPO‐SiD and photoinitiators, such as the cyclopentadienyl iron complex of carbazole (In‐Fe) and diphenyl‐(4‐(phenylthiol) phenyl) sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (In‐S), on the flame‐retardant properties and thermal stabilities of UV‐cured ERL4221/DOPO‐SiD composites were investigated with limiting oxygen index, UL‐94 vertical test, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that DOPO‐SiD can increase the thermal stabilities of the ERL4221/DOPO‐SiD. The char yield was improved when DOPO‐SiD and In‐Fe were simultaneously used. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40011.     

Synthesis,thermal and mechanical behavior of a silicon/phosphorus containing epoxy resin

A liquid silicon/phosphorus containing flame retardant (DOPO–TVS) was synthesized with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphapheanthrene‐10‐oxid (DOPO) and triethoxyvinylsilane (TVS). Meanwhile, a modified epoxy resin (IPTS–EP) was prepared by grafting isocyanate propyl triethoxysilane (IPTS) to the side chain of bisphenol A epoxy resin (EP) through radical polymerization. Finally, the flame retardant (DOPO–TVS) was incorporated into the modified epoxy resin (IPTS–EP) through sol–gel reaction between the ethyoxyl of the two intermediates to obtain the silicon/phosphorus containing epoxy resin. The molecular structures of DOPO–TVS, IPTS–EP and the final modified epoxy resin were confirmed by FTIR spectra and ¹H‐NMR, ³¹P‐NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, and limiting oxygen index were conducted to explore the thermal properties and flame retardancy of the synthesized epoxy resin. The thermal behavior and flame retardancy were improved. After heating to 600°C in a tube furnace, the char residue of the modified resin containing 10 wt % DOPO–TVS displayed more stable feature compared to that of pure EP, which was observed both by visual inspection and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the mechanical performance testing results exhibited the modified epoxy resins possessed elevated tensile properties and fracture toughness which is supported by SEM observation of the tensile fracture section. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42788.     

DOPO型环氧树脂用阻燃剂的合成与应用研究

以对苯二胺、4-氟苯甲醛、4-硝基苯甲醛、4-甲氧基苯甲醛、9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为原料,经两步反应,合成了3种含磷、氮的DOPO型环氧树脂用阻燃剂,通过1HNMR、FTIR对中间体及目标产物结构进行了表征。将合成的阻燃剂按0.00%、5.00%、10.00%、15.00%、20.00%(按环氧树脂质量计算)加入到环氧树脂(EP)中,加入4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM)固化后得到透明的复合材料,并对复合材料的热稳定性和阻燃性能进行了初步评价。结果表明,添加阻燃剂后的固化物初始失重温度高于300℃,可满足高分子材料加工时对热稳定性的要求;随着固化物中磷含量的增加,固化物的阻燃性增大;当固化物中磷质量分数达到1.00%时,所有固化物都可以达到UL94 V-0级,测得其中N,N'-双[1-(4-硝基苯基)-1-(9-氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)-甲基]-1,4-苯二胺(BNP-DOPO/DDM/EP)固化物的极限氧指数(LOI)值为37.0,是三组固化物中最高者。     

Improving thermal and flame‐retardant properties of epoxy resins by a novel reactive phosphorous‐containing curing agent

In an attempt to improve thermal and flame‐retardant properties of epoxy resins efficiently, a new reactive phosphorus‐containing curing agent called 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐yl‐(phenylimino)‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)me‐thane (DOPO‐PHM) was synthesized and was combined with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) to co‐cure epoxy resins (E51), which covalently incorporated halogen‐free DOPO organ groups into the epoxy networks. The chemical structure of this curing agent was confirmed by FTIR, 1D, and 2D NMR spectra. A reaction mechanism during the preparation was proposed, and the electron effect on the stabilization of the carbocation was discussed. Various DDM/DOPO‐PHM molar ratios were used to get the materials with different phosphorus contents. Their dynamic mechanical, thermal, and flame‐retardant properties were evaluated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) respectively. All samples had a single T_g, showing that these epoxy resins were homogeneous phase for long‐term use in spite of adding DOPO‐PHM. Both char yields (under nitrogen and air atmospheres) increased with the increasing of phosphorus content and the LOI values increased from 24.5 for standard resin to 33.5 for phosphorus‐containing resins, indicating the significant enhancement of thermal stability and flame retardancy. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1192–1200, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers