Chemical composition of extractives from Abies nordmanniana

Wood and bark from Abies nordmanniana were studied for chemical composition of the extractives. The wood contained very low amounts of lipophilic and polar components. The lipophilic fraction of the extractives was composed of fatty acids, resin acids, alcohols and sterols, and the polar fraction was composed of monosaccharides and lignans. The bark contained very high amounts of lipophilic and polar components in comparison with the wood. The composition of lipophilic fraction did not significantly vary from the respective wood extract. Glycerol, gallic acid, sucrose, catechin isomers, gallocatechin isomers were identified in addition to monosaccharides and lignans among numerous components of the polar fraction of the bark. Successive extractions with benzene, ether, hot water and ethanol amounted up to 30% of the bark. Total solubles exceeded 50% of the bark by the treatment of the extractive-free bark with 1% hot NaOH. There were no significant differences between the samples prepared from young and old trees for the yields of the consecutive extractions and 1% NaOH solubility. However, Stiasny number determined as a measure of the phenol content (condensed tannins) was found to be much higher in the old samples than in the young ones.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Chaenomeles speciosa from China

The chemical composition of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried fruits of Chaenomeles speciosa was analyzed by GC–MS. Forty compounds, constituting about 85.13% of the total oil, were identified. The main constituents were β-caryophyllene (12.52%), -terpineol (5.41%), terpinen-4-ol (4.56%) and 1,8-cineole (4.31%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against 10 microorganisms using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The essential oil was found to show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. The essential oil had more sensitivity to gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria.     

裂叶荨麻体外降糖活性化学成分

目的:研究裂叶荨麻体外降糖活性及化学成分。方法:利用活性追踪法,通过α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用比较裂叶荨麻根、茎、叶体外降糖活性,比较根不同极性溶剂萃取相的体外活性。通过硅胶色谱、重结晶进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定化合物结构,再评价其体外活性成分。结果:裂叶荨麻根乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯相体外降糖活性最强,IC₅₀值为8.499 mg/mL,从中分离出6个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇、对羟基肉桂酸甲酯、正十六烷酸、对甲氧基苯甲醛、反式-对羟基肉桂酸、胡萝卜苷。化合物反式-对羟基肉桂酸和胡萝卜苷对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性较强,其IC₅₀值分别为5.234、1.693 mg/mL。结论:裂叶荨麻根乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯相中的化学成分体外降糖活性较为明显。     

The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd

A. mangium has been studied by a successive extraction of the wood with a series of solvents with increasing polarity, followed by GC, GC/MS and DC studies of the fractions obtained. The study of the extractives of sound and affected wood with respect to yield and composition cannot explain the influence of the heartrot fungi on wood components in detail. Differences mainly have been found in the more polar fractions (acetone/water and ethanol/water, respectively). The content of lipophilic extractive constituents is with about 0.6–0.7% rather low and does not differ between sound and affected heartwood. The composition of the lipophilic extractives is not very different either.

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A. mangium wurde untersucht, wobei sukzessiv mit einer Reihe von L?sungsmitteln ansteigender Polarit?t extrahiert und die einzelnen Fraktionen mit Hilfe von GC, GC/MS und DC untersucht wurden. Die Untersuchung der Extrakte aus gesundem und befallenem Holz zeigte, da? Extraktausbeuten und Zusammensetzung den Einflu? des Pilzbefalls auf die Holzkomponenten nicht detailliert beschreiben K?nnen. Unterschied in Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung der Extrakte wurden haupts?chlich in den polaren Extraktfraktionen (Aceton/Wasser- und Ethanol/Wasser-Extrakte) gefunden. Der Gehalt an lipophilen Extraktbestandteilen ist mit etwa 0.6–0.7% eher niedrig, gesundes und befallenes Holz unterscheiden sich praktisch nicht. Auch die Zusammensetzung der lipophilen Extrakte ist kaum verschieden zwischen gesundem und befallenem Holz.

     

The composition of the extractives from unaffected and heartrot affected heartwood of Acacia mangium Willd

has been studied by a successive extraction of the wood with a series of solvents with increasing polarity, followed by GC, GC/MS and DC studies of the fractions obtained. The study of the extractives of sound and affected wood with respect to yield and composition cannot explain the influence of the heartrot fungi on wood components in detail. Differences mainly have been found in the more polar fractions (acetone/water and ethanol/water, respectively). The content of lipophilic extractive constituents is with about 0.6–0.7% rather low and does not differ between sound and affected heartwood. The composition of the lipophilic extractives is not very different either.     

分心木中化学成分的分离与鉴定

为研究分心木的化学成分,本研究采用大孔树脂(MCI)、反复的反相C₁₈、碱性硅胶、制备液相5种色谱方法对分心木的化学成分进行分离纯化,并通过质谱、核磁共振波谱两种光谱学数据分析鉴定其化学结构。结果表明,从分心木中分离纯化得到9个化合物,分别为:2-乙氧基胡桃醌(1)、胡桃苷A(2)、4,8-二羟基-1-四氢萘醌(3)、4-megastigmen-3,9-dione(4)、3'-O-(E-4-coumaroyl)-quinic acid(5)、二氢红花菜豆酸(6)、5'-O-(E-4-coumaroyl)-quinic acid(7)、香草酸4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)和litchiol A(9),其中化合物4,5,7,8和9为首次从核桃种属植物中分离得到。本研究对分心木的化学成分有了进一步认识,为探究其药理活性奠定基础,有利于分心木的开发和利用。     

The composition of volatile extractives from the wood of Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus foetidissima and Juniperus oxycedrus

J. excelsa , J. foetidissima and J. oxycedrus. Among the compounds the monoterpenes exist in minor amounts while the sesquiterpenes including their oxygenated members as well as sesquiterpene alcohols consist of the majority of the whole substances. The existence of some compounds of the oils might be attributes of the species and their sap- and heartwood. On the other side though notable differences, the essential oils of Turkish juniper woods resemble the commercial cedar wood oils.

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Die Zusammensetzung der flüchtigen Extraktstoffe im Holz von Juniperus foetidissima und Juniperus oxycedrus

J. excelsa , J. foetidissima und J. oxycedrus. Monoterpene bilden einen geringen Anteil der Extraktstoffe. Der Hauptteil besteht aus Sesquiterpenen mit deren Oxydationsprodukten. Das Vorkommen einiger der ?le k?nnte charakteristisch sein für die jeweilige Art bzw. deren Splint- und Kernholz Allerdings gleichen diese ?le, trotz geringer Unterschiede, den wesentlichen ?lbestandteilen von Kommerziellen Zedernh?lzern.

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This work was supported by the research found of the Istanbul University. Project nr: 1335/280799.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of four Ocimum species growing in Tanzania

As part of ongoing research on Tanzanian plants used as edibles or spices, six samples of essential oils from four Ocimum species (O. basilicum, O. kilimandscharicum, O. lamiifolium, O. suave) were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Eighty-one compounds, corresponding to 81.1–98.2% of the chemical components of the oils, were identified. Major compounds were either phenyl propane derivatives or terpenoids, including methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, bornyl acetate, germacrene-D, E-myroxide, germacrene-B, caryophylene oxide and p-cymene. The oils were also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial strains and three fungi. The oil of O. suave (B) showed the strongest antibacterial activity; O. suave (A), O. kilimandscharicum and, O. lamiifolium were moderately active, while O. basilicum oil was weakly active. However, none of the oils was active against the fungi species. The study has shown that, Ocimum oils could potentially be used as anti-infective agents.     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析黄刺玫果的化学成分

采用超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）技术对黄刺玫果乙醇提取物的化学成分进行定性分析。在负离子模式下扫描,根据色谱峰分子离子峰的精确分子量及元素组成、主要碎片信息、保留时间,并结合刺玫果相关文献和在线数据库检索,从黄刺玫果中共鉴定出53个化合物,包括29个多酚、15个黄酮、2个有机酸和7个脂肪酸化合物。分析结果显示,黄刺玫果乙醇提取物中没食子多酚、鞣花鞣质多酚和黄酮类化合物是其主要的化学成分,且化合物2,3-(s)-六羟基联苯二甲酰基-D-葡萄糖、没食子苷、木鞣质C为首次从黄刺玫果中发现。本分析结果可为黄刺玫果资源在功能性食品开发利用、质量控制及阐明其药效物质基础提供理论参考。     

Chemical composition of meat and blubber of the Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)

Although the Cape fur seal is harvested commercially in southern Africa, no data exist to indicate whether its meat composition is such that it can be consumed by humans. Presently, these animals are harvested mainly for their hides. Little is known about the chemical composition of the meat and blubber and whether it could be processed into food or animal feed. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the Pectoralis muscle and fat of seal pups and bulls. The fat content in the muscle of pups was higher (4.2 g/100 g) than recorded in bulls (2.4 g/100 g). The protein content in muscle, on the other hand, was similar (23.2 g/100 g) for animals of both age groups. The blubber of bulls had a higher protein level (26.6 g/100 g) compared to that of pups (14.6 g/100 g), but a lower fat content (67.1 g/100 g vs 77.2 g/100 g). Muscle of bulls contained 33% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 29% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 38% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Muscle of pups contained 39% SFA, 30% MUFA and 31% PUFA. The toxin content in Cape fur seal blubber was lower than that reported for the blubber of Canadian seals. The organochlorine content in the blubber of Cape fur seals was lower than 13.7 ng/g oil, whereas levels as high as 87.2 ng/g have been reported in Canadian seal oil. The chemical composition of the Cape fur seal is such that it could be classified as a healthy meat source.     

粗根荨麻不同部位多糖的提取及其对巨噬细胞的调节作用

目的：研究粗根荨麻（Urtica macrorrhiza Hand.-Mazz.）不同部位粗多糖的含量及化学组成,初步评价其对巨噬细胞的调节作用。方法：利用热水提取、乙醇分级沉淀的方法分别制备粗根荨麻根、茎、叶粗多糖;通过高效液相色谱法分析其分子量及单糖组成;全波长扫描及红外光谱分析其结构特征;MTT法研究其细胞毒性;中性红染色法考察其对巨噬细胞吞噬活性的影响;Griess法和ELISA法分别检测其对巨噬细胞NO、TNF-α分泌的影响。结果：提取得到粗根荨麻叶（UML40、UML60）,茎（UMS40、UMS60）,根（UMR40、UMR60）共6种粗多糖,其中叶粗多糖得率最高为4.62%,UML40为占77.92%,茎粗多糖和根粗多糖得率分别为0.69%和1.13%;各粗多糖平均重均分子量从2.11 kDa到802.21 kDa不等,主要由D-Glc、D-Gal、D-Ara和D-GalA组成,但不同部位粗多糖的单糖组成摩尔比不同。此外,不同部位、不同分子量的粗根荨麻多糖免疫活性存在较大差异,其中UML40、UMS40、UMR40均能够显著活化巨噬细胞,促进其吞噬活性及NO、TNF-α分泌水平（P<0.05）;UMR60虽然不能促进巨噬细胞吞噬但能显著促进细胞因子的分泌（P<0.001）;UML60细胞毒性较大且活性较低;UMS60无激活巨噬细胞的活性。结论：粗根荨麻不同部位多糖在组成及免疫调节活性上存在一定差异,在对其进行研究以及开发利用时应当注意质量控制。     

Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of tubera salep produced from some Orchidaceae species

Salep samples obtained from 10 different Orchidaceae spp., namely Dactylorhiza osmanica var. osmanica, Ophrys mammosa, Orchis anatolica, Orchis coriophora, Orchis italica, Orchis morio, Orchis palustris, Orchis simia, Orchis tridentata and Serapias vomeracea ssp. orientalis, in Anatolia, were analyzed for moisture, glucomannan, starch, protein, ash contents, pH and viscosity values. Depending on the species, the samples showed statistically significant differences in glucomannan, starch and viscosity values. It was observed that the salep samples obtained from the tubers of O. italica, O. morio, O. anatolica and O. tridentata and S. vomeracea ssp. orientalis, respectively, had higher glucomannan contents and viscosities. To ensure a supply of high-quality salep, the uncontrolled collection of tubers from the wild, especially the species O. italica, O. morio and O. anatolica, should be prevented, and research into methods of cultivation should be carried out.     

Fatty acid composition of Camellia oleifera oil

Camellia oleifera originates from China and is important for the economy of southern China. Seeds from the cultivars LCDG, YAYC, and CR3 of Camellia oleifera were analyzed for their amount of 14 different fatty acids (unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated). In contrast to former investigations additional kinds of fatty acids could be isolated from Camellia oleifera seeds: The composition of this oil is very similar to olive oil, comprising 67.7–76.7 % oleic acid, 82–84 % unsaturated fatty acids, 68–77 % monounsaturated fatty acids, and 7–14 % polyunsaturated acids. Moreover, Camellia oleifera oil has many advantages to rapeseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, safflower seed oil, and especially pig oil.     

Comparative volatile oil composition of various parts from Turkish bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare)

The volatile oil composition of various parts of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) growing as wild Turkish plants was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. The major component of all oil samples was trans-anethole (29·70, 37·07, 54·22, 61·08, 64·71% in leaf, stem, flowering umbel, flower, fruit, respectively). The other main components were -pinene in leaf, stem, flowering umbel, flower: -phellandrene in leaf, stem, flowering umbel; fenchone in fruit oil. The volatile oils of flowering umbel, flower and fruit contained high amounts of oxygenated compounds, in gradually increasing percentages.     

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from three Himalayan Erigeron species

Three Himalayan Erigeron (Asteraceae) species viz Erigeron mucronatus, Erigeron annuus and Erigeron karwinskianus growing in sub-alpine region revealed occurrence of isomeric polyacetylenic constituents viz., matricaria and lachnophyllum esters which accounted for 83.3%, 69.3% and 30.1% of the essential oils from these species, respectively, in addition to mono- and sesquiterpenoids as minor constituents. The antifungal activity tested by poisoned food (PF) techniques against Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum demonstrated significant inhibition of the mycelial growth of all strains (p < 0.05). The oils (500 μg/mL) showed significant antifungal effect against tested fungi in the growth inhibition range of 37.6–85.5% with respective IC₅₀ values ranging from 88.8 to 660.0 μg/mL as compared to standard fungicides (100% inhibition) with IC₅₀ value in the range of 32.2–129.4 μg/mL. Significant inhibition of spore germination was noticed for F. oxysporum, Curvularia lunata and Albugo candida which were highly susceptible to E. annuus oil with their IC₅₀ values 120.7, 253.5 and 300.4 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, the results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of essential oils from Himalayan Erigeron species as non-toxic, eco-friendly and biodegradable natural fungicides.     

Chemical composition of volatiles from coconut sap (neera) and effect of processing

Volatiles from (i) fresh, (ii) clarified and (iii) fermented coconut sap neera were isolated by a simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction method using a Likens-Nikerson apparatus and subjected to GC–MS analysis for identification of chemical constituents. Twenty-one compounds (5.33 ppm), constituting more than 98% of the volatiles from fresh neera, were characterised. Typical major flavour compounds found in volatiles of fresh neera were ethyl lactate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, farnesol, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, and tetradecanone. Clarified neera contained lower quantities of volatiles, in which 13 compounds (1.31 ppm), constituting more than 97%, were identified. However, the typical flavour components retained were ethyl lactate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone and 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone. Fermented neera contained a greater quantity of volatiles, in which 12 compounds (37.4 ppm), representing more than 95% of the volatiles, were characterised. Ethyl lactate, phenyl ethyl alcohol and farnesol were among the seven compounds retained from fresh neera. The astringency and harsh note of the fermented neera could be due to the increased amounts of acids (19.0 mg/l), such as palmitoleic acid and dodecanoic acid, along with higher concentrations of ethyl alcohol and ethyl esters.     

Chemical composition of milk from a herd of Norwegian goats

The chemical composition of Norwegian bulk collected goats' milk from the University herd was analysed during one lactation period (30 weeks, 20 samples during 1983). There was considerable variation in chemical composition during the year. Fat content decreased over the first 4 months of lactation and increased during the mountain pasture period. Protein concentration decreased during the first 4 months, and then increased until the end of lactation. Lactose concentration decreased throughout lactation. Casein nitrogen (casein N) was highest at mid lactation and lowest at the beginning and end of lactation. beta-Lactoglobulin N showed the opposite trend. Citrate content showed a significantly quadratic decrease and total ash content an increase with advancing lactation. Mutual significant correlations between total P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were calculated, and all increased throughout lactation. There was significant positive correlation between concentrations of individual medium-chain fatty acids and stage of lactation. They remained more or less constant during the first part of the lactation, decreased to minima when the goats were on pasture, and increased during the last phase of lactation. Concentration of C16 fatty acid was negatively correlated with C18 and C18:1. Goat flavour intensity score and quality flavour score were highest at mid lactation, and positively correlated with the acid degree value.     

双孢菇菇柄多糖柱层析纯化及单糖组成

以双孢菇菇柄为试材,首先对经超声提取得到的菇柄多糖进行柱层析分离纯化,然后对柱层析得到的多糖组分别采用紫外光谱和柱层析进行纯度分析,并进行红外光谱分析和单糖组成分析。结果表明,脱蛋白双孢菇菇柄多糖经DEAE Sephadex A-25柱层析纯化共得到4个组分,收集其中两个较多的组分(蒸馏水和0.1 mol/L NaCl洗脱组分),经紫外光谱扫描无核酸和蛋白质,经Sephadex G-200柱层析鉴定均为单一峰。所得两种多糖组分经FT-IR红外光谱分析,均含有多糖特征吸收峰,且均为吡喃糖环β-异构体的多糖。菇柄蒸馏水洗脱多糖组分由葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖组成,0.1 mol/L NaCl洗脱组分是由葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖组成。