Microbial degradation of phosmet on blueberry fruit and in aqueous systems by indigenous bacterial flora on lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium)

ABSTRACT:  Phosmet-adapted bacteria isolated from lowbush blueberries ( Vaccinium angustifolium ) were evaluated for their ability to degrade phosmet on blueberry fruit and in minimal salt solutions. Microbial metabolism of phosmet by isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens resulted in significant reductions ( P < 0.05; 33.8%) in phosmet residues on blueberry fruit. Degradation was accompanied by microbial proliferation of phosmet-adapted bacteria. Preferential utilization of phosmet as a carbon source was investigated in minimal salt solutions inoculated with either E. agglomerans or P. fluorescens and supplemented with phosmet or phosmet and glucose. Microbial degradation concurrent with the proliferation of P. fluorescens was similar in both liquid systems, indicative of preferential utilization of phosmet as an energy substrate. E. agglomerans exhibited the ability to degrade phosmet as a carbon source, yet in the presence of added glucose, phosmet degradation occurred within the 1st 24 h only followed by total population mortality resulting in no appreciable degradation. Characteristic utilization of glucose by this isolate suggests a possible switch in carbon substrate utilization away from phosmet, which resulted in toxicity from the remaining phosmet. Overall, microbial metabolism of phosmet as an energy source resulted in significant degradation of residues on blueberries and in minimal salt solutions. Thus, the role of adapted strains of E. agglomerans and P. fluorescens in degrading phosmet on blueberries represents an extensive plant–microorganism relationship, which is essential to determination of phosmet persistence under pre- and postharvest conditions.     

蓝莓-酸樱桃复合果醋的醋酸发酵工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

以蓝莓和酸樱桃为原料,制备蓝莓-酸樱桃复合果醋。以总酸、感官评分和花青素含量为评定指标,考察沪酿1.01（巴氏醋杆菌）（Acetobacter pasteurianus）接种量、酒精度、发酵温度和发酵时间对复合果醋品质的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面试验,确定蓝莓-酸樱桃复合果醋醋酸发酵工艺,并对蓝莓-酸樱桃复合果醋的品质指标与抗氧化性进行评价。结果表明,最佳醋酸发酵工艺参数为：醋酸菌接种量10%,酒精度9%vol,发酵温度30 ℃,发酵时间8 d。在此优化条件下,复合果醋的总酸含量可达（5.01±0.17）g/100 mL,花青素含量为（102.26±0.89） mg/100 mL,感官评分为（87.00±0.42）分。抗氧化实验结果表明,最大DPPH自由基清除率可达（94.1±0.22）%,还原力（OD700 nm值）为（2.21±0.27）,表明其抗氧化性较好。     

The antimicrobial properties of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fractional components against foodborne pathogens and the conservation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus

The antimicrobial properties of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) were studied against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus to determine which fractional components have antimicrobial effects and which microorganisms are most susceptible to these antimicrobial properties. Lowbush blueberry extract (F1) was separated using a C-18 Sep-Pak cartridge into monomeric phenolics (F2) and anthocyanins plus proanthocyanidins (F3). Fraction 3 was further separated into anthocyanins (F4) and proanthocyanidins (F5) using a LH-20 Sephadex column. Each fraction was initially screened for antimicrobial properties using agar diffusion assay. Treatments that demonstrated inhibition were further analyzed for inhibition in liquid culture. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using a two-fold dilution series and viable cell counts taken at 0 and 24 h to examine growth reduction. Fraction 3 demonstrated the lowest MICs/MBCs followed by F1, F2, F4, and F5. L. monocytogenes was the most susceptible to blueberry fraction treatment, followed by E. coli O157:H7, and S. Typhimurium. L. rhamnosus was the least susceptible to each fraction treatment. The results can be applied to the field of preventive medicine, food safety, and enrich the understanding of the health benefits of lowbush blueberries.     

蓝莓叶多酚与蓝莓果渣多酚提取物抗氧化活性研究

通过7种方法比较了蓝莓叶多酚（Blueberry leaves polyphenols,BBLP）提取物、蓝莓果渣多酚（Blueberry pomace polyphenols,BBPP）提取物以及对照品Rutin的抗氧化活性。在ABTS⁺清除能力、还原力、亚硝酸盐清除能力、FRAP值、ORAC值方面,BBLP与BBPP均高于Rutin或者与其相当。而三种样品DPPH·清除能力顺序为BBLP>Rutin>BBPP,·OH清除能力顺序为Rutin>BBLP>BBPP。除亚硝酸盐清除能力和ORAC值与BBPP相当、·OH清除能力弱于BBPP外,BBLP在其余4种方法中表现出的抗氧化活性均强于BBPP。结果表明,BBLP与BBPP具有较强的抗氧化作用,可用于开发天然抗氧化剂。      

响应面优化杨梅果酒发酵工艺及其抗氧化性

目的:优化杨梅果酒的发酵工艺。方法:以酒精含量为响应值,在单因素实验基础上,以含糖量、接种量、发酵时间、p H、发酵温度为实验因素,采用响应面法建立数学模型,筛选最佳发酵工艺条件;并通过杨梅酒对羟自由基、ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用来研究其抗氧化活性。结果:通过二次回归模型响应面分析,确定杨梅酒发酵最佳工艺条件为:接种量0.03%,含糖量22%,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间7 d,p H3.5,此条件下杨梅酒酒精含量为10.87%,模型方程理论预测值为11.03%,两者相对误差小于2%。杨梅酒具有一定的抗氧化活性,对ABTS+自由基的清除率为55.47%,对羟基自由基清除率57.24%,超氧阴离子清除率48.15%,DPPH自由基抑制率达到88.65%。结论:采用响应面法优化得到了杨梅酒发酵的最佳工艺,该工艺方便可行。      

Isolation and purification of a novel antioxidant protein from the water extract of Sundakai (Solanum torvum) seeds

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at physiological concentrations may be required for normal cell function. Excessive production of ROS can be detrimental to cells, because ROS can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Herein, we describe the isolation and purification of a novel antioxidant protein the water extract of dried, powdered Sundakai (Solanum torvum [Solanaceae]) seeds. Sundakai belongs to the Solanaceae family, a small shrub, which is distributed widely in India, Malaya, China, Phillipines and tropical America. Fifty percent of ammonium sulphate-precipitated crude water extract was fractionated on a Sephadex G100 column, which yielded two peaks, PI and PII. Peaks PI and PII inhibited lipid peroxidation up to 40% and 89%, respectively in linolenic acid micelles. Rechromatographing of peak PII on Sephadex G100 yielded a single peak, indicating the homogeneity of the purified protein. SDS–PAGE analysis indicated the molecular weight of the purified protein to be ∼28 kDa. The purified protein, at 0.8 μM, inhibited deoxyribose degradation induced by generation of hydroxyl radicals by 90% and scavenged DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals by 76%. The reducing power and chelating power of the purified protein, at 0.8 μM, were found to be 72% and 85%, respectively. The protein, at 0.8 μM, also offered significant protection to calf thymus DNA damage induced by H₂O₂ (1 mM). Therefore, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, a novel protein from the water extract of Sundakai seeds as an excellent antioxidant.     

Chemical characterization, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of jussara (Euterpe edulis) fruit from the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil

Samples of fruit from the jussara palm plant (Euterpe edulis), collected in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, were analyzed for chemical composition, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and fatty acids profile. Results indicated that the jussara fruit has a high lipid content (18.45-44.08%), oleic acid (44.17-55.61%) and linoleic acid (18.19-25.36%) are the fatty acids found in the highest proportion, and other components were proteins (5.13-8.21%), ash (1.55-3.32%) and moisture (34.95-42.47%). Significant differences were found in the total phenolic, total monomeric anthocyanins and other flavonoids for the samples from the five cultivation regions. The fruit from region E harvested in summer, with high temperatures and medium altitudes, had the highest contents of total phenolics (2610.86 ± 3.89 mg 100 g⁻¹ GAE) and monomeric anthocyanins (1080.54 ± 2.33 mg 100 g^− 1 cy-3-glu). The phenolic compound included ferulic, gallic, hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acids, as well as catechin, epicatechin and quercetin. The results show promising perspectives for the exploitation of this tropical fruit with a chemical composition comprising considerable phenolic acids and flavonoids compounds and showing activity antioxidant.     

黑曲霉液态发酵韭籽粕提取韭籽多肽工艺

为充分利用提取韭菜籽油后的副产品韭籽粕,本文采用响应面分析法(RSM)优化黑曲霉液态发酵韭籽粕中韭籽多肽提取工艺,并测定了最优提取条件下韭籽多肽的抗氧化活性。结果表明:影响韭籽多肽提取工艺的因素主次顺序为发酵时间>韭籽粕浓度>初始p H,韭籽多肽提取的最佳工艺条件:韭籽粕浓度9.4%,初始p H3.0,发酵时间3 d,在此条件下,每毫升发酵液中韭籽多肽含量可达573.55μg/m L。在最佳工艺条件下,测定黑曲霉液态发酵制备得到的韭籽多肽对DPPH·的清除能力以及总还原力,结果表明采用黑曲霉液态发酵制备得到的韭籽多肽具有抗氧化活性,随着韭籽多肽浓度的提高,抗氧化活性增强。      

Volatile aroma components and antioxidant activities of the flavedo peel extract of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata)

The flavedo peel extracts of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) fruits were extracted using steam distillation (SD) or a cold-press (CP) system. Volatile aroma content and composition were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and each compound was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of the extracts were monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.75-93.75%[709.32-809.05 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]) including limonene (43.08-45.13%[341.46-379.81 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), γ-terpinene (27.88-29.06%[219.90-245.86 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), and p-cymene (8.13-11.02%[61.47-97.22 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]). The extraction process used was determined to be a decisive factor that affects the composition of key citrus aroma components, as well as the antioxidant activities of the Shiikuwasha fruit. Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts were examined by assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The cold-press extraction system may better retain the total phenolic content of the flavedo peel and display superior antioxidant activities, compared to the steam distillation extraction method. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) is a type of small citrus fruit, and has been used as raw material for beverage and food additive productions in Japan. It had a unique aroma composition in which the limonene content of its peels is lower than that of other commonly known citrus peels. The present study detailed the volatile aroma composition, as well as antioxidant capabilities of Shiikuwasha peel extracts of different extraction methods, that are cold-press and steam distillation methods. The results of this study may provide a basis for selection of Shiikuwasha peel extracts in food industry for citrus flavor production.     

响应面法优化大球盖菇麦角硫因的提取工艺及其体外抗氧化能力稳定性的考察

目的 采用响应面法优化大球盖菇中麦角硫因的提取工艺,并评价多种环境因素对其抗氧化能力的影响。方法 本实验以大球盖菇次级菇为实验材料,首先确定提取方法,然后以温度、时间、料液比和乙醇浓度为单因素,考察它们对麦角硫因提取量的影响,在此基础上采用响应面法优化其提取条件,并且考察温度、pH和光照等外界环境因素对麦角硫因体外抗氧化能力稳定性的影响。结果 选取溶剂提取法进行提取实验,确定最优提取条件为:提取温度70℃、乙醇浓度43%、提取时间32 min、料液比1:27 (g/mL),在此条件下获得麦角硫因的最高提取量为(3.192±0.024) mg/g DW,与预测值接近;还发现麦角硫因的体外抗氧化能力受pH和紫外光照因素影响显著(P<0.05),受温度因素的影响不显著(P>0.05)。结论 研究表明大球盖菇次级菇中麦角硫因含量较高,其体外抗氧化能力的稳定性易受光照、pH等因素影响。这为麦角硫因的后续开发利用提供数据支撑,也促进了大球盖菇次级菇的高值化利用。     

Stability of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of five fruit (apple,orange, grape,pomelo and kiwi) juices during in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The in vitro digestive stability of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of five kinds of commonly consumed fruit juices in the daily diet, including apple juice (AJ), orange juice (OJ), grape juice (GJ), pomelo juice (PJ) and kiwifruit juice (KJ), were studied. Following in vitro digestion, the total phenolic (TP) content of fruit juices decreased to different extents by 35%, 25.3%, 23.5%, 22.2% and 7.8% for KJ, OJ, PJ, GJ and AJ, respectively. The individual phenolic content showed similar changes to the TP content, showing reductions of naringenin‐trisaccharide in OJ and PJ, epicatechin in GJ, and chlorogenic acid in AJ by 43.74%, 27.59%, 47.11% and 33.28%, respectively. Conversely, the antioxidant capacity of fruit juices during digestion measured by ABTS assay increased from 4.79% to 35.53%, except in KJ, which decreased by 19.34%. These results show the health benefits of fruit juices after processing and contribute towards establishing suitable dietary recommendations.     

余甘子多酚响应面法优化提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以余甘子干粉为原料提取余甘子多酚,比较了乙醇浓度、浸提时间、温度、pH、料液比及提取次数对总多酚提取率的影响,并以乙醇浓度、浸提时间、温度、pH为考察因素,采用RSA响应面分析法,确定了余甘子多酚提取的最佳工艺参数,即乙醇浓度为60%,浸提温度50℃,浸提时间4h,pH3.50。在此优化工艺下余甘子多酚提取率为0.218gGAE/g,还原力为1.019。同时,以茶多酚、维生素C、维生素E及BHT为对照,测定了余甘子多酚对DPPH、超氧阴离子及羟基自由基的清除活性及抗脂质过氧化活性。结果表明,余甘子多酚具有较强的抗氧化活性,是一种极具潜力的抗氧化剂。     

响应面法优化酶解鸢乌贼制备抗氧化肽的工艺研究

利用响应面分析法对酶法水解鸢乌贼蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件进行优化。首先通过单因素实验最终确定木瓜蛋白酶为水解鸢乌贼蛋白制备抗氧化肽的最佳用酶,然后在单因素的基础上以加酶量、液料比、酶解时间为自变量,DPPH自由基清除率为响应值,建立二次回归设计模型,经修正后得到最佳酶解条件为:加酶量为0.66%(w/w),液料比为10.2(v/w),酶解时间为380 min,在此条件下DPPH自由基清除率为89.80%,与模型预测值相吻合。另外,氨基酸分析表明与鸢乌贼蛋白相比,优化后的酶解产物中必需氨基酸含量提高至原蛋白的2.2倍,蛋氨酸、色氨酸等抗氧化性氨基酸分别提高至7.2、25.6倍。      

Phenolic profile and changes in the antioxidant activity of crabapple (Malus domestica cv Royalty) fruit during maturation on the tree

The fruits of crabapple (Malus domestica cv Royalty) harvested at six times during fruit maturation on the tree (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 day after full bloom, DAFB) were evaluated for their antioxidant potentials by various assays such as DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and ferric reducing power. Total phenolic and flavonoid were analysed and characterised using HPLC‐DAD‐MS/MS. Results showed that the Royalty fruits harvested on 60 DAFB had the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS and radicals ( = 0.37 mg mL^?1,  = 0.19 mg mL^?1 and  = 4906.63 U L^?1) and ferric reducing power (FRAP = 2.85 mol Fe²⁺ per kg dw), which highly correlated with its high amount of total phenolics of 130.17 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram dry weight and total flavonoid of 866.15 mg rutin equivalents (RE) per gram dry weight. Eight phenolic compounds were identified in the Royalty extract of 60 DAFB as caffeic acid, eriodictyol rhamnoside, phloretin hexoside I, coumaroyl guinic acid, quercetin hexoside, phloretin hexoside II, quercetin pentoside and quercetin rhamnoside. These findings suggest that Royalty could be potentially used as a promising source of natural antioxidants in the development of functional foods.     

Differences in the carotenoid content of ketchups and gazpachos through HPLC/ESI(Li(+) )-MS/MS correlated with their antioxidant capacity

BACKGROUND: Carotenoids are important antioxidant compounds in the human diet. Owing to their constrained polyene structure, carotenoids can exist in cis and trans isomeric forms that can be difficult to differentiate in natural samples. In ketchups and gazpachos, all‐trans isomeric forms are predominant. However, during thermal processing, cis isomers are formed. Therefore the determination of carotenoid isomers is required for the assessment of the nutritional value of foods. RESULTS: The main carotenoid found in ketchups was trans‐lycopene, whereas in gazpachos a higher contribution to the total carotenoid content was made by other carotenoids such as 5‐, 9‐ and 13‐cis‐lycopene, lutein, β‐carotene and α‐carotene. Ketchups exhibited the highest lipophilic antioxidant content owing to their higher content of trans‐lycopene, the main carotenoid in tomatoes. CONCLUSION: Direct analysis of carotenoids by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) often produces poor results requiring offline time‐ and sample‐consuming derivatisation techniques. Therefore in this work a simple ESI‐MS approach is described for the direct analysis of carotenoids in ketchups and gazpachos using the post‐column addition of lithium chloride to promote the cationisation of carotenoids. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper presents for the first time the identification of 5‐, 9‐ and 13‐cis‐lycopene in ketchups and gazpachos. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

酶解刺参内脏蛋白制备抗氧化肽的研究

对刺参内脏所含的内源蛋白酶的性质进行了初步研究,在此基础上分析和比较了利用内源蛋白酶和外源蛋白酶酶解内脏蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺。刺参内脏主要含有四种内源蛋白酶,最适pH分别为2.0、5.0、8.0和12.0。以羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率为指标,比较了内源蛋白酶和八种外源蛋白酶酶解内脏蛋白制备抗氧化肽的效果,结果表明菠萝蛋白酶为最佳用酶;用正交实验L9(34)对其水解条件进行优化,确定最佳酶解条件为:pH7.8、温度35℃、加酶量5.0g/100g、酶解时间1h,在此条件下所得酶解液对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分别为79.15%和28.57%。      

Comparison of the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) methods to asses the total antioxidant capacity in extracts of fruit and vegetables

A comparison was made on the use of two spectrophotometric methods, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method and the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method, for the measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plant foods. The correlations of TAC measured by the two methods were highly significant in both water-soluble (r2= 0.90) and water-insoluble extracts (r2= 0.98) from 13 strawberry samples. Also a corresponding comparison of TAC in extracts from 14 plant species showed high correlation coefficients, r2= 0.98 for water-soluble extracts and r2= 0.88 for water-insoluble extracts. The ratio of TAC values obtained with the two methods (ABTS/FRAP) varied between 0.7 and 3.3 for different plant extracts indicating that they contained antioxidants with varying reactivity in the two methods. TACs in six pure antioxidant substances were ranked in the following order by both methods: quercetin > ferulic acid > catechin > rutin > caffeic acid > Trolox = chlorogenic acid. The two methods showed similar TAC values for quercetin, rutin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid while ferulic acid and catechin gave higher results with the ABTS method than with the FRAP method, and such differences probably explain the varying ratios of ABTS/FRAP obtained in foods. Regarding storage TAC in water-soluble strawberry extracts stored at -20 or -80 degrees C was stable for at least five months while storage at 4 degrees C decreased the TAC value with 40% during five weeks of storage. The study showed that both the ABTS and FRAP methods can be used for convenient monitoring of the antioxidant capacities in fruit and vegetables, and that different antioxidants had varying reactivity in the two methods.