Tomato peel drying and carotenoids stability of the extracts

Tomato peels were firstly dried by different methods (hot air, freeze‐drying, and fluidized bed drying) to evaluate the recovery of lycopene, β‐carotene and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Comparison of the results showed that hot air drying at 50 °C was a suitable method and alternative to freeze‐drying to preserve carotenoids compounds and antioxidant activity in tomato peels. Then, ethanol/ethyl acetate (1:1) extracts from tomato peel, previously dried at 50 °C by hot air, were submitted to heat (100 °C) and light treatment (1000 lumen) to evaluate their stability as natural food dyes. Heating of the extracts caused a progressive reduction of total carotenoids, up to about 30% after 250 min of treatment, whereas the colour at the end of heat treatment showed small changes, with an overall colour difference (?E) equal to 7. Fluorescent lighting treatment showed an almost total degradation of carotenoids in the extracts after 48 h combined with a fading colour.     

番茄籽油精炼过程中番茄红素含量变化的研究

以番茄籽压榨油为原料,采用分光光度法测定番茄籽油中番茄红素在精炼过程中的含量变化。结果表明,番茄红素在精炼各工序均有损失,且脱色>碱炼>水洗>脱臭,碱炼和脱色过程损失分别为17.88%和75.39%。碱炼过程,当碱液浓度升高(8.5%~11.5%),油中番茄红素残留量会降低。脱色过程,增加白土用量或升高脱色温度,油中番茄红素残留量都会减少,当白土用量为2%、脱色温度为100℃时,番茄红素脱除率最高;脱色5min后油中番茄红素残留量无明显变化。      

Effects of industrial tomato paste processing on ascorbic acid, flavonoids and carotenoids and their stability over one-year storage

BACKGROUND : The effects of industrial tomato paste processing and long‐term (12 months) ambient storage on the content and stability of quercetin, kaempferol, ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), β‐carotene and lycopene were evaluated in a commercially produced tomato paste. RESULTS : The initial thermal treatment (hot break; 93 °C for 5 min) resulted in significant reductions in quercetin (54%), kaempferol (61%), AA (63%) and β‐carotene (30%), whereas subsequent processing steps (e.g. evaporation and sterilization) did not result in marked changes in these compounds. Lycopene was stable during hot break but decreased by 20% through evaporation and sterilization. The ratio of DHAA:vitamin C increased during hot break to 23%, whereas the ratio of DHAA:vitamin C remained relatively low in subsequent processing steps, indicating that AA was not oxidized. AA decreased with prolonged storage, with only 13% remaining at 12 months. The carotenoids and quercetin remained stable through 12 months of ambient storage. CONCLUSIONS : Tomato pomace contained significant amounts of carotenoids and flavonoids, indicating that it may be an underutilized processing byproduct. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of illumination and chlorophylls on stability of tomato carotenoids

Lipidic extract from tomato peels, or tomato peels plus stalks, dissolved in ethanol were submitted to illumination. Lycopene, β-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene isomerisation and degradation, during storage at room temperature for 28 days, were studied. Degradation of chlorophylls a and b were analysed in lipidic extracts from stalks. Total lycopene and all-E-lycopene degradation was found to fit to a first-order model. The degradation rate constant was lower in extracts from peels −0.0137 (all-E-lycopene) and −0.0737 (total lycopene), than in those from peel plus stalk −0.0415 (all-E-lycopene) and −0.0854 (total lycopene). Z-lycopene isomers showed an inconsistence change during storage, in all analysed samples. Concentration of β-carotene from extracts of tomato peels plus stalks decreased slightly during storage. Phytoene and phytofluene degradation were not significantly affected by both storage conditions and chlorophylls. The obtained results showed that some compounds from stalks, such as chlorophylls, could favour lycopene and β-carotene degradation during storage under illumination.     

Deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk by short‐term supplement of coloured carrot (Daucus carota) varieties as forage material for egg‐laying hens

BACKGROUND: Supplying egg‐laying hens with different forage materials may influence egg production and quality. The aim of this study was to examine the short‐term effects of standard feed plus 70 g day^?1 per hen of three coloured carrot varieties (orange, yellow and purple) as forage material in comparison with a standard feed control on egg production, egg yolk colour and deposition of carotenoids in the yolk. RESULTS: Carrot supplementation reduced feed intakes significantly, but not on a dry matter basis. Orange carrot treatment significantly reduced egg mass production, whereas yellow and purple carrot treatments did not differ from the control. Egg and yolk weights of all carrot‐supplemented treatments were significantly lower than those of the control, but yolk percentages were similar. Yolk redness increased significantly in the order control < yellow < orange < purple. A similar trend was seen for yolk yellowness, but yellow and orange carrots reached the same level. Yolk colour and carotenoid contents correlated positively and significantly. In particular, purple carrot treatment increased the yolk content of lutein (>1.5‐fold) and β‐carotene (>100‐fold) compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Supplementing the feed of egg‐laying hens with coloured carrots efficiently increased yolk colour parameters and carotenoid contents, which gives opportunities for improved nutritional value of eggs from forage material‐supplemented hens. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stabilisation of colour and odour of beef patties by using lycopene‐rich tomato and peppers as a source of antioxidants

Beef patties containing natural antioxidants—cayenne hot pepper, red sweet pepper, lycopene‐rich tomato pulp (LRTP) and extract of tomato rich in lycopene (Lyc‐O‐Mato?)—and packaged in modified atmosphere were evaluated for storage stability at 2 ± 1 °C by measuring CIE a* values, surface metmyoglobin, TBARS, psychrotrophic bacteria counts and sensory off‐odour and discolouration. Results demonstrated that the addition of ground peppers (both sweet and hot) to beef patties delayed and inhibited very significantly (p < 0.05) the oxidation of both myoglobin and lipid as well as the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. As a consequence, and according to instrumental and sensory results of meat colour and odour, the shelf life of beef patties was extended from about 4 to about 16 days. Capsaicinoid‐rich cayenne hot pepper exerted a more intense antioxidative effect than capsaicinoid‐free red sweet pepper. The addition of lycopene‐enriched tomato products (LOM and LRTP) was not as effective as treatment with peppers, although they exerted a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidative effect too, depending on the lycopene concentration. These tomato products delayed meat deterioration to a varying extent, so that the shelf life of treated beef patties ranged between 8 and 12 days. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

A comparison of flavonoids,carotenoids and vitamin C in commercial organic and conventional marinara pasta sauce

BACKGROUND: Characterising the levels of key phytochemicals in foods commonly consumed in the Western diet is critical for database development, estimating intake and assessing the potential health benefits associated with the consumption of these products. This paper describes a market‐basket evaluation of the key flavonoids, carotenoids and vitamin C in commercial organic (five brands) and conventional (five brands) marinara pasta sauces. RESULTS: Levels of ascorbic acid ranged from undetected up to 6.87 mg per 100 g fresh weight. The levels of total vitamin C in six of the ten samples were significantly lower than the amount listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel (P < 0.001 or P < 0.01). The contents of total vitamin C, flavonoids and lycopene were not statistically different between organic and conventional samples. Conventional pasta sauces demonstrated a significantly higher level of all‐trans‐β‐carotene (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This suggests that any beneficial differences in levels of flavonoids, carotenoids and vitamin C gained through cultivation practices are not measurable at the consumer level in processed tomato products. Additionally, the results point to a large disparity between the actual vitamin C content of these products and the content listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

类胡萝卜素功用新知

类胡萝卜素除被用作功能性色素、饲料添加剂、化妆品添加剂外，更是被广泛地运用在抗肿瘤，防治白内障和心血管疾病等诸多方面，本文详细阐述了类胡萝卜素的应用及新进展。     

天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素及对S180肿瘤抑制作用的初步研究

本文对天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素做了初步分析,同时探讨了红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对S180肿瘤的作用。初步结果表明,天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素包含有虾青素及其它一些种类的类胡萝卜素。天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对肝匀浆MDA的产生有显著的抑制作用, 对昆明小白鼠S180肿瘤具有显著的抑制作用,且具有明显的量效关系。低、中、高剂量组的类胡萝卜素对肿瘤的抑制率分别为23.2%、35.7%和42.9%,对肿瘤小鼠的内脏指数有显著改善作用,并可显著地降低肿瘤小鼠血清MDA含量。     

Olive byproducts and their bioactive compounds as a valuable source for food packaging applications

Among the most important agro-industrial activities in the Mediterranean basin, olive oil production has a high impact on the economy of many Mediterranean countries. However, olive oil extraction generates huge quantities of byproducts, including leaves, pomace residues, stones and wastewater, which have severe environmental impacts mainly because of their phytotoxicity and great organic content. Olive oil byproducts are regarded as inexpensive and abundant raw materials rich in bioactive compounds with high and varied health-related activities. Several phenolic compounds and terpenoids were recovered from olive byproducts using different conventional and advanced extraction methods due to their potential to be used in food, packaging, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recently, the use of olive byproducts and their functional compounds to enhance the functional properties of packaging systems was investigated as a sustainable strategy for food preservation, fostering the sustainability of the olive-oil chain, and promoting circular economy. In this framework, the main goals of this review are to summarize the main bioactive compounds in olive byproducts, to review the main advancements in their extraction, purification, and characterization, and finally to discuss their applications in food packaging systems as well as safety-related aspects.     

Quantification of lycopene in tomato products: comparing the performances of a newly proposed direct photothermal method and high‐performance liquid chromatography

A new photothermal method suitable for direct, accurate and highly reproducible quantitative measurements of lycopene in tomato products has been introduced. The intrinsic precision of the method is typically better than 0.2%; the repeatability of determination is comparable to that of high‐performance liquid chromatography, with 0.86% least overall error. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种番茄理化指标分析与研究

使用6种不同品种的番茄为实验原料,以可溶固形物含量、VC含量、番茄红素含量、色差为检测指标,分析各品种番茄中理化成分的含量,实验结果表明,里格尔87-5可溶固形物含量为5.3°Bx,其次为UC-82可溶固形物含量为5.1°Bx;不同品种间VC含量差异较大,其中UC-82中VC含量最高为28.9mg/100g;不同品种番茄番茄红素含量差异较大,其中里格尔87-5红素含量较高,可达到6.22mg/100g;在送样的6个品种番茄中,里格尔87-5的A值最大,色泽较好。     

Variation in antioxidant components of tomato during vine and post-harvest ripening

The variation in the antioxidant content (lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and total phenolics) was evaluated on two tomato genotypes during vine and post-harvest ripening. Tomatoes were sampled and analysed at seven ripening stages according to the colour value. The data indicate that ripening conditions affected both the antioxidant accumulation kinetics and the final content, which was higher in post-harvest-ripened fruits. In particular, lycopene mainly accumulated in the very last period of ripening and its content was not linearly related to colour changes. Antioxidant accumulation and other ripening indexes were not significantly different in the two tomato genotypes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of high‐pressure and traditional thermal processing of tomato purée on carotenoids,vitamin C and antioxidant activity

Bioactive compounds (carotenoids and vitamin C) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^?) scavenging activity [50% depletion of initial DPPH^? radical (EC₅₀) and antiradical efficiency (AE)], in aqueous (AQ) and organic (OR) fractions, were measured in tomato purée subjected to high‐pressure (HP) (400 MPa/25 °C/15 min), low pasteurisation (LPT) (70 °C/30 s), high pasteurisation (HPT) (90 °C/1 min), freezing (F) (?38 °C/15 min), and HPT plus F (HPT + F). In addition, physical and physicochemical parameters were evaluated. CIELab uniform colour space parameters (lightness, L*; green‐red tonality, a*; and blue‐yellow tonality, b*) were significantly higher both in the untreated and in the HP tomato purée than in the rest of the samples. Individual and total carotenoids, and provitamin A carotenoids, were significantly higher in HP tomato purée than in the untreated and other treated tomato purées. Ascorbic acid and total vitamin C were significantly lower in HP, LPT, HPT, and HPT + F tomato purées than in the untreated and F purées. In the AQ fractions, we found an inverse significant correlation between both ascorbic acid and total vitamin C and EC_50AQ; and a positive significant correlation with AE_AQ. In the OR fractions, a significant correlation was found between EC_50OR and AE_OR parameters and lycopene and total carotenoids. Total scavenging activity (AQ + OR fractions) in HP tomato purée was similar to that in LPT, HPT, and HPT + F purées. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Controlled‐atmosphere storage of tomato fruit: low oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide levels alter galactosidase activity and inhibit exogenous ethylene action

The effects of 3% O₂ and 20% CO₂, both alone and together with 100 µg g⁻¹ C₂H₄, on ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis and α‐ and β‐galactosidase activity in breaker tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit were investigated. The low O₂ and high CO₂ atmospheres prevented the rise in ethylene production, total carotenoid and lycopene biosynthesis and α‐ and β‐galactosidase activity and slowed down chlorophyll degradation and loss of firmness (P < 0.05). These suppressive effects were not reversed, or only in part – in the case of chlorophyll breakdown – by addition of 100 µg g⁻¹ C₂H₄ to said controlled atmospheres. After transfer from the various atmospheres to air, flesh firmness decreased and ethylene production, total carotenoids, lycopene and β‐galactosidase II activity increased but these parameters were, in all cases, still significantly different from those of fruit held in air. Keeping tomatoes in controlled atmospheres, even in the presence of ethylene, had marked residual effects. Results suggest an antagonism between elevated CO₂/low O₂ and exogenous ethylene which could determine most of the ripening parameter behaviour under controlled‐atmosphere storage, though a direct regulatory mechanism by O₂ and/or CO₂ should not be discarded. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of moisture content, storage temperature and storage period on colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids of dried tomato halves

Dried tomato halves with three storage moisture contents [18%, 24% and 30%, wet basis (wb)], packed in glass jar, plastic container and polyethylene bag were stored in room and cool-chamber environments for 5 months. During storage period average room and cool-chamber temperatures were 20 ± 4 and 5 ± 1 °C respectively. Changes of colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene, total flavonoids and moisture contents were monitored 1-month interval. Significantly higher losses of colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids were found for room environment than those of cool chamber. A set of regression equations had been developed for colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids as a function of storage time. No visible microorganisms were detected in the samples during the storage period. Dried tomato with ≤24% (wb) moisture content may be recommended to store in cool chamber (5 °C) and ≤18% (wb) to store in room environment (20 °C) both to be packed in glass jar.     

Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence

Background and aims: Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains as the main cause of mortality. Observational studies supports an association between intake of tomato products or lycopene with a reduced CVDs risk. Our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the topic.

Methods: Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception until July 2017. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reporting associations between lycopene and tomato consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among adult subjects. Random-effects models were used to determine the pooled effect sizes.

Results: Twenty-eight publications met our inclusion criteria and 25 studies provided quantitative data for meta-analysis. Results showed that individuals in the highest consumption category of, or with the highest serum concentration of, lycopene had significantly lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 0.62–0.89, p = 0.02; I² = 32) and CVDs (HR 0.86, 0.77–0.95, p = 0.003; I² = 0). In addition, individuals categorised in the highest serum concentration of lycopene also had significantly lower risk of mortality (HR 0.63, 0.49–0.81, p<0.001; I² = 46). Lycopene was not significantly associated with myocardial infarction, while scarce evidence on the association of lycopene with atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, or atrial fibrillation was evident. Evidence from three studies suggested that higher intakes of tomato were associated with non-significantly lower stroke, CVDs and CHD.

Conclusions: This comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that high-intakes or high-serum concentration of lycopene are associated with significant reductions in the risk of stroke (26%), mortality (37%) and CVDs (14%).     

番茄籽油不皂化物成分分析与分离

采用GC-MS分析番茄籽油不皂化物成分,并通过薄层层析(TLC)对不皂化物进行初步分离。通过GC-MS从番茄籽油不皂化物中分离出42个峰,鉴定出29种物质,主要成分为β-谷甾醇、胆甾醇、豆甾醇、环菠萝烷醇、羊毛甾醇、γ-生育酚、(3β,5α)-胆甾-7-烯-3-醇、γ-谷甾醇、麦角甾醇、二十九烷、角鲨烯,其中β-谷甾醇含量最高,为15.68%;以正己烷与氯仿(7:3,V/V)为展开剂,通过TLC分离番茄籽油不皂化物,得到6条色带,利用紫外-可见光对分离物进行扫描,6种分离物最大吸收峰均不相同。