Methods for the preparation of cell walls from potatoes

A group of new methods is described for preparing cell walls from potatoes and processed potato products. Starting from raw domestic potatoes, starch is degraded enzymatically after a very brief 100 °C gelatinisation step conducted after homogenisation to minimise the time required for heat transfer. Protein is removed by detergent and phenol extraction. This procedure (method 1) gave cell wall preparations containing <5% starch, with minimal degradation of wall polysaccharides. It did not, however, remove starch efficiently from industrial potatoes in which the starch content is much higher. A different procedure, method 2, was used in this case. In method 2 a 20 min starch gelatinisation step was used but the temperature was restricted to 70 °C and the pH to 4.0, with the aim of protecting pectins from depolymerisation. Method 2 and method 1A, which is a hybrid procedure involving the starch gelatinisation step from method 2 and other steps from method 1, gave low‐starch cell walls from industrial as well as domestic potatoes. These methods are suitable for a range of potato types and potato products and are either more efficient or more convenient than previous procedures for cell wall isolation. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘薯淀粉RVA测定程序初探

应用快速粘度仪(Rapid Visco-Analyser,RVA)研究了甘薯淀粉和全粉的糊化在不同测定条件下的表现。发现甘薯样品的RVA谱在很大大程度上受测定条件的影响,主要影响因素为:加热速率、95℃时的保持时间、结束温度保持时间以及剪切效应。另外起始温度保持0或1min时,样品最高粘度表现较高。加热时间一般在4min或6min时,样品最高粘度能获得最高值。冷却时间和结束温度主要影响最终粘度。冷却时间延长,样品最终粘度先升高后降低;而且随着结束温度降低,最终粘度表现递增。建议甘薯样品的RVA分析程序为:50℃保持1min,4min内加热至95℃,95℃保温5.5min,同样4min内冷却至50℃,并最终在50℃保持4min。     

小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉特性变化及与面条的关系

通过采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)及损伤淀粉检测试剂盒的方法对新磨制以及储存30 d的两种小麦的7种粉样进行测定分析,研究在小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化,以及面条制作品质变化,并探索小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化与面条的质构和食用品质的关系.结果表明:新磨制的小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度、最低黏度均比储存30 d的小麦粉高,而损伤淀粉含量则低于30 d的小麦粉,采用RVA所测得小麦粉的淀粉特性与面条的黏附性呈显著性负相关,与面条的弹性、黏结性及回复性呈显著性正相关.     

Physico-chemical properties of flour and starch from jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) compared with modified starches

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the most popular tropical fruits grown in Asia. The objective of this study was to compare physico‐chemical properties of native flour and starch from jackfruit seeds (A. heterophyllus) to commercially modified starches (Novation 2300 and Purity 4). The colour of jackfruit seed starch was lighter than the Novation 2300 starch but darker than the Purity 4 starch. The jackfruit seed starch had a narrower gelatinization temperature range than Purity 4 and required less gelatinization energy compared with modified starches. The peak viscosity of jackfruit seed starch was lower than commercially modified starches. Likewise, setback viscosity, swelling power and solubility of jackfruit seed starch showed similar trends. Results from this study suggest that native starch from jackfruit seed could be used as an alternative for modified starches in a system needing starch with a high thermal and/or mechanical shear stability.     

不同种类淀粉与黑米粉复配体系的理化性质和分子结构特性研究

为了改善黑米粉的凝胶特性,分别将绿豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉与黑米粉进行复配。对复配体系的糊化特性及凝胶质构特性进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射仪进一步分析复配体系的分子结构特性。结果表明：随着淀粉浓度的增加,淀粉-黑米粉复配体系的峰值黏度均显著增加,糊化时间和温度降低。绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉显著增强了复配体系的持水力和膨润力,马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉显著降低了复配体系的溶解度。三种淀粉均可以促进复配体系凝胶网络结构的形成,改善凝胶的质构特性,包括凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性。此外,三种淀粉增强了复配体系淀粉链间的氢键相互作用,降低了凝胶的持水性,增强了体系的分子短程结构有序性和相对结晶度。上述研究表明,三种淀粉都可以改善黑米凝胶的品质,且绿豆淀粉的改善效果更佳。     

Texture and Microstructure of Steam Cooked, Vacuum Packed Potatoes

Uniaxial compression tests combined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study textural properties of vacuum packed, steam cooked (VPS-cooked) potato tubers. Comparisons were made with conventionally water cooked tubers for cooking intervals of 0–60 min. In the VPS-cooked potatoes the gelatinized starch formed dense clusters. In contrast, water cooked cells were filled with gelatinized starch. The textural attributes declined with increased cooking time, faster for water cooked potatoes than for VPS-cooked. After >30 min cooking, firmness of VPS-cooked potatoes increased, while cell separation and disintegration of tissue made the water cooked tubers less firm. Textural properties and cell structure were directly affected by processing conditions.     

Physico‐chemical and sensory attributes in conjunction with multivariate analysis of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars after 90 days of storage: an exploratory authentication study

Two cultivars of potato (Spunta and Agria), were studied in terms of their physico‐chemical and sensory characteristics. These cultivars were cultivated in three geographical regions of Greece (Macedonia, North Greece; Thessaly, Central Greece; Peloponnese, South Greece) and were stored for 90 days after harvesting. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the tubers determined, were pH, total acidity, firmness, dry matter and content in Ν, in Κ, P, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe. The sensory characteristics measured for raw tubers of potato after storage, were skin colour, skin brightness, internal colour, surface roughness, odour intensity, moistness, surface wrinkling and stains while the sensory characteristics measured for the boiled tubers of potato were odour intensity, moistness, special taste, sweet taste, aftertaste persistence, metal taste, pastiness, mastication, flavour intensity, elasticity and overall acceptability. The application of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis), revealed a variety of relations between the various parameters and resulted in satisfactory grouping either per geographical region or per cultivar.     

佛手瓜块根生全粉添加量对小麦粉加工特性的影响

为明确佛手瓜块根生全粉对小麦粉加工特性的影响,在比较佛手瓜块根生全粉和小麦粉基本组成成分差异的基础上,分析了不同添加量(质量分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%)佛手瓜块根生全粉对小麦粉的基本理化性质、糊化特性和流变学特性的影响。结果表明,佛手瓜块根生全粉的总淀粉和总灰分含量均高于小麦粉,而粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量和平均粒径均低于小麦粉。X射线衍射分析结果显示,佛手瓜块根生全粉在2θ为5.6°、14.2°、17.2°、19.6°、22.2°、23.9°处存在明显衍射峰,表明其属于B型结构淀粉。加工特性分析结果表明,佛手瓜块根生全粉的添加显著提高了混合粉的吸水性、膨胀度和透光率,降低了其溶解度和冻融稳定性;稳态流变特性研究结果显示,佛手瓜块根生全粉的添加提高了混合粉的表观黏度、稠度系数K、流动特征指数n和屈服应力τ₀;动态流变特性研究结果表明,佛手瓜块根生全粉的添加提高了混合粉的储能模量和损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值;糊化特性研究结果表明,添加佛手瓜块根生全粉降低了小麦粉的糊化温度和峰值时间,提高了峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、崩解值和回生值。佛手瓜块根生全粉显著改变了小麦粉的加工特性,研究结果旨在为佛手瓜块根生全粉的加工应用提供理论依据。     

The Effect of Low-Temperature Storage on the Glycoalkaloid Content of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Tubers

Tubers from six cultivars selected on the basis of their rates of glycoalkaloid accumulation in response to light exposure were stored at 10, 7 and 4°C. After 9 weeks at 10°C a subset from each cultivar was removed and subsequently stored at lower temperatures. Samples were removed after 9, 18 and 24 weeks storage and analysed for their glycoalkaloid content. At all temperatures the rate of glycoalkaloid accumulation was independent of the level found at harvest and significant interactions were found between cultivar and temperature. The highest rates of accumulation were seen in tubers from the cultivars Brodick and Pentland Crown stored at 4°C. During the first 9 weeks of storage at this temperature the glycoalkaloid content of these two cultivars increased by 7·4 and 19·1 mg per 100 g fresh weight respectively and thereafter remained constant. At 7°C glycoalkaloid content tended to increase more rapidly than at 10°C with again the greatest increases being found for Brodick and Pentland Crown. In the case of the former glycoalkaloid content increased linearly during the 24 weeks of the experiment but the glycoalkaloid content of Pentland Crown tubers stored at 7°C increased rapidly in the first 9 weeks and thereafter increased more slowly, reaching a final value which exceeded the recommended maximum glycoalkaloid concentration for human consumption by 50%. Cultivars which did not accumulate glycoalkaloids rapidly in response to light exposure were the most stable and least sensitive to storage temperature. Tubers transferred to colder conditions nine weeks after storage at 10°C did not accumulate glycoalkaloids at a similar rate to those placed in similar conditions soon after harvest. © 1997 SCI