二氧化氯气体对葡萄链格孢菌的抑制作用

该文研究了二氧化氯气体(ClO 2)对链格孢菌的抑制作用,为降低采后葡萄贮藏过程中交链孢霉腐病带来的损失提供依据。用1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0μg/L ClO 2分别对离体链格孢菌处理10、20、30 min,以不做任何处理为对照组,通过测定菌落生长、孢子形成、芽管伸长抑制率及倒置显微镜观察菌丝形态来探究ClO 2对其抑制效果。并用3.0、6.0、9.0μg/L ClO 2对接种了链格孢菌的葡萄处理30 min,置于28℃的培养箱中贮藏,通过测定病斑直径、发病率及相关酶活性来探索ClO 2对交链孢霉腐病的抑制作用。结果表明,离体实验中,与对照组相比,ClO 2处理组均能显著抑制链格孢菌菌落生长、孢子形成及芽管伸长。且接种了链格孢菌的活体实验中,ClO 2处理组均能抑制果实的病斑直径及腐烂率,延缓果实中丙二醛含量的积累,维持较高的抗氧化活性,其中采用9.0μg/L ClO 2处理果实30 min效果最好。     

番茄交链孢菌病斑及其外延组织中交链孢毒素的分布

目的 检测不同大小的交链孢菌病斑及其外延组织中交链孢毒素残留量, 明确交链孢毒素在番茄中的迁移规律。方法 样品经80%乙腈溶液提取后, 通过自制固相萃取柱排除杂质干扰, 流出液经氮吹至近干后, 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定交链孢毒素残留量。结果 不同大小病斑组织中均检测到高浓度的4种交链孢毒素残留, 包括交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH), 交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME), 细交链格孢酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)和交链孢烯(altenuene, ALT); 外延组织中仅在病斑周围1 cm处检测到TeA, 含量为病斑组织的1/10左右。结论 番茄交链孢毒素能向病斑外延组织扩散, 但扩散情况与病斑大小无直接联系, 病斑周围2 cm处虽然用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测不到交链孢毒素, 但仍存在安全风险, 因此, 建议食用时或生产中将病斑及其外延2 cm范围内组织均剔除。     

Antifungal activity of chitosan and its application to control post‐harvest quality and fungal rotting of Tankan citrus fruit (Citrus tankan Hayata)

In this study, the antifungal activity of chitosan A (MW = 92.1 kDa) and B (MW = 357.3 kDa), with 94.2% N‐deacetylation were examined at various concentrations against fungi including Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrydiplodia lecanidion and Botrytis cinerea. The effectiveness of these chitosans to control the post‐harvest quality of Tankan fruit, a popular sub‐tropical citrus fruit, was investigated. It was found that chitosan, depending on type and concentration, caused 25.0–90.5% growth inhibition on test organisms after 5 days of cultivation at 24 °C. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage decay of Tankan fruit during storage at 24 °C. After 42 days of storage at 13 °C, chitosan‐coated Tankan fruits were firmer, exhibited less decay and weight loss, and showed higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and total soluble solids than the control fruit. Weight loss of Tankan fruits decreased as the concentration of chitosan was increased. On the other hand, chitosan A, regardless of concentration tested, was found to be more effective in retaining the firmness, titratable acidity and water content, total solid content and ascorbic acid content of Tankan fruits than chitosan B. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

氨基酸对烟草赤星病菌毒素毒性的影响

采用摩擦接种处理法、浇根处理法和发芽种子根处理法测定了烟草赤星病菌毒素的毒性,确定了烟草发芽种子根处理法作为烟草赤星病菌毒素毒性的测定方法.用8种氨基酸分别以5种不同浓度与烟草赤星病菌GL-6毒素混合接种,测定结果表明L-精氨酸、L-胱氨酸、L-谷氨酸、L-丙氨酸和L-天门冬氨酸所有供试浓度均增强病菌毒素毒性;而L-脯氨酸、L-色氨酸和L-缬氨酸对病菌毒素毒性有抑制作用,其有效浓度分别为0.02～0.2、0.02～0.2和0.02～2mg/mL.     

Controlled‐atmosphere storage of tomato fruit: low oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide levels alter galactosidase activity and inhibit exogenous ethylene action

The effects of 3% O₂ and 20% CO₂, both alone and together with 100 µg g⁻¹ C₂H₄, on ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis and α‐ and β‐galactosidase activity in breaker tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit were investigated. The low O₂ and high CO₂ atmospheres prevented the rise in ethylene production, total carotenoid and lycopene biosynthesis and α‐ and β‐galactosidase activity and slowed down chlorophyll degradation and loss of firmness (P < 0.05). These suppressive effects were not reversed, or only in part – in the case of chlorophyll breakdown – by addition of 100 µg g⁻¹ C₂H₄ to said controlled atmospheres. After transfer from the various atmospheres to air, flesh firmness decreased and ethylene production, total carotenoids, lycopene and β‐galactosidase II activity increased but these parameters were, in all cases, still significantly different from those of fruit held in air. Keeping tomatoes in controlled atmospheres, even in the presence of ethylene, had marked residual effects. Results suggest an antagonism between elevated CO₂/low O₂ and exogenous ethylene which could determine most of the ripening parameter behaviour under controlled‐atmosphere storage, though a direct regulatory mechanism by O₂ and/or CO₂ should not be discarded. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Alleviation of chilling injury in postharvest tomato fruit by preconditioning with ultraviolet irradiation

BACKGROUND: Tomato fruit is usually stored at low temperatures for delayed ripening and extended shelf life. However, tomato fruit is susceptible to chilling injury when exposed to low temperatures. In this study, the potential effects of preconditioning with UV‐C or UV‐B irradiation on chilling injury of postharvest tomato fruit were investigated. RESULTS: Mature–green tomato fruit were exposed to 4 kJ m^?2 UV‐C or 20 kJ m^?2 UV‐B irradiation and stored for 20 days at 2 °C and subsequently 10 days at 20 °C. UV irradiation was effective in reducing chilling injury index and delaying ethylene peak. Furthermore, UV irradiation preserved storage quality as manifested by reduced weight loss, better retention of firmness, and higher contents of total soluble solids, soluble protein and soluble sugar during subsequent storage at 20 °C. UV‐C irradiation significantly delayed the development of the red colour after 10 days of storage at 20 °C. On the other hand, UV irradiation decreased total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity, suggesting possibly reduced stress response to low temperature resulted from enhanced physiological adaptation by UV preconditioning. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that preconditioning with UV‐C or UV‐B irradiation in appropriate doses had a positive effect on alleviating chilling injury in postharvest tomato fruit. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

外源一氧化氮熏蒸处理对番茄采后活性氧代谢的影响

以合作903番茄(Lycopersicon esculenturn)为试材,研究不同浓度NO(20、50μL/L)气体熏蒸处理对番茄呼吸强度、乙烯释放量和SOD、CAT、POD、H2O2、O2-.、MDA等活性氧代谢相关指标的影响。结果表明:外源NO熏蒸处理能够抑制番茄果实贮藏期间的呼吸速率和内源乙烯释放,同时还能够保持番茄果实贮藏过程中SOD、CAT、POD保护酶的活性,抑制组织中的H2O2、O2-.含量的增加,并降低MDA的含量,从而增强番茄果实的抗氧化能力,防止膜脂过氧化,延缓果实的衰老。     

番茄果酒酿造酵母菌的筛选研究

以筛选适宜的酿造番茄果酒的酵母为研究目标,通过TTC显色法初筛及产气复筛、大瓶发酵,对来源于自然发酵的番茄汁中的酵母菌进行优选,得到一株优良的酵母菌株。发酵结果表明,该酵母菌能耐受较高的糖浓度和酒精度,适合在番茄汁pH中进行正常产酒发酵。由于该酵母菌优良的特性,因此可以作为菌种酵母进行番茄酒的酿造。     

Biocontrol of Alternaria alternata on cherry tomato fruit by use of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman

The basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman isolated from the south of East China Sea was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest decay of cherry tomatoes caused by Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo tests. The results showed that washed cell suspension of R. paludigenum provided better control of A. alternata than any other treatment, while the autoclaved cell culture failed to provide protection against the pathogen. The concentration of antagonist had significant effect on biocontrol effectiveness in vivo: when the concentration of the washed yeast cell suspension was used at 1 x 10(9)cells/ml, the percentage rate of black rot of cherry tomato fruit was only 37%, which was remarkably lower than that treated with water (the control) after 5days of incubation at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, a great biocontrol efficacy of R. paludigenum was observed when it was applied prior to inoculation with A. alternata: the longer the incubation time of R. paludigenum, the lower disease incidence would be. However, there was little efficacy when R. paludigenum was applied after A. alternata inoculation. In addition, on the wounds of cherry tomato, it was observed that R. paludigenum grew rapidly increasing 50-fold during the first 12h at 25 degrees C. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report concerning that the marine yeast R. paludigenum could be used as a biocontrol agent of postharvest fungal disease.     

Some inhibitory effects of radiation stress on tomato fruit ripening

Detached tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) fruit exposed to 650 W m^?2 radiation from incandescent lamps for 1.5 or 4 h developed visible injury during subsequent storage. In tissues directly exposed to the radiation, ascorbic acid content was decreased and lycopene accumulation and protopectin solubilisation were blocked. For intact fruit, the respiratory climacteric was depressed, but ethylene production was enhanced following the radiation stress. Radiation injury blocks both the initiation and the progress of ripening.     

Effect of γ‐irradiation on post‐harvest ripening of plantain fruit (Musa paradisiaca) cultivars

Three plantain cultivars, Agbagba, Obino L'ewai and Cardaba, harvested at two stages of maturity, were irradiated at 0.1–1.0 kGy prior to storage under tropical ambient conditions. Post‐irradiation storage behaviour showed that plantain fruits at full three‐quarter grade were more responsive to irradiation treatment than at full grade maturity, while Cardaba, a type of cooking banana, showed the least response. Irrespective of varietal differences, irradiation to 0.5 kGy or higher caused severe tissue damage, softening and skin discolouration; however, γ‐irradiation at optimum dose range of 0.15–0.30 kGy effectively delayed ripening for 10–12 days in Agbagba and Obino L'ewai, respectively, without affecting respiratory pattern or fruit quality. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene on anthracnose rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and disease resistance in loquat fruit

BACKGOUND: Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit are susceptible to fungal decay during postharvest storage at ambient temperature. The control of postharvest diseases of loquat is based primarily on the use of synthetic fungicides. To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on controlling anthracnose rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum of loquat fruit. RESULTS: 1‐MCP treatment significantly reduced decay incidence of loquat fruit. The treatment markedly inhibited accumulation of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide and maintained higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Meanwhile, 1‐MCP treatment induced higher activities of two defense‐related enzymes—chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase—during 6 days' storage. Furthermore, the treatment inhibited increases in fruit firmness and internal browning index, and maintained higher extractable juice rate, total soluble solids and titratable acidity contents, thereby delaying the development of senescence. CONCLUSION: 1‐MCP was effective in reducing decay and might have enhanced the disease resistance in loquat fruit by increasing chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase, and maintained natural resistance by delaying senescence development. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

乙醇处理对贮藏鸭梨生理病害及品质的影响

采摘后的鸭梨用不同添加量的乙醇处理 ,添加量分别为 0、2、4、6mL/kg(以鸭梨计 ) ,一周后于 1℃冷藏 ,测定乙醇处理对鸭梨生理及品质的影响 .结果表明 :以 4mL/kg乙醇添加量处理的鸭梨 ,能抑制乙烯的生物合成 ,减缓组织膜的破坏 ,增加多酚氧化酶 (PPO)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的活性 ,增加果实硬度及早期果实的可溶性固形物 ,降低可滴定酸含量 ,抑制叶绿素的降解 ,增加果实绿色指数 ,降低烂果率和鸭梨黑心病的发病率 .说明乙醇处理能增加鸭梨抗性 ,提高果实品质