我国饲草用燕麦现状、问题和潜力

燕麦(Avena spp.)是一种优良的一年生粮饲兼用作物,具有耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、耐干旱、耐严寒等特性,并且产草量大、营养价值高,是目前广泛被认可和推广的优良禾本科牧草.随着国家"草牧业"、"粮改饲"、"引草入田"等政策的实施,国内燕麦草需求量将不断扩大.但是,我国对于饲草型专用燕麦的品种选育、种植技术和模式、收获与加工利用等燕麦饲草体系的研究与建设还很不完善.因此,本文从我国饲用燕麦的品种现状、燕麦饲草现状及饲用燕麦存在的问题和解决对策与发展潜力进行了综述,以期为我国饲用燕麦的研究及燕麦饲草产业的发展提供指导.     

溶菌酶在畜禽生产中的应用进展

溶菌酶是一种无毒、无害、安全性高的盐基水解蛋白酶,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒、增强免疫力等作用,还可作为一种天然绿色防腐剂,广泛应用于医药、食品、畜牧等行业。文章介绍了溶菌酶的理化性质、功效作用,并对其在畜禽生产中的应用进行综述。     

大豆蛋白的种类及在畜禽生产中的应用

大豆蛋白是从大豆类产品中提取出来的一种植物性蛋白质,其氨基酸组成与牛奶蛋白质相近。大豆蛋白中除蛋氨酸含量较低外,其余必需氨基酸的含量均比较丰富,其营养价值与动物蛋白质相同。     

中兽医在畜禽病毒性疾病防治方面的应用

子洲县在发展集约化和规模化畜禽养殖过程中,畜禽病毒性疾病的高发就成为制约畜禽养殖产业可持续发展的关键因素。畜禽病毒性疾病传播速度快,危害严重,如果防治不及时将会造成严重的死亡现象,直接影响到养殖户的经济效益。畜禽病毒性疾病在防治过程中除了使用西药治疗手段之外,中兽医在畜禽病毒防治方便也有着不错的应用效果。本文主要阐述中兽医在畜禽病毒性疾病防治方面的应用。     

微生物发酵饲料在畜禽生产中的应用

现代发酵技术能提高饲料利用率、改善饲料品质、消除环境污染。因此,微生物发酵饲料的前景十分广阔。微生物发酵饲料是适应当前健康养殖需要的生态环保型饲料,具有改善饲料品质、提高饲料利用率、促进动物生长、预防疾病等作用。文章通过阐述微生物发酵饲料中的有益菌的作用机理及微生物发酵饲料在畜禽生产中的应用,探明微生物发酵饲料目前存在的问题和发展前景。     

乳酸菌的生理功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用

在畜禽养殖饲料中大量的使用抗生素带来了诸多负面影响。因此,寻找一种高效、健康型抗生素替代物已成为当务之急。乳酸菌作为目前替代抗生素的产品之一,受到广大研究人员的关注。文章在介绍乳酸菌的生理功能的基础上,综述了乳酸菌在畜禽养殖中的应用,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

植酸酶在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

超量添加植酸酶不仅可提高磷的利用率,还可改善能量、氨基酸、蛋白质和其他矿物质元素的利用率,进而提高畜禽生产性能和饲料的利用率。近年来,随着环保压力增大,畜禽生产中超量添加植酸酶已成为饲料行业的通常做法,目的是快速降解并破坏日粮中植酸,减少磷使用,降低磷排放对环境的污染。文章对植酸酶的生物学功能、超量添加效应以及在畜禽生产中的应用研究作以综述。     

发酵豆渣及其在畜禽养殖中的应用

豆渣是大豆加工副产物,其产量巨大,含有丰富的粗蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、多糖等营养成分,因而,豆渣是优质的蛋白质饲料原料。文章从豆渣发酵技术、发酵豆渣营养成分及其在畜禽养殖中的应用进行综述,并就发酵豆渣存在问题及展望进行探讨。     

小麦替代玉米在畜禽生产中的应用研究

通过比较小麦和玉米营养成分的差异,探讨了小麦替代玉米的可行性,并通过分析小麦在畜禽饲料中的应用成果,提出了小麦应用于饲料生产需要注意的问题。     

丝兰提取物的生理功能及在畜禽生产中的应用

丝兰提取物是一种能提高动物生产性能、吸附有害气体、改善肠道内环境与提高动物免疫性能的功能性饲料添加剂,在畜牧生产中广泛应用。文章对丝兰提取物的生理功能及其在畜牧生产中的应用作以综述。     

Environmental and health impact by dairy cattle livestock and manure management in the Czech Republic

In this study we evaluate the potential environmental and health impact of dairy cattle livestock and manure management in the Czech Republic. We present a new approach for national assessments of the environmental impact of an agricultural sector. Emission estimates are combined with a country-specific set of indicators to assess the environmental impact in nine regions with specific environmental characteristics. We estimate the contribution of emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NO) to acidification and terrestrial eutrophication, nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) to aquatic eutrophication, nitrogen oxides (NO), particulate matter (PM10) and (PM2.5) to human toxicity and methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO) to global warming. We present large regional differences in the environmental and health impact per unit of agricultural production. The regional acidifying, eutrophying and global warming impact of dairy cattle is calculated to be up to three times the national average, depending on the dairy cattle intensity. Aquatic eutrophication is found to be a problem in regions with relatively high eutrophying emissions per hectare of so-called nitrate vulnerable zones. Human toxicity problems caused by dairy cattle livestock and manure management are problematic in regions with a high population density in rural areas. The strength of our approach is the use of country-specific characterisation factors to assess the potential environmental and health impact of agriculture at the sub-national scale. We were able to analyse the potential environmental impact without explicit quantification of specific effects on humans and ecosystems. The results can be used to identify the most polluted areas as well as appropriate targets for emission reduction.     

Cost effectiveness of nitrate leaching mitigation measures for grassland livestock systems at locations in England and Wales

As much as 60% of the nitrate in water in England is thought to derive from agriculture. Legislation aims to improve water quality by limiting nitrate concentration in surface and groundwaters to 50 mg l⁻¹. The UK Government responded to the requirements of the EC Nitrate Directive by delineating Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) to cover 55% of England in 2002 and increased it to 70% in 2009. In this study we assessed the cost-effectiveness of measures for implementation in livestock systems to mitigate nitrate leaching in the UK. These estimates were prepared for a range of hypothetical farms representative of typical dairy, beef and sheep farms at different locations in England and Wales and for a list of mitigation measures identified to reduce leaching. The NGAUGE and NFixCycle models were used to estimate leaching from these systems. The costs of implementation of the mitigation measures were also assessed in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these measures. In general, the most effective measures to reduce leaching for all systems were the ones that involved a reduction in stocking rates and grazing time, followed by those involving improvements in fertiliser and crop management. Only in the case of the dairy system was effectiveness affected by location of the farm. The costs for implementation in the sheep system were relatively low compared with beef and dairy systems. Implementation of some of the measures with high cost-effectiveness would need to be incentivised financially or with legislation due to the high costs involved.     

微量元素钴的生物学效应及其在畜禽生产中的应用

微量元素钴是畜禽营养代谢中必不可少的物质之一,钴在畜禽的生长、繁殖、免疫、造血等过程中的重要影响已在畜禽生产中得以证实。文章对钴的生物学效应及其在畜禽生产中的应用作以论述。     

草原赞歌——内蒙古广播影视传媒大厦设计构思谈

1序曲提到内蒙古,许多人脑海中就会浮现出蓝天、白云、草原、骏马的美丽画面。的确,那是一片神奇而又浪漫的土地,她孕育出热情豪放的蒙古民族和独具特色的蒙元文化。如今,随着当地资源经济的崛起对于城乡建设的巨大拉动作用,那里又成为国内外建筑师竞相登场展示的大舞台。     

Environmental consequences of cattle feedlot manure on saline soils

In a long‐term experiment at the Directorate of Land Reclamation, the effects of cattle manure on soil characteristics were determined after five annual applications. The results indicate that during high rainfall NO₃‐N moves below 150 cm soil layer and causes pollution problems for shallow groundwaters. Long‐term annual application of cattle manure to saline soils at rates greater than recommended [20 Mg/ha and 40 Mg/ha (wet wt.) for nonirrigated and irrigated land, respectively] is not advisable.     

Salinity of animal manure and potential risk of secondary soil salinization through successive manure application

To enhance animal productivity and maximize economic returns, mineral salts are routinely added to animal feed worldwide. Salinity and ionic composition of animal manure from intensive poultry and livestock farms in Guangdong province were investigated. Field experiments were conducted for six successive crops of Brassica Parachinensis to evaluate the possibility of secondary soil salinization by successive application of chicken manure (CM) and pigeon manure (PM) to a garden soil. The concentration of total soluble salts (TSS), which were mainly composed of sulfate and chloride of potassium and sodium, averaged 49.0, 20.6 and 60.3 g.kg(- 1) in chicken, pig and pigeon manure, respectively. After three crops, successive application of CM and PM increased soil concentrations of TSS, Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), and Cl(-) with application rate, resulting in a rise in soil salinity from low to medium levels and a slight reduction in soil pH. After heavy rains during the last three crops, soil TSS was reduced considerably and pH showed a slight increase. Concentrations of Cl(-) and Mg(2+) increased and Ca(2+) decreased at the end of the experiment, all leading to changes in the ionic composition of soil salinity. Manure with higher ion concentrations appeared to play a more important role in affecting ionic composition of soil salinity. The results further suggest that even in a region with abundant rainfall like Guangzhou, there is still potential risk for secondary soil salinization when high rates of CM and PM are applied.     

边境一线草原火灾风险防控对策

边境一线草原火灾具有发生面广、突发性强、破坏性大等特点,防控难度较大且政治敏感,各级关注度高。高效、快速处置边境一线草原火灾,对维护人民生命财产安全、促进民族团结和社会稳定具有重大意义。     

喷雾降温系统在重庆地区半开放房屋降温中的效果研究

通过对中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集和美国EnergyPlus中的重庆地区气象参数的分析,得出重庆地区夏季降温可以使用蒸发降温方法的时频为85．78％～93．05％,是重庆地区夏季降温的一个有效方法。以一个半开放猪舍的降温改造试验证明,喷雾降温效果显著,在不对猪舍进行改造的条件下,可降低开放半开放猪舍温度2．3—6．3C,平均降温4℃,当舍外温度为37℃时,舍内温度保持在30℃以下。     

Behaviour of C-sulfadiazine and C-difloxacin during manure storage

The persistence of sulfadiazine, difloxacin, and their metabolites has been investigated in stored manure. The manure collected from sulfadiazine (¹⁴C-SDZ) and difloxacin (¹⁴C-DIF) treated pigs contained N-acetylsulfadiazine (Ac-SDZ), 4-hydroxy-SDZ (4-OH-SDZ), and sarafloxacin (SARA) as the main metabolites, respectively along with their parent compounds. Manures were stored separately at 10 °C and 20 °C at various moisture levels. About 96-99% of the radioactivity remained in extractable parent compounds and their metabolites after 150 d of storage. The formation of non-extractable residue and the rate of mineralization were both negligible in manure containing SDZ and DIF. During storage SDZ concentration increased as a result of the deacetylation of Ac-SDZ, whose concentration decreased proportionally. Hence the environmental effects may be underestimated if the parent compound alone is considered for environmental risk assessment. About 11% and 14% of 4-OH-SDZ were lost after 20 and 40 d of storage; thereafter its concentration increased relatively, highlighting hydroxylation of SDZ. DIF degraded very slowly (7% loss after 150 d) during the storage of manure; in contrast the concentration of SARA decreased rapidly (72-90% loss after 150 d). Dilution of manure and storage at higher temperatures for a reasonable period of time enhanced the rate of reactions of SDZ, DIF and their related metabolites.     

论砌体圆拱式单井口三格化粪池的可行性

从砌体圆拱式单井口三格化粪池的结构组成、施工工艺及造价等方面进行论述和分析,阐明了砌体圆拱式单井口三格化粪池的可行性,说明了此种结构是一种值得广泛推广利用的结构.