榆黄菇优良新菌株的选育

为研究60Co-γ射线对榆黄菇菌丝遗传诱变的影响,采用不同的辐照剂量和不同的辐照剂量率对出发菌株榆黄菇818 的尖端菌丝进行辐照处理。结果表明：在辐照剂量为600Gy、辐照剂量率为43.5Gy/h 的条件下,菌丝再生后进行挑选,获得了生长优良的诱变菌株。将诱变菌株与出发菌株进行生长对比实验,诱变菌株菌丝生长度平均提高21.1%;经拮抗实验、酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶实验,证明诱变菌株遗传物质发生了变化,已不同于出发菌株,具有种的特异性;经连续转接6 代进行固体培养,诱变菌株优良的生长性能得到了保持,具有遗传稳定性。     

榆黄菇多糖提取工艺优化及其免疫调节活性评价

以榆黄菇为研究对象,对榆黄菇多糖（PCP）提取工艺进行优化、纯化、测定单糖组成和分子量,再对其体外免疫活性进行评价。在单因素基础上通过响应面法确定榆黄菇多糖最优提取工艺为：提取温度59.81 ℃,提取时间2.40 h,液料比29.91 mL/g,在此条件下,预测得率为18.82%,实际得率为18.60%。经DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow柱层析从榆黄菇多糖中分离纯化出3个多糖组分（PCP-1、PCP-2、PCP-3）,采用离子色谱法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法分析多糖成分和分子量,得出PCP-1由半乳糖组成,分子量为 1.90×104 u;PCP-2由半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,摩尔比为4.36:5.64,分子量2.76×104 u;PCP-3由岩藻糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比为0.07:0.11:0.51:7.46:1.85,分子量为4.81×104 u。通过体外试验评估PCP对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节活性。结果表明,PCP-1、PCP-2和PCP-3多糖质量浓度在25~200 g/mL范围内对巨噬细胞RAW264.7无毒性并具有一定增殖作用、显著提高了NO释放量并增强了巨噬细胞RAW264.7的吞噬能力。当PCP-1、PCP-2和PCP-3多糖质量浓度为200 g/mL时,巨噬细胞RAW264.7 NO释放量达到最大值,分别为11.40、11.56、11.76 moL/L。该研究结果可为榆黄菇的精深加工综合利用提供理论依据。     

榆黄蘑饮料对小鼠实验性高脂血症的降脂作用

探讨不同浓度的榆黄蘑饮料的降脂作用(165、330、660g.L-1,0.1mL.10g-1BW-1)。结果显示榆黄蘑饮料能够降低蛋黄乳液所致小鼠单纯性高胆固醇症中血清中TC含量(P<0.01),榆黄蘑饮料能够下调高脂饲料所致小鼠血清TC、TG和LDL-C的含量的升高(P<0.05或0.01),并增加其血清中HDL-C的含量(P<0.05或0.01),增加小鼠食糜性高脂血症中血清SOD的活性(P<0.05),并降低MDA的含量(P<0.05或0.01)。结果表明榆黄蘑饮料对小鼠实验性高脂血症有较好的防治作用,推测榆黄蘑饮料的降脂作用是部分地通过抗氧化途径起作用的。     

New protein PCiP from edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) activating murine macrophages and splenocytes

A new immunomodulatory protein (PCiP) was purified from an edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) by extraction with 5% (v/v) cold acetic acid in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) 2‐mercaptoethanol, followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DE‐52 and MonoQ anion‐exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis assays demonstrated that the molecular mass of PCiP was approximately 15.0 kDa and its pI was around 5.2. PCiP is a simple protein without carbohydrate, and cannot agglutinate mouse red blood cells, suggesting PCiP is not a lectin. In addition, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) alone activated murine splenocytes, and markedly increased their proliferation and gamma‐interferon (IFN‐γ secretion, but suppressed MTT metabolization, while murine splenocytes were simultaneously stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA). Furthermore, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) directly activated murine macrophages and increased the production of both the nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α by RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings suggest that PCiP could strengthen both the innate and adaptive responses of its host. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular Weight Affected Antioxidant,Hypoglycemic and Hypotensive Activities of Cold Water Extract from Pleurotus citrinopileatus

Cold water extract of P. citrinopileatus (CWEPC) was fractioned into 4 fractions, PC‐I (<1 kDa), PC‐II (1‐3.5 kDa), PC‐III (3.5‐10 kDa), and PC‐IV (>10 kDa), by ultrafiltration. The antioxidant activities, the inhibition of pancreatic α‐amylase, intestinal α‐glucosidase, and hypertension‐linked angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), as well as the contents of polysaccharides, protein, and phenolic compounds of 4 fractions were determined. The results showed that lower MW fractions exerted a higher antioxidant activity, which was correlated to phenolic contents. The high molecular fraction (PC‐IV) exhibited significantly higher inhibitory activity on α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and ACE compared to CWEPC and the other 3 lower MW fractions (<10 kDa), which was more related to protein contents. The inhibition capability of CWEPC and PC‐IV on α‐amylase activity was 1/13.4 to 1/2.7 relative to that of acarbose, respectively. Kinetic data revealed that PC‐IV fraction followed a noncompetitive inhibition pattern on α‐glucosidase activity. The study demonstrated that various MW fractions and types of components contribute to different biological functions of P. citrinopileatus and it is protein constituents but not peptides responsible for the hypoglycemic potential of CWEPC.     

金顶侧耳液体发酵多糖提取工艺优化

金顶侧耳是一种具有药用功能的名贵珍稀食用菌。金顶侧耳中含有的水溶性多糖作为一种宿主免疫增强剂具有抗衰老、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、增强机体免疫力、抗疲劳以及清除超氧阴离子自由基等作用。实验以液体深层发酵法培养金顶侧耳,发酵液以乙醇为提取剂在不同的浓度﹑时间﹑温度条件下提取多糖,利用正交设计实验分析,得到了一种优化方案。实验结果表明:发酵液多糖提取最优方案是提取温度70℃、乙醇浓度90%、提取时间2.5h。     

金顶侧耳多糖对CCl_4所致急性肝损伤小鼠肝、心、肾抗氧化酶活性及同工酶影响

目的:研究金顶侧耳多糖(PCP)对小鼠肝、心、肾抗氧化酶活性及同工酶表达的影响。方法:小鼠分为对照组、模型组、药物组(联苯双脂滴丸)和PCP低(100mg/(kg.d))、中(200mg/(kg.d))、高(400mg/(kg.d))剂量组,连续喂养30d后,灌胃给予CCl4(80mg/(kg.d))建立动物急性肝损伤模型。小鼠处死后分别取血液、肝、心和肾测定转氨酶及抗氧化酶活性。同时,采用聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳分析过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶。结果:模型组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平显著升高,各脏器抗氧化酶活性显著降低,与对照组比差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。给予PCP后,ALT和AST水平均显著降低,中、高剂量组能显著提高肝、心和肾CAT、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及MnSOD活性并能恢复到正常组水平。同工酶电泳结果表明,各脏器CAT同工酶都为1条,在造模后酶带染色密度明显降低,在给予PCP后同工酶染色密度提高并恢复到正常组水平。肝和肾有1条MnSOD带和3条CuZnSOD带,造模后酶的染色密度降低,给予PCP后能增加肝和肾总SOD和...     

Use of coffee by‐products for the cultivation of Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Pleurotus salmoneo‐stramineus and its impact on biological properties of extracts thereof

Incorporating spent coffee grounds (SCGs), a by‐product from coffee brewing, in growth substrate of beneficial edible mushrooms is an approach that has to be further studied due to its potential positive outcomes: environmental impact mitigation, production costs reduction and beneficial impact on consumer health. Hence, cultivation of Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Pleurotus salmoneo‐stramineus was tested using SCG which enabled maximum production yield of P. citrinopileatus which was of 25.1% (w/w). Variable antidiabetic potential was observed between aqueous and enzymatic extracts (3.8%–29% inhibition) regardless species and substrates, whereas aqueous extract of P. citrinopileatus grown in substrate without SCG stood out presenting the highest antioxidant activity and inhibition activity of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (IC₅₀ = 123 μg mL^?1). Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of both Pleurotus species grown in the presence or absence of SGC proved to be an interesting prebiotic source for growth of Bifidobacterium animalis Bo in comparison with fructooligosaccharides (FOS).     

黑加仑、猕猴桃、小白菜提取物抗苯并[a]芘致突变作用的实验研究

研究猕猴桃、小白菜、黑加仑提取物提取物抗苯并[a]芘的致突变作用。结果表明3种果蔬提取物的抗诱变能力不同,由强到弱依次为:黑加仑、猕猴桃、小白菜。其中高剂量的3种果蔬提取物取物对苯并[a]芘诱导的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98致突变作用的抗诱变等级达到高强度等级(+++)。SPSS17.0统计学软件分析表明:与阳性对照组比较存,中、高剂量的果蔬提取物的抗诱变效果极显著(P<0.01)。     

阿魏菇子实体粗多糖提取的研究

对阿魏菇实体粗多糖的提取的溶剂类型和工艺条件(料液比、浸提温度和浸提时间)进行了研究,并在单因素的基础上进行了优化。结果表明,采用蒸馏水作为提取剂效果最好;粗多糖最佳提取条件为料液比1∶20,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间110min。     

杏鲍菇乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性及成分分离鉴定

以杏鲍菇为原料,通过70%乙醇提取可溶性物质,通过体外抗氧化实验研究其乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,通过高效液相色谱质谱联用技术（LC-MS）分析乙醇提取物的一些生物活性成分。对杏鲍菇乙醇提取物的成分分析表明,杏鲍菇乙醇提取物中蛋白质含量为2.41 mg/g（DW）,总糖含量为25.46 mg/g（DW）,多酚含量为12.03 mg/g（DW）,黄酮含量为1.53 mg/g（DW）。体外抗氧化实验表明,杏鲍菇乙醇提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH·）、羟自由基（·OH）、超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）都具有一定的清除能力。结果表明随着杏鲍菇乙醇提取物的浓度增大,抗氧化活性也增加。杏鲍菇乙醇提取物清除自由基能力的大小顺序为:·OH>DPPH·>O2-,而且杏鲍菇乙醇提取物对脂质过氧化具有明显的抑制作用。利用HPLC对多酚类物质进行了分析,其中含有原儿茶酸和黄岑素,利用LC-MS进一步对多酚类物质进行分析,证实其中含有:奎宁酸、没食子酸、原儿茶素、香豆酸和肉桂酸。      

不同培养方式对榆黄菇基因组DNA提取的影响

本实验以榆黄菇515株系作为供试材料,采用五种不同的培养方式培养菌丝体,然后用改进的SDS法提取基因组DNA,进行电泳检测和吸光度值测定。实验结果表明,通过液体静置培养和液体床培养的菌丝体生长状况最好,提取基因组DNA的效率也较高,但液体静置培养的菌丝体基因组DNA中含有较多的蛋白、多糖等杂质。因此,液体床培养是榆黄菇获取基因组DNA的最佳培养方式。     

侧耳属真菌多糖的研究进展

侧耳属真菌(Pleurotus)是高等担子菌类的一种,富含独特生理活性的多糖。现代医学和药理学的很多研究表明,侧耳属真菌多糖是一类重要的“生物反应调节剂(BRMs)”,对肿瘤也有显著的抑制作用。主要阐述了几种常见侧耳属真菌多糖的制备与纯化、结构分析、生物活性以及研究展望等方面的内容。     

Allium cepa chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests applied to study genotoxicity of extracts from pesticide-treated vegetables and grapes

The Allium cepa assay is an efficient test for chemical screening and in situ monitoring for genotoxicity of environmental contaminants. The test has been used widely to study genotoxicity of many pesticides revealing that these compounds can induce chromosomal aberrations in root meristems of A. cepa. Pesticide residues can be present in fruit and vegetables and represent a risk for human health. The mutagenic and carcinogenic action of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides on experimental animals is well known. Several studies have shown that chronic exposure to low levels of pesticides can cause birth defects and that prenatal exposure is associated with carcinogenicity. This study evaluated the potential application of plant genotoxicity tests for monitoring mutagens in edible vegetables. The presence of pesticides and genotoxic compounds extracted from 21 treated vegetables and eight types of grapes sampled from several markets in Campania, a region in Southern Italy, was monitored concurrently. The extracts were analysed for pesticides by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, and for genotoxicity using two plant tests: the micronucleus test and the chromosomal aberration test in A. cepa roots. Thirty-three pesticides were detected, some of which are not approved. Genotoxicity was found in some of the vegetables and grapes tested. Allium cepa tests proved to be sensitive in monitoring genotoxicity in food extracts. The micronucleus test in interphase cells gave a much higher mutagenicity than the chromosomal aberration test in anaphase-telophase cells.     

阿魏菇提取物对红细胞过氧化损伤的影响

通过在培养基中添加不同剂量的阿魏粉,培养获得阿魏菇子实体,研究不同条件下培养出的阿魏菇其提取物对红细胞过氧化损伤的抑制作用。结果表明:添加阿魏粉培养的阿魏菇3种溶剂提取物,能有效抑制过氧化特丁烷(TBHP)引起的大鼠红细胞溶血、减少红细胞过氧化脂质产物-丙二醛(MDA)生成,并且抑制作用与阿魏添加量有显著的线性相关。其中以水提物的抑制作用最强,石油醚提取物抑制作用最小。     

阿魏菇多糖的结构分析

本文以阿魏菇中分离纯化得到的多糖-阿魏菇多糖(Pleurotus ferulae Lenzi polysaccharide,PFLP)作为研究对象,通过高效凝胶过滤色谱来测定其分子量以及分布,通过气相色谱法(GC)、部分酸水解、高碘酸氧化法、Smith降解法、甲基化反应、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1HNMR)、刚果红实验和碘-碘化钾实验来分析PFLP的结构。经分离纯化后得到两种纯PFLP组分(PFLP1、PFLP2),结果分析表明,PFLP1的分子量范围为9400~9900 u;含有鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖四种单糖,摩尔比为1:1.54:18.6:3.64;PFLP2的分子量范围为9700~10400 u;含有鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖五种单糖,摩尔比为1:1.08:0.65:6.76:4.28。PFLP1和PFLP2除了都具有1→2、1→3、1→6糖苷键,还具有1→4糖苷键;都具有典型的多糖红外吸收,是以β-吡喃糖苷为主并且含有蛋白质的糖缀合物的多糖;并且都具有三股螺旋结构,有较长的侧链和分支。     

黄蘑多糖提取工艺及纯化研究

采用单因素实验和L9(33)正交实验设计,考察了浸提溶剂、料液比、浸提时间、浸提温度和浸提次数对黄蘑多糖提取率的影响,确定最佳提取工艺。采用Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇反复沉淀,AB-8大孔吸附树脂纯化黄蘑多糖。结果表明:影响多糖提取率的主次因素为浸提时间、浸提温度及料液比;黄蘑多糖最佳提取工艺条件:料液比1∶25,浸提温度90℃,浸提时间3h。在此工艺条件下,黄蘑多糖提取率为30.48%。纯化后的多糖含量为91%,分子量约为104356。     

杏鲍菇多糖对老龄小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响

目的：研究杏鲍菇多糖对老龄小鼠游泳耐力和相关生理指标的影响。方法：将小鼠随机分为对照组(A)、衰老模型组(B)、衰老用糖组(C)。 B、C 组腹腔注射D- 半乳糖(100mg/(kg bw·d)),连续60d,建立衰老模型,A 组腹腔注射生理盐水,剂量时程相同;第41 天起C 组灌胃100mg/(kg bw·d)杏鲍菇多糖,A、B 组灌胃等剂量蒸馏水,连续20d。第61 天测定小鼠的力竭游泳时间、血尿素氮、血乳酸值、血红蛋白含量及脏器指数。结果：杏鲍菇多糖能显著降低运动后血尿素氮和血乳酸含量,延长力竭游泳时间,并使血红蛋白含量及胸腺、脾脏指数显著提高(P ＜ 0.05)。结论：杏鲍菇多糖具有抗疲劳、提高老龄小鼠运动能力的功效。     

微波辅助提取杏鲍菇中多糖工艺条件研究

以苯酚-浓硫酸法测定多糖,研究了采用微波辅助提取杏鲍菇子实体粗多糖工艺条件。结果表明:在单因素实验基础上,获得杏鲍菇子实体多糖提取的较佳工艺条件为:颗粒过100目筛、提取温度75℃、提取时间12 min、p H值7、料液比1∶35、微波功率400 W、提取2次。在此最佳工艺条件下,杏鲍菇多糖的得率高达7.348%。     

产漆酶杏鲍菇液体发酵条件与部分酶学性质初探

杏鲍菇产漆酶条件为:以20%马铃薯为基础,2%葡萄糖为碳源,0.3%酵母粉为氮源,添加5mmol/LMg2 ,初始pH8.0.250mL三角瓶装液80mL,25℃,160r/min,培养9d。粗酶液性质:酶最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH 为4.5,1mol/L和2.5mol/LCa2 、Zn2 、K 、Fe3 对酶活性有抑制作用,5mmol/LCu2 和Mn2 对酶活性无明显影响。