Effects of pressure-shift freezing and conventional freezing on model food gels

Summary Gels of agar, starch, ovalbumin, gelatin and an industrial β-lactoglobulin protein isolate, were frozen conventionally in a −30 °C freezer and by pressure-shift freezing at 200 MPa at −15 °C. Thawing was carried out conventionally at 20 °C and by the application of a pressure of 200 MPa. The microscopic structure and mechanical properties of the thawed gels were compared with those of the initial gels. Microscopic examination showed that pressure-shift freezing produces smaller and more uniform ice crystal damage than conventional freezing at −30 °C. The results also suggest that the freeze-thaw behaviour of food gels can be categorized into two general types: (1) gels which have a reduced gel strength as a result of mechanical damage to the gel microstructure caused by ice crystal formation, and (2) gels which have an enhanced gel strength, as a result of molecular structural changes that take place in the frozen state. Agar and gelatin were found to be typical of type (1) gels, whereas starch, β-lactoglobulin protein isolate and ovalbumin were found to be typical of type (2) gels. In the case of starch, retrogradation during thawing was found to be the most important factor.     

酸浆法和超微粉碎法生产的豌豆淀粉特性研究

研究了酸浆法和超微粉碎碱萃取法生产的豌豆淀粉的特性差异。结果表明,2种工艺生产的淀粉在组分构成上无明显差异(P>0.1),但是在回收率上差异显著;糊化特性差异显著(P<0.05),超微法的峰值黏度低5.52%、衰减值低16.70%、回生值高3.20%、最终黏度高6.66%,峰值时间长5.78%,糊化温度高2.06%;粒径的差异显著(P<0.01),其中酸浆法整体粒径高于超微粉碎法;电镜分析结果显示,酸浆法的淀粉颗粒比较完整,颗粒大,表面磨损较少,超微法生产的淀粉颗粒破损较明显,颗粒小,表面磨痕明显;凝胶分析结果显示,超微法生产的淀粉的凝胶在脆度和强度上明显高于酸浆法(P<0.01)。     

酶法纯化何首乌抗性淀粉及其对大肠杆菌增殖效力的影响

为优化何首乌抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）的纯化工艺,并考察其对大肠杆菌增殖效力的影响。基于单因素试验,采用Box-Behnken响应面法,以淀粉乳浓度、酶添加量、酶解时间为考察因素,RS含量为指标,优化RS纯化工艺;测定何首乌RS与纯化后RS的碘吸收曲线、平均聚合度;以RS为培养基碳源,采用体外发酵考察何首乌RS及纯化后RS对大肠杆菌增殖的影响。结果表明：最佳纯化条件为淀粉乳浓度16%、酶添加量22 U/g、酶解时间42 min条件下纯化RS,RS含量为（43.23±0.26）%。纯化后RS的碘结合能力明显提高,平均聚合度为47.03;纯化后RS表面呈现多孔结构。与葡萄糖培养基相比,纯化RS可显著降低大肠杆菌的增殖。     

扫描电镜中半导体制冷冷台使用条件优化及在高含水量样品中的应用

目的：有效解决高含水量样品电子显微结构观察的难点。方法：通过常规扫描电子显微镜搭配半导体制冷冷台的新仪器组合模式,对一系列高含水量样品进行显微结构观察。结果：高含水量样品在以导电胶带为基质,电压5 kV,电子束斑值为 50/60,冷台温度为4 ℃的条件下,无需对样品进行固定和脱水处理,可以在扫描电子显微镜下直接成像观察其显微结构,样品微观结构没有皱缩、拉伸、扭曲等变形现象,能够更真实地反映样品的原貌。结论：常规扫描电子显微镜搭配半导体制冷冷台的仪器自由组合模式是解决高含水量样品显微结构观察的有效手段。     

扫描电子显微镜原位观察可食用淀粉颗粒的超微形貌

通过扫描电子显微镜,对25种可食用淀粉颗粒的超微形貌进行原位观察,与经典工艺提纯的淀粉颗粒形貌对比,发现经典淀粉提纯工艺对淀粉颗粒的超微形貌几乎没有影响。另外,根据对各淀粉的生长环境的观察,发现生长空间对成熟谷物(小麦除外)淀粉颗粒形貌形成过程中有较大影响,而对豆类和根茎类食品原料没有影响。     

The influence of inulin addition on the morphological and structural properties of durum wheat pasta

The effect of the addition of different concentration of inulin fibre to durum wheat pasta was evaluated in terms of structure, texture and morphological characteristics. Inulin fibre fraction was incorporated into pasta at 5%, 10% and 15% inclusion rates. Changes to pasta quality were observed with inulin fibre fraction addition by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy methods. Investigation of pasta microstructure indicate a lowering in crystallinity increasing the inulin content and characterisation of starch gelatinisation events indicated that a combination of changes to the starch–protein matrix and the high water-binding capacity of inulin alters the physico-chemical properties and then the digestibility of the pastas.     

Study on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of starch from yam with different drying methods

Four methods were applied to dry yam slices, and then, starches were isolated from dried yam slices. Starch isolated from fresh yam was as the study control, and physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of starches were studied. The results showed that the amylose content ranged from 12.62% to 28.25%, water‐binding capacity (WBC) from 111.67% to 262.88%, paste clarity from 2.1% to 6.23%, resistant starch (RS) from 66.60% to 88.49% and crystallinity from 11.27% to 25.52%. Compared with the control starch, hot air‐drying at 60 °C significantly decreased amylose content, paste clarity, RS and crystallinity, while increasing the WBC. Low levels of rapidly digestible starch and glucose and high RS levels were found in the starch from freeze‐drying yam. Digestibility of the starches was significantly correlated with amylose content, WBC, paste clarity and swelling power. The starch samples were divided into three groups by principal component analysis (PCA).     

扫描电镜法分析常见可食用淀粉颗粒的超微形貌

运用扫描电镜对多种常见可食用淀粉颗粒的超微形貌进行观察,按照淀粉颗粒形貌差别,将考察的所有种类淀粉颗粒分为：块茎形、棒形、球形、扁平形、复粒结构、棱角圆滑和棱角尖锐多面体形及肾形等类别,对每一类及每一种淀粉颗粒超微形貌的特征都分别进行分析和总结,并归纳淀粉颗粒超微形貌特征规律。在本研究成果的基础上初步形成可食用淀粉颗粒超微形貌电镜照片集锦,为从淀粉颗粒超微形貌特征上加强国内淀粉产品的质量监管提供可靠参考。     

Interactions between milk proteins and exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis observed by scanning electron microscopy

The interactions between exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris JFR1 and dairy proteins (caseins and whey proteins) in fermented media (milk permeate and buttermilk) were observed using scanning electron microscopy. An immobilization technique by crosslinking was employed to bind the protein to the observation surface, so that a washing step could be performed to remove noninteracting material. The use of this novel technique allowed us, for the first time, to confirm that the exopolysaccharide molecules interact with dairy proteins. Exopolysaccharides appear as filament strands attached to the protein aggregates and to the bacterial cells. This new sample preparation technique proved to be very valuable for observing molecular interactions in fermented media.