Combined process treatment of molasses fermentation waste water for biogas generation

Anaerobic fermentation of molasses distillery slops to biogas was carried out with the aid of an adapted and selected anaerobic mixed culture. Two different types of fermenters were used, namely an agitated pretreatment fermenter and a column fermenter with glass rings as carriers for micro-organisms. The production of biogas in both fermenters amounted to between 0.6 and 0.8 dm³/g COD. The aerobic pretreatment of distillery slops by T. fermentans, yeast during a 4 to 6 h period allows a high reduction of COD in the subsequent anaerobic phase of the process. After treatment of the distillery slops by T. fermentans, it was possible to convert between 85 and 93% of the organic matter to methane. Conversion was about 93% with loading rate of 25g COD/litre day.     

Tertiary treatment of distillery wastewater by nanofiltration

Tertiary treatment of aerobically treated distillery wastewater by nanofiltration was carried out in a spiral wound nanofiltration membrane module under different operating conditions. The results show that the percentage separation of organic and inorganic compounds was quite high, as reflected by the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the range of 96–99.5%, and 85–95% respectively. The color removal was in the range of 98–99.5%. The results of the effect of variation of the inlet concentration, feed circulation rate and pH conform to the mechanism of gel layer formation. Gel layer formation and Concentration polarization was found to play a major role in the treatment of distillery waste using nanofiltration (NF) membrane. It was observed that as concentration of feed solution increases the permeate flux was reduced. This change was higher compared to the separation of COD and TDS. The result indicates that the NF membrane showed very high performance efficiency for organic components (96–99.5%), as indicated by COD removal. In comparison, the separation of inorganic compounds was found to be in the range of 25–90% as estimated from relative separation of COD and TDS. The present study shows that nanofiltration is a promising technique for recovery of water from distillery waste, which could be used to achieve zero discharge status and solve a major environmental problem.     

柱撑膨润土对化工废水的处理研究

对膨润土进行无机柱撑、有机柱撑改性，改性膨润土应用于化工废水处理，探讨了絮凝剂用量、pH值等最佳使用条件。结果表明改性膨润土应用于化工废水处理，无机改性膨润土COD去除率最高为55．4％。单纯使用有机柱撑膨润土处理LG废水，效果不好，COD去除率最高仅为38．5％。AlCl3和Al2(SO4)3与有机柱撑膨润土联用，能明显提高废水COD的去除率，而且Al2(SO4)3的效果好于AlCl3的效果，COD的去除率达到75．6％，令人满意。     

催化湿式空气氧化处理磷霉素钠、黄连素制药废水试验研究

研究了用催化湿式空气氧化技术处理高含量、难降解的磷霉素钠和黄连素制药混合废水,考察了非贵金属Mn及稀土元素Ce协同Cu催化反应时CWAO处理效率。结果表明,以黄连素废水中的Cu2+作催化剂,反应温度为250℃、初始氧分压为1.3 MPa、反应停留时间0.5 h的条件下,COD平均去除率可达50%,此时废水中有机磷转化为PO43-;Mn、Ce的加入可使COD的去除率提高12%～18%,其中Mn与Cu协同作用效率最高,在初始氧分压为1.3 MPa下,COD去除率可提高至72%,99%以上的有机磷转化为PO43-,出水BOD5/COD提高至0.85,达到了CWAO预处理即提高2种制药废水可生化性的目的。     

活性炭吸附法处理乙烯废碱液的研究

以活性炭为吸附剂处理乙烯废碱液,通过单因素实验,考查了吸附时间、吸附温度、活性炭粒度、活性炭投加量、废碱液pH对硫去除率的影响。吸附法处理乙烯废碱液的最佳工艺条件:吸附时间50 min、吸附温度25℃、活性炭粒度20~40目、活性炭投加量1.8 g、乙烯废碱液pH为3。在此条件下可使20 mL乙烯废碱液中硫浓度由1113.25 mg/L降到1.98 mg/L,硫去除率达99.82%,COD浓度由800000 mg/L降到5600 mg/L,COD去除率达99.9%。     

微电解法预处理单嘧磺酯生产中的废水

[目的]单嘧磺酯是我国具有自主知识产权的超高效除草剂,在其生产过程中有一定量的酸性含盐废水产生,废水COD为1477~1525 mg/L。[方法]采用铁炭微电解法对该废水进行预处理,详细研究了铁炭质量比、pH值和反应时间对废水COD去除效果的影响。[结果]反应最佳条件为铁炭质量比为1∶1、pH值为3.0、反应时间2 h时,废水COD去除率达75%以上。[结论]铁炭微电解法用于单嘧磺酯废水预处理是切实可行的。     

铁屑微电解与除磷工艺耦合预处理分散式白酒酿造废水试验研究

分散式白酒酿造废水具有高有机物浓度、高浊、高磷等特点,不利于后续生物处理。本研究采用铁屑微电解法,对该废水进行去除较高的COD、SS、磷的预处理实验。探讨了不同铁屑投加量、铁炭比、以及pH、反应时间对COD、浊度、磷去除效果的影响。研究表明,铁屑微电解处理酿酒废水静态小试最佳处理条件为：进水pH值为4,铁屑用量5%,常温下反应60 min,COD去除率为52.31%。当铁炭比为2：1时,去除效果较好,能达到54.53%。     

氧化铜沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的研究

以氧化铜为沉淀剂处理乙烯废碱液,通过单因素实验,考察了沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的反应时间、反应温度、沉淀剂投加量。沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的最佳工艺条件:反应时间40 min、反应温度30℃、氧化铜投加量1.8 g。吸附法延续处理乙烯废碱液,乙烯废碱液中硫浓度由1113.25 mg/L降到1.98 mg/L,硫去除率达99.82%,COD浓度由800000 mg/L降到5600 mg/L,COD去除率达99.9%。     

A/O50%和80%回流比工艺处理印染废水水质的比较研究

采用A/O工艺处理印染废水,重点探讨了二沉池污泥回流比为50%和80%对废水水质的影响,以COD去除率,pH的变化,色度的去除率为指标。结果表明,采用此工艺处理废水使COD、色度、pH均有明显降低。其中COD至少降低60%,在一定条件下可达到85%左右,且回流比为80%对COD的降解及色度的去除均优于回流比50%;而回流比80%与回流比50%对pH的影响无明显差异。     

硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）固定化技术处理镀铜、镀铁混合电镀废水的研究

通过对污水处理厂的剩余污泥进行厌养培养,获得硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）占优势的厌养污泥,利用固定化技术对富含SRB的污泥进行包埋固定．制得SRB固定化小球。考察了在不同pH值、温度、COD／SO4 2-等条件下,SRB固定化小球处理镀铜、镀铁混合电镀废水的效果。结果表明：pH值为7,温度为35％,COD／SO4 2-比值为3时,铜、铁的去除率分别可达到99．9％、98．8％以上。     

Fenton试剂预处理高浓度均苯四甲酸二酐生产废水的研究

研究采用Fenton试剂预处理含高浓度均苯四甲酸二酐生产废水。以废水的COD去除率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对Fenton试剂催化氧化有机物的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:在反应初始pH值为3.0、H2O2用量为35mmol/L、Fe2+用量为4.0mmol/L、反应时间为60min的条件下,COD的去除率达到76%。同时,处理后废水的BOD5与COD的质量比由0.140提高到0.417,可生化性显著提高,有利于后续的生化处理。     

高吸附活性半焦的制备及其在工业有机废水处理方面的应用

分别采用酸、碱、盐和过氧化物对鄂尔多斯原料半焦进行浸渍活化改性制备高吸附活性半焦,再用活化后的半焦对工业有机废水进行静态吸附实验,考察活化溶液种类、活化温度、活化时间、吸附温度、吸附时间和吸附pH值等对半焦吸附废水化学需氧量(COD)脱除率的影响,得到活性半焦吸附处理工业有机废水COD的最佳工艺条件:温度35 ℃,活性半焦投加量500 g·L^-1,在保持工业有机废水原pH值(6.88)条件下静态吸附3 h。在最佳工艺条件下,活性半焦对工业有机废水的COD去除率达88.9%,比原料半焦提高24.7%。对活性半焦吸附工业有机废水的动力学行为进行拟合,结果表明,准二级动力学模型可以很好地描述该吸附过程。通过SEM、BET测试和表征得出活性半焦表面微观结构与孔分布,发现质量分数10%的HNO₃溶液对半焦表面有很好的刻蚀与扩孔作用。     

絮凝氧化耦合技术处理高COD炼化废水的研究

用不同浓度的COD炼化废水,通过对3种絮凝剂PACS、PAC和XF-102的复合絮凝效果比较,考察了温度和pH对絮凝效果的影响.絮凝后的水经Cu2 催化空气氧化,可以将COD去除率提高到60%以上.     

废Fe屑/活性碳微电解法预处理炼油废水实验研究

研究了废Fe屑/活性碳微电解法在曝气滤池中预处理石油化工炼油废水,考察了pH、V(废Fe屑)∶V(活性碳)、曝气方式、停留时间、气水体积流量比对废水中COD与氨氮的去除效果。实验结果表明,采用隔离曝气法处理效果优于直接曝气法,适宜的操作条件为:废水pH=4、V(废Fe屑)∶V(活性碳)=10∶1、停留时间2.5 h、气水体积流量比12∶1,在适宜条件下,废水的COD与氨氮的去除率分别达到67%与58%,在系统中加入H2O2,可显著强化废水的COD降解和可生化性,COD的去除率由原来的67%提高到82%,BOD/COD由原来的0.12提高到0.25。     

曝气微电解-双氧水工艺处理炼厂焦化废水

采用曝气微电解－双氧水工艺处理炼厂焦化废水,考察了废水pH、反应时间、双氧水投加量以及空气流量等因素对废水COD、NH3－N2、除率和BOD／COD比值的影响。结果表明,在pH5～7、铁稻用量100g／L、双氧水（浓度为30％）用量2mL／L,反应时间1．5h、空气流量60L／h（实验废水量150mL）的条件下,COD、NH3－N的去除率分别为37.6％和299％,BOD／COD比值从0．25提高到0．66,废水可生化性提高。     

Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Combined Adsorption–Ultrafiltration System for the Removal of Heavy Metals,Color, and Organic Matter from Textile Wastewater

In this work an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane system was investigated for the treatment of textile wastewater. UF membranes were assisted by activated sludge and minerals, which were employed as sorbents, to remove Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), color, and organics. Significant variations were observed in metal removal efficiencies among the textile wastewater samples of different origin, even at the same pH (= 6) due to the presence of different compounds in wastewater. At the examined pH range (5.63–9.21), the dominant mechanism for copper and lead removal was the formation of insoluble metals due to precipitation and complexation of metal ions with wastewater compounds, including adsorption of metals on suspended solids and colloidal matter. The adsorption process of metals on minerals and activated sludge was the dominant process for nickel and zinc removal at low pH, while precipitation/complexation prevailed at higher pH. The examined adsorption-UF system could produce a treated effluent having low metal concentrations that could be safely discharged into municipal sewers. COD removal ranged from 76%–92% for the five textile wastewater samples. The color removal accomplished was significant (45%–70%), and depended on the type of dye.     

乙二胺接枝型絮凝剂处理有机工业废水的研究

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、乙二胺为原料,按照曼尼奇反应机理合成一种新型阳离子絮凝剂——乙二胺接枝型絮凝剂,实验表明,制备接枝型絮凝剂的最佳的条件为:聚丙烯酰胺∶甲醛∶乙二胺反应物质的量比=1∶1.40∶0.67,pH=10,温度=45℃,时间=4 h。实验证实接枝型絮凝剂处理模拟有机工业废水得到良好的效果:对于含苯废水COD为450.326 mg/L,经处理后剩余COD为66.502 mg/L,去除率达到了88.44%;对于含烃废水为695.060 mg/L,处理后剩余COD为65.990 mg/L,去除率达到了90.19%,均达到了国家规定的一级工业废水排放标准(COD≤100 mg/L)。     

高浓度有机废液预处理技术的研究

探讨了采用铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化-絮凝技术对高浓度有机废液进行预处理。结果表明,铁炭微电解反应条件为:进水pH为4,反应时间60 min,铁炭体积比为2:1,反应2次;Fenton氧化反应条件为:初始pH为4,投加占废液体积4%的质量分数30%的H2O2,反应时间60 min;絮凝沉淀反应条件为:初始pH为7,投加PAM 5 mg/L,PAC 300 mg/L。实验室优化工艺条件下COD总去除率达到93.3%,B/C由0.052提高至0.346,提高了废液的可生化性。经预处理后,可以进入企业污水处理站后续处理,达标排放。本方法能够将作为危险固废的高浓度有机废液转变为一般有机废水,以降低处理成本。     

深度氧化技术处理焦化废水的研究

首先用改性焦炭、硫酸铝、PAM对焦化废水进行预处理,结果表明改性焦炭预处理焦化废水效果最佳,COD去除率为29.7%。然后利用Fenton试剂对焦化废水深度处理,单因素实验和正交试验结果表明,当pH=4,H2O2投加量为15mmol.L-1,[Fe2＋]/[H2O2]=1∶10,反应时间30min时,处理效果最佳,COD去除率可达92%。各因素对COD去除率影响的强弱顺序为：pH〉H2O2投加量〉Fe2＋/H2O2的摩尔比。     

UASB处理纤维素乙醇废水的启动运行研究

以厌氧UASB反应器处理纤维乙醇废水为研究对象,探讨分析了UASB的启动和稳定运行过程。结果表明,采用城市污水处理厂的厌氧消化污泥作为接种污泥,在COD有效容积负荷为0.33~1.11 kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,UASB反应器成功启动,COD的去除率达到70%以上。启动初期,出水pH会明显高于进水,污泥呈先减少后增加的趋势,当增加进水SO42-浓度到7 250 mg/L,COD/SO42-比值2.7∶1时,会导致纤维素乙醇废水UASB处理系统的崩溃。UASB反应器运行稳定后,污泥浓度增至30~40 g/L,MLVSS/MLSS比值也达到90%左右,在HRT为14~41 h,回流比3∶1~13∶1,有效容积负荷3.45~14.67 kg COD/(m3·d)的条件下,对纤维乙醇生产废水均能保持90%以上的COD去除率,出水COD小于1 000 mg/L。