DQE measurement in a scintillating glass optical fiber detector for X-ray imaging

An example of the measurement of detective quantum efficiency is illustrated for a scintillating glass optical fiber detector used in X-ray imaging. We have shown the necessity to filter the input Poisson noise of the incoming beam, by the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the detector, in order to obtain the real DQE (Detective Quantum Efficiency).     

Estimation of point-spread functions and modulation-transfer functions of optical devices by statistical properties of randomly distributed surfaces

The point-spread function a(PSF) and the modulation-transfer function (MTF) are important tools to characterize the information transfer through optical devices. They give useful information about the resolution. Several methods have already been achieved to calculate the PSF and the MTF from theoretical aspects of wave propagation or from experimental results. I present a novel way of estimating these two functions. It deals with statistical considerations for a randomly distributed surface involving a statistical determination of the PSF and the MTF. Indeed, in this case the theoretical shape of the autocorrelation function of such surface profiles is known. It is a decaying exponential function α[exp(-β|x|)]. Comparingthe theoretical autocorrelation-function profile with the experimental one and deconvolving in Fourier space leads to an estimation of the MTF of the imaging device. Applying the inverse Fourier transform to the MTF involves the computation of the PSF, assuming that the latter has no imaginary part and is symmetrical. The two-dimensional images are regarded as an iteration of one-dimensional ones according to the orthogonal direction. The MTF's and PSF's are therefore one-dimensional. Different results are presented. The first result proceeds from investigation with scanning near-field microscopy and illustrates the method step by step. The tunneling effect is detected assuming that the information transfer is linear. The last result concerns an optical profilometer, and the influence of the microscope objective is studied.     

圆孔阵列对“猫眼”目标成像质量的影响分析

利用圆孔阵列光强调制作用可以有效减弱光学窗口的“猫眼”效应,同时也会对“猫眼”目标成像质量产生一定不利影响.考虑到利用调制传递函数(MTF)可对光电仪器成像质量进行综合评价,分别给出了测试望远系统和微光夜视系统MTF的数学模型,利用自行研制的光学仪器MTF数字化检测系统,实现了这两种典型“猫眼”目标MTF的数字化检测.结果表明,圆孔阵列在全空间频率上均使“猫眼”目标的MTF有所下降,且孔径较小、孔阵较密的圆孔阵列对“猫眼”目标MTF的影响较小,这为合理设计圆孔阵列结构以减小对“猫眼”目标成像质量的影响提供了可靠的实验数据.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of the relative position of the scattering layer on image quality: the shower curtain effect

The imaging quality of optical systems in a turbid environment is influenced not only by the content of the turbid layer between the object and the optical receiver but also by the inhomogeneity of that medium. This is important, particularly when imaging is performed through clouds, nonhomogeneous layers of dust, or over vertical or slant paths through the atmosphere. Forward small-angle scattering influences image quality and blur more severely when the scattering layer is closer to the receiver. In this study it is the influence of the relative position of the scattering layer on the image quality and modulation transfer function (MTF) that is investigated. The scattering layer in controlled laboratory experiments consists of calibrated polystyrene particles of known size and quantity in a small cuvette. A point source was imaged by a computerized imaging system through a layer containing polystyrene particles, and the point-spread function (PSF) was recorded. The aerosol MTF was calculated using the measured PSF. The MTF was measured as a function of changing relative distance of the scattering layer from the receiver, whereas the object-plane-to-receiver distance was constant. The experimental results were compared to theoretical shower curtain effect models based on the solution from radiative transfer theory under the small-angle approximation. Although the general trend of the experimental results certainly agrees with the theoretical models, it could be that the small-angle approximation method might be of limited validity at such low spatial frequencies. Aggregation also causes some disagreement with predictions from theory.     

Wide field-of-view imaging spectrometer using imaging fiber bundles

A field-of-view-folding approach is proposed to extend the field of view (FOV) of a dispersive imaging spectrometer after introducing several linear arrays of imaging fiber bundles to which to replace the slit. The fiber bundles can flexibly connect fore-optics with a spectrometer to yield an imaging fiber-optic spectrometer (IFOS). The technology of FOV segmenting and folding, which can decrease simultaneously the dimension and spectral distortion of the imaging spectrometer, is described in detail. Because of the sampling function of the fiber bundles, the IFOS is a double-sampling imaging system. We analyze the effect of fiber coupling on the modulation transfer function (MTF) and then develop a cascade MTF model to estimate the imaging performance of the IFOS. A spaceborne IFOS example is presented to describe how the method can be used.     

Aberrated Optical Systems with Optimum Apodizers for the Strehl Ratio: Axial and Extra-axial Point-spread Function and Modulation-transfer Function

Abstract

The amplitude distribution at the aperture of an optical system for off-axis object points due to the introduction of a non-uniform transmission filter depends on the transmission function and on the longitudinal filter position. The effects of several filters on the axial and extra-axial point-spread function (PSF) and modulation-transfer function (MTF) of an optical system for different filter positions are studied. The filter transmission function and the filter position are obtained by the optimization of the axial and extra-axial Strehl ratios. The axial and extra-axial effects of the filters on the PSF and on the MTF are analogous. There are some positions of the filter for which the overall performance is significantly improved. The optimum longitudinal positioning of the apodizing filter is achieved in a process which is analogous to the stop shift effect in conventional optical design. The lack of radial symmetry in the off-axis wavefront aberration function at any particular field angle is convolved with the apodizing function and this leads to the anticipated improvement.     

Stress field forming of sector array transducers for vibro-acoustography

This paper presents a study of the stress field forming of sector array transducers for vibro-acoustography applications. The system point-spread function (PSF) is given in terms of the dynamic radiation stress exerted on a point target by a dual ultrasound beam with slightly different frequencies. The radiation stress is calculated by assuming that the resulting ultrasound beam is a plane wave. The stress is proportional to the product of the velocity potential of each incident ultrasound beam. The beamforming and stress field forming of sector array transducers are analyzed through linear acoustics. An expression for the velocity potential produced by sector array transducers is derived. The vibro-acoustography PSF is evaluated numerically. A comparison between the PSF of a sector array and a confocal transducers is presented. The compared characteristics of the PSF are sidelobe levels, transverse, and in-depth spatial resolution. Indeed, one motivation to study sector transducers is the fact the depth-of-field of these transducers should be smaller than that of same size confocal transducers. An experimental setup was used to validate the theoretical PSF of sector array transducers. Results show that the measured PSF is in good agreement with the theoretical predications. Vibro-acoustography images of a breast-phantom by both transducers are presented and discussed.     

星载稀疏阵扫描模式干涉雷达动目标检测研究

地面动目标检测(GMTI)是星载分布式雷达的重要应用之一,利用星载稀疏阵可增加系统虚拟孔径,以改善动目标检测性能.扫描模式干涉雷达(Scanning Pattern Interferometric Radar,简称SPIR)是一种雷达天线阵波束扫描的新型GMTI雷达,用点扩展函数(Point Spread Function,简称PSF)与扫描结果进行解卷积,就能恢复出地物后向散射系数,然后利用杂波位置来检测动目标.本文分析了SPIR方法的基本原理,并对有不同位置误差的阵列进行了SPIR仿真,比较仿真结果发现,在一定误差范围内,准确测量孔径实际位置比精确控制孔径位置更重要.     

两种排列方式光纤传像束的像质评价

根据调制传递函数对比度定义,推导了线列光纤传像束调制传递函数(MTF)的数理关系,建立了光纤直径有随机误差的线列光纤传像束MTF仿真模型,对MTF进行数值分析。通过考虑在光纤传像束中输入信号与光纤的位相匹配对MTF的影响,分析了V型槽排列和紧密排列两种不同方式的光纤传像束的平均MTF。结果显示,有随机误差的光纤束的平均MTF值分别分布于理想传像束平均MTF曲线附近,表明了光纤自身的误差对传像束的平均MTF影响不大;V型槽排列的线列光纤束的像质优于紧密排列方式的线列光纤束。     

Performance of the L3 plastic scintillating fibre calibration system

The L3 plastic scintillating fibre system is used to calibrate the central tracker by providing an external measurement of the track position in the bending plane. We describe the performance of the system during the LEP runs of 1989–1995 on the Z and the results of the calibration using the PSF system.     

基于点扩散函数的散焦图像复原及其效果比较

针对已知的散焦图像数学模型,通过先估计点扩散函数(PSF),然后利用维纳滤波估计原始清晰图像的方法,探讨PSF、调制传递函数(MTF)的估计方法,具体包括边缘地物法、空间频率响应法、基于APEX方法的估计算法.结合复原图像的模糊度客观评价函数和主观视觉评价来判别各方法的优劣,结果表明:边缘地物法较优.     

利用CCD测定X射线增感屏的调制传递函数

本文论证了利用ＣＣＤ测定Ｘ射线胶片和增感屏调制传递函数和可行性，并给出了一种适用于ＣＣＤ测试数据的处理方法，对于同一种Ｘ射线胶片增感屏，分别给出了测微光密度计和ＣＣＤ两种测量数据及其误差分析，并用对几种不同增感屏和胶片性能做了评价，从实际应用中指出复ＣＣＤ探头测量调制传递函数的优越性。     

Thermal stability of the films of polystyrene chemically bound to fullerene C<Subscript>60</Subscript>: Effect of film thickness in the submicron range

The thermal stability of polymer films with thicknesses in the submicron range was studied for a composition of polystyrene (PS) chemically bound (grafted) to fullerene C₆₀. It is shown that the thermal stability of PS-fullerene (PSF) films depends on their thickness δ. For δgt;10 nm, there appears an additional low-temperature thermal degradation stage, in which the rate of polymer decomposition increases proportionally to the film thickness. The energy parameters of both stages in the thermal degradation kinetics are determined. A decrease in the thermal stability of PSF films is explained by the chemical activity of radicals formed in the initial stage of thermal decomposition of the PSF macromolecules. It is concluded that this effect is indicative of an excessive film thickness and can serve as a probe for the critical film thickness and its inhomogeneity in a submicron range.     

On- and off-axis statistical behavior of adaptive-optics-corrected short-exposure Strehl ratio

Statistical behavior of the adaptive-optics- (AO-) corrected short-exposure point-spread function (PSF) is derived assuming a perfect correction of the phase's low spatial frequencies. Analytical expressions of the Strehl ratio (SR) fluctuations of on- and off-axis short-exposure PSFs are obtained. A theoretical expression of the short SR angular correlation is proposed and used to derive a definition of an anisoplanatic angle for AO-corrected images. Several applications of the analytical expressions are proposed: AO performance characterization, postprocessing imaging, light coupling into fiber, and exoplanet detection from a ground-based telescope.     

中波红外全景成像仪线扩散函数的模拟分析与验证

线扩散函数是评价成像系统成像质量的一个重要参数,线扩散函数的模拟分析与验证对成像仪的研制至关重要。本文首先分析中波红外全景成像仪探测器所接收到的辐亮度,从理论上估算了全景成像仪的线扩散函数,然后通过斜缝法加以验证,试验结果证实了理论模型的正确性。并对线扩散函数经离散傅里叶变换计算而得MTF传递函数,结果与理论得出的系统MTF基本符合,进一步证明了这种模拟分析方法的可行性。     

C/G混杂增强聚砜及其共混物夹芯层板的弯曲和冲击性能

本文分别用热塑性树脂聚砜及加入反应性增塑剂双(4(4-乙炔基苯氧基)苯基)砜以改进聚砜的热性能及加工性能的混杂树脂作基体,研究了碳纤维、玻璃纤维和两种纤维混杂增强的夹芯层板的弯曲和冲击力学性能。除比较了这两种基体复合材料的常温力学性能外,还详细讨论混杂复合材料的混杂效应。应用这些效应,材料的价格及综合性能将得到合理的选择和平衡。      

Three-dimensional integral display using plastic optical fibers

A novel approach to an integral imaging system using a pliable plastic optical fiber array is proposed. The proposed system has the advantage that it can utilize a light source for three-dimensional (3D) images at an arbitrary location because the point light sources are formed by the plastic fiber array with flexible optical paths. Two-dimensional images can also be expressed in the proposed system. The light efficiency of this system is high compared with previous point light source array integral imaging systems. The feasibility of the proposed method is explained and demonstrated with experiments.     

碳纤维/聚砜复合材料的性能和破坏形态的研究

本文着重研究了碳纤维/聚砜(CF/PSF)复合材料中纤维不同分布方式和不同含量对其性能(力学、耐磨、热机械行为等)和破坏形态的影响。短纤CF/PSF复合材料的冲击强度随CF含量的增加略有下降,抗拉和弯曲强度有所提高;而长纤CF/PSF复合材料的力学性能比纯PSF大大提高,其层间剪切强度为树脂基体PSF抗拉强度的80%左右。CF/PSF复合材料的破坏均呈现出纤维—树脂界面脱粘现象。CF/PSF复合材料比纯PSF具有更优异的耐磨性能和更高的热形变温度。     

Design and processing of high-density single-mode fiber arrays for imaging and parallel interferometer applications

The design and fabrication procedures for implementing a high-density (16-microm center spacing) single-mode fiber (SMF) array are described. The specific application for this array is a parallel optical coherence tomography system for endoscopic imaging. We obtained fiber elements by etching standard single-mode SMF-28 fibers to a diameter of 14-15 microm. We equalized 1-m lengths of fiber to within 1 mm by using a fiber interferometer setup, and we describe a method for packaging arrays with as many as 100 fibers.     

Nonaxial Strehl ratio of wavefront coding systems with a cubic phase mask

An approximate expression of the peak position of the point-spread function (PSF) of wavefront coding systems with a cubic phase mask (CPM) is derived and verified by simulation results. An approach called the nonaxial Strehl ratio (NASR) is used to evaluate the performance of wavefront coding systems with defocus aberrations. The characteristics of the NASR are investigated. The relationships between the NASR and the similarity of out-of-focus modulation transfer function (MTF) and recoverability of blurred encoding images are presented, and some useful guidelines are given for the optimization of phase mask parameters according to these relationships.