基于圆锥管状电极的高压静电场对雾滴荷电的影响

静电喷头电极产生的高压静电场对雾滴荷电及沉积效果有重要影响,为此,根据航空静电喷雾的特点改进原有圆柱管状电极型式为圆锥管状电极。借助Ansoft Maxwell软件和试验测试方法对锥形管状电极的空间电场强度进行分析。建立了基于圆锥管状电极静电喷头的雾滴荷电效果测试系统,开展了模拟飞行条件下的充电电压对雾滴荷质比及沉积分布的影响效果试验研究。结果显示:电极空间电场模拟结果与测试计算结果基本符合,确定靠近锥形电极20~70 mm范围为最佳荷电区域。雾滴荷质比随着充电电压的增加有增加的趋势,与距离喷头的轴向位置关系不大,当电压达到10 kV时雾滴荷电饱和,并获得了最大荷质比2.13 mC/kg。相比0 kV条件,10 kV电压条件下的雾滴在中性靶标侧面、下面和背面的沉积量有明显提高,分别平均提高了18、19、18 cm-2;雾滴在正极靶标的沉积量明显多于负极和中性靶标,在正极靶标背面上的平均沉积量相比其正面和侧面增加的更多,达到86%。     

低浓度石灰浆雾滴荷电特性的试验研究

为深入探索石灰浆液荷电雾化脱硫的机理,对石灰浆雾滴荷电特性进行了研究。通过石灰浆雾滴荷质比、喷雾场的测试和机理分析表明:石灰浆雾滴的荷电效果与浆液流量、雾化角、充电装置结构参数、充电电压等诸多因素有关;荷质比随浆液流量、雾化角的增大而增大,但雾化角进入稳定值后继续增大流量对提高荷质比的作用不明显;电极放电电压随喷嘴与电极距离、名义雾化角和流量的增大而减小;在本试验条件下,流量<45 L/h时存在最佳电压值,约为11 kV,流量>45 L/h时荷电电压值宜控制在约12 kV;石灰浆雾滴荷电能有效地使雾滴细化而且分布趋向均匀。     

蒸汽喷雾不同荷电方式的荷电特性与静电场研究

为研究蒸汽喷雾的荷电特性和静电场特性，对饱和蒸汽喷雾分别展开3种荷电方式实验：电晕荷电、感应荷电和接触荷电。以针–板电极、环电极和针–环电极这3种电极结构作为研究对象，对充电电压、电极间距和电极位置对喷雾的荷质比和静电场的影响展开研究。结果表明：随着充电电压增加，对针–板电极，液滴受到电晕放电和离子风促进蒸发的共同作用，喷雾的荷质比先增加后降低；对环电极，喷雾荷质比先增加后降低；对针–环电极，喷雾荷质比单调增长。减小电极间距、增加电极与喷嘴距离可有效增加喷雾的荷质比；充电电压为负极性时荷电效率更高，相同充电电压下接触荷电产生喷雾荷质比和静电场均高于其他两种荷电方式，最大荷质比为1.61 mC/kg，喷雾产生的静电场由荷电液滴与液滴蒸发后向四周迁移的离子共同产生。     

静电场中带电浆液雾滴静电破碎分析

为了研究静电喷雾两相流动过程中高压静电场对雾滴破碎的影响,探讨雾滴静电破碎的机理,采用瑞利极限对石灰浆液雾滴的静电破碎过程进行了理论分析和实验验证,获得了影响石灰浆液雾滴静电破碎的因素及不同静电电压下雾滴的粒径分布与荷质比的关系。理论分析表明:静电场中雾滴在瑞利极限和泰勒极限的要求下产生破碎,影响其破碎的因素包括荷电量、射流速速、雾滴粒径、表面张力、浆液质量分数以及温度等,其中雾滴荷质比、射流速度在雾滴静电破碎过程中起着重要作用,雾滴越大,其破碎的荷质比越大。对雾滴破碎的实验表明,雾滴粒径随着荷质比的增大而逐渐减小,破碎的荷质比远小于其估算值,分析认为雾滴在静电力作用下确实产生了破碎,其破碎过程不但与静电力有关,同时与静电场、速度场及其他外界因素紧密相关,静电力是静电喷雾流场中雾滴发生破碎的重要因素。     

感应荷电喷雾静电场与荷电特性分析

感应荷电喷雾静电场的特性是感应荷电喷雾流场与静电场耦合计算的基础,也是荷电喷雾技术基础理论研究的关键之一。为了了解喷雾静电场中环状电极的感应静电场分布特性,在感应荷电机理分析和静电场物理模型建立的基础上,通过将商用FLUENT计算功能的扩展,对感应荷电喷雾中喷嘴与环状电极静电场进行数值模拟,并对静电场分布特性进行分析,结合感应荷电机理,明确感应静电场分布对喷雾液滴荷电效果的影响,从而可以通过改变静电场的分布特性改善液滴荷电质量。计算结果表明:随着充电电压的增加或电极间距的减小,电极处电场强度增强,尤其是喷嘴电极处增幅明显;电场强度沿轴向衰减迅速,故拥有高场强的电极及其附近区域是液滴感应荷电的关键,研究结论与有关试验结果相符合。因此,较高充电电压或较小电极间距(10mm以下)情况下的喷嘴与环形电极的静电场分布有利于获得较好的荷电效果和喷雾质量。     

环形电极感应充电机理及其应用研究

在理论上分析感应充电使雾滴荷电的机理 ,建立感应充电过程的电学模型 ,探讨电极结构参数对荷电效果的影响 ,并经在实验室条件下的雾滴荷质比试验加以验证 ,为静电电极的结构设计提供可靠的依据。理论分析和实验结果表明 :感应充电工作在欧姆电导区 ,荷电量随充电电压的升高呈线性增加 ;随电极雾锥体间的间距增大而减弱     

等离子体射流雾滴的荷电特性研究

为了从理论上探讨等离子体荷电过程出现的瞬时不稳定和突变现象,在高压电场下用网状目标法测量雾滴群体电流,用荷质比评价雾滴的荷电效果,试验研究了电晕产生的等离子体射流喷雾荷电过程。电极间气体电离过程的伏安特性分析、荷电过程的电学模型理论分析和试验结果表明:等离子体荷电喷雾产生的突变现象是极间气体电离,阻抗变化,从而引起极间电压降低,电流(荷质比)增大,是等离子荷电过程的固有特性;等离子体荷电喷雾雾滴的荷质比与荷电电压间存在线性关系,其荷电效果受电极的结构形式和尺寸、极间气体介质的厚度、雾化液体的介电性能及喷头和喷雾参数等因素的影响;安全高效的荷电电压要高于起晕电压,宜为15-20 kV。     

生物柴油雾滴静电破碎机理与实验研究

为获得良好的生物柴油雾化效果,通过模型计算和实验测量研究了生物柴油雾滴在静电场中的破碎现象和机理。采用Rayleigh不稳定条件建立了生物柴油的静电破碎模型,获得了影响生物柴油静电破碎的主要因素以及不同影响因素下雾滴荷质比,并采用相位Doppler粒度分析仪(PDPA)和Faraday筒检测了生物柴油静电雾化的雾滴粒径分布与荷质比。研究表明:为了满足Rayleigh极限与Taylor极限,雾滴一方面在表面电荷(包括过剩电荷与非过剩极化电荷)的作用下克服雾滴表面张力实现Rayleigh破碎,另一方面在静电场诱导的极化力作用下产生变形,实现Taylor破碎。理论分析认为影响生物柴油雾滴破碎的关键因素包括荷电量、速度和温度,因此加热、提高射流速度以及雾滴荷质比是改善生物柴油雾化效果的有效措施。实验测量中发现生物柴油雾滴的典型荷质比约为10-9～10-8 C/g,远低于10-6 C/g的理论计算值。分析认为雾滴破碎中的静电能消耗、非过剩电荷引起的带电量增加、雾滴极化、流体力剪切破碎以及生物柴油物理特性等是造成理论分析与实验结果存在较大差距的主要原因。     

电极参数影响射流喷雾荷电量的试验研究

为研究环形电极直径及其相对于喷头的布置方式对雾滴荷电效果的影响,在TR80-02C圆锥雾喷头上,采用5种不同直径的环形电极和5种安装位置进行全因素射流荷电喷雾试验,用网状目标法测量群体雾滴的荷电电流、总质量和试验时间,用荷质比来评价雾滴的感应荷电性能。详细分析荷电电压、电极环直径和安装位置对雾滴荷质比的影响,并在理论上对其显示的特性和机理给出科学的解析。试验结果表明:荷电量随作用于电极上的荷电电压提高而增大;电极环直径增大,雾滴的荷电量反而减小;电极安装位置沿喷射方向前移,其雾滴荷电量增大;荷电量与电极环直径和安装位置间存在线性关系。通过进一步分析,构建了荷电系数与电极参数和位置关系的经验公式,该公式可用于计算和预测感应电极荷电量,为电极参数与静电喷头的合理设计提供科学依据。     

高压静电液体雾化技术

高压静电雾化具有雾滴粒径细小、粒径尺度单一、空间弥散程度广等优点,广泛应用于农牧林业病虫害防治、工业喷涂、燃烧、脱硫除尘及材料薄膜制备等领域。为有效提高燃油燃烧效率、烟气脱硫效率及药剂灭菌效率等,从破碎动力学、不稳定理论及雾化模式等出发对高压静电雾化理论进行了详细的阐述,测试了平口雾化喷嘴在针-环状组合电极下的喷雾特性。获得了雾化角、射程、沉积量分布及雾滴荷质比、索太尔(SMD)平均直径和PIV雾化流场图象等信息,并进行了分析。实验结果表明:高压静电减小了液体的表面张力和粘滞阻力,使液体容易破碎成更为细小的液滴,使雾滴尺寸分布更均匀。雾滴荷电后,带电雾滴在高压静电场的作用下容易发生二次雾化,进一步减小雾滴粒径;同时带电雾滴在电荷之间斥力作用下,弥散程度加大,且能在目标物感应出与本身电荷极性相反的电荷,从而在极化力、引力等作用下更容易被目标物所捕获。     

电极位置影响荷电量的试验研究

为研究在感应荷电状态下环形针状电极安装位置对雾滴荷电性能影响,进行了相同的喷雾压力和液体介质的条件下,3种不同流量喷头的全因素射流荷电喷雾试验。试验采用环径50 mm的电极,等距离选取5种安装位置,用网状目标法测量群体雾滴电流,用荷质比评价感应荷电性能,此后详细分析了荷电电压、电极安装位置及喷头流量等因素对荷电量的影响。试验结果表明:荷电量与荷电电压成正比并随电极的安装位置前移而增大;荷电量与安装位置间存在线性关系;喷头流量对荷质比的影响较大。最后根据试验结果提出了荷电量计算公式和相应系数的计算方法,其计算误差<5%,可用于荷电量计算和预测,为荷电效果的定量分析奠定基础。     

高压脉冲负电晕荷电喷雾试验研究

为减少化学农药带来的污染,采用了荷电喷雾新技术。首先对负高压脉冲电晕荷电机理进行了理论分析,再用网状目标法通过调节电压、极距、电极直径、电极数目等参数进行电晕荷电试验,比较各因素对电晕放电伏-安特性影响及荷电后雾化效果;测量不同电压下雾滴的索太尔直径;并用高速摄影拍摄雾滴带电射流破碎时的状态,得到射流破碎时的雾滴形状。理论分析和试验结果表明,电压越高,雾滴谱较窄,雾滴粒径变细,均匀度越高;揭示了不同影响因素下的雾滴荷电特性,为负高压脉冲电晕荷电喷雾技术的应用和设计提供了理论基础和试验数据。     

高压静电雾化雾滴粒径双峰分布概率密度模型

为预测毛细管—环电极配置的高压静电雾化系统下水静电雾化雾滴粒径的分布规律,采用颗粒动态分析仪测试了该系统的雾化雾滴粒径。当环电极电压在15~25 kV之间时,静电雾化模式为泰勒锥射流模式,雾滴粒径呈显著双峰分布规律,对此利用一种可双峰分布的概率密度函数建立了预测该模式下粒径分布规律的统计学模型,并与试验数据对比进行了误差分析,讨论了误差原因。结果表明:随着电压的增加,电场力耦合因素的影响将导致误差增大;在每个电压工况下最大误差均出现在双峰之间的谷值附近,但均<15%,总体上该模型能较好地与试验数据相符。     

Harmonic spraying of conducting liquids employing AC-DC electricfields

This paper reports the results of the work carried out to investigate the breakup process of charged conducting liquid jet under the influence of an AC field superimposed onto a DC field. The main aim of this paper is to optimize the spraying parameters and to generate uniform droplets of highly conducting liquid in a controlled fashion by varying the strength and the frequency of the applied AC field. The electric field at the tip of a blunt needle facing a ground electrode was examined using a finite-element modeling technique. Three types of ground electrode configurations were investigated. A mathematical model for the electrostatic force on the leading edge of the droplet as a function of the liquid flowrate, the applied voltage, and distance between the capillary tip and the ground electrode has been developed. The breakup and droplet formation processes were investigated using a telemicroscopic lens and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The video data was processed using frame grabber software installed on a PC. The digital images were then analyzed utilizing image analysis software to give information on the breakup process and the size of droplets. A frequency range was identified where the formation of the droplets was synchronized with the applied AC field frequency. The effects of liquid flowrate on the synchronous bands were examined. The experimental results showed the dependency of the droplets size and the emission frequency on the applied AC frequency     

双流体雾化荷电特性试验

为了有效改善石灰浆喷雾烟气脱硫中的浆液雾化,提高烟气脱硫效率,在引入双流体静电喷雾技术中,建立了环形电极的感应荷电的数学模型,计算了电极诱导的电位;采用目标网状法设计了雾滴荷质比Aq的测定装置,测量了不同浆液质量分数w(slurry)、气体流量Qg、液体流量Ql、荷电电压Uq下雾滴的Aq。结果表明,Aq随着Uq的增大而增加;在同一Uq下,Ql增大则Aq变小,Qg增加则Aq增大。随着w(slurry)的增大,Aq呈现下降趋势,在w(slurry)>1.0%时,Aq变化不明显。     

Emulsification and Demulsification Processes in Liquid–Liquid System by Electrostatic Atomization Technique

A new electrical emulsification and demulsification apparatus using an electrostatic atomization technique was developed, and the investigation of both processes in a liquid–liquid system was conducted. First, fine water droplets were generated in silicone oil using a nozzle electrode with ac high voltage, and then, a stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion was produced without surfactants. The mode of electrostatic atomization and the trajectory of the fine droplets' flow were observed. The diameter of fine droplets and their distributions were measured as a function of the applied voltage and its frequency. Experiments indicated that electrohydrodynamic (EHD) induced liquid flow with water droplets played an important role in the formation of the emulsion. Next, the demulsification of W/O emulsion was carried out by two injections of oppositely charged water droplets, using the method of electrostatic atomization. The test liquid, which was prepared by the electrostatic atomization technique, was maintained in a state of emulsion for a longer time if no electric field was applied. When the positive- and negative-charged droplets were injected into the test liquid, the emulsion, with a dull color, gradually became transparent as time elapsed. The aggregated droplets fell down due to gravity and the EHD flow effect, resulting in the separation of water and oil. It was found that two injections of oppositely charged water droplets were effective for resolving the emulsion.      

背负式静电喷雾器设计与试验

为改善传统背负式施药器械的喷雾效果,运用高压静电喷雾技术,设计了背负式静电喷雾器。该喷雾器由蓄电池、隔膜泵、高压静电发生器、喷枪、直射喷头和药箱组成,采用直接充电的方式对雾滴进行充电。为考察该喷雾器的性能,用网状目标法对荷质比进行了测量,用Oxford激光粒子图像分析测试系统测试了雾滴粒径及速度,最后用纸卡法测试了雾滴覆盖度。测试结果表明:荷质比随喷嘴压力的加大基本呈线性增长,因而在保证零部件及系统可靠的前提下,设计静电喷雾器时可适当增加喷嘴压力;静电促进雾滴吸附于作物表面、使雾滴粒径细小且分布均匀、改善了雾滴的速度分布均匀性,从而使雾滴能够均匀吸附于作物表面各部位,并显著提高了雾滴的覆盖度。     

Modeling of electrostatic-based pesticide spray systems

A microscopic model for the electrostatic spraying system is presented to investigate the effect of the voltage applied to the induction nozzle on the droplet's charge, mobility, and charge-to-mass ratio. The variation of these parameters along the jet was also included. The model also lays particular emphasis on the effect of the applied voltage on the spray current and the charge density at the nozzle. A macroscopic model for the electrostatic spraying system is also presented. The objective of the model was to study the spatial distribution of the droplet charge density, transit time, and trajectory in the region between the nozzle and the target in terms of the flow velocity of the spray and the space-charge-produced electric field. On the macroscopic scale, both the droplet charge density and the spray current increase with the voltage applied to the charging electrode. With the decrease of the spray flow velocity, the space-charge-produced electric field becomes dominant and tends to: contract the droplet trajectories toward the axis of the spray system, and hence enhance the droplet deposition efficiency; and decrease the charge density at the target with the possibility of minimizing back-ionization. On the microscopic scale, induction charging eliminates the ion current from the current to the target and the associated back-ionization. The calculated droplet charge and charge-to-mass ratio which increase with the voltage applied to the charging electrode, agreed with the values reported previously