Decreasing pitting susceptibility of passive films on X70 pipeline steel in NaCl solutions by illumination

The influence of UV illumination on passivity and pitting susceptibility on X70 pipoeline steel in a borate buffer （pH=8.4 ） solution containing NaCl is described. It is observed that illumination of the sample leads to a decrease in its pitting susceptibility as indicated by pitting potential and incubation time measurements in chloride containing electrolytes. This effect is strongly dependent on the applied potential during passivation. The electronic properties of the passive films on X70 steel were studied by Mott-Schottky analysis and photocurrent transient measurements. The results indicated that illumination during passivation led to modifications in the electronic properties of the passive films, mainly to a decrease of the bulk doping and an increase in the surface state density. The cause for the decrease in the pitting susceptibility is preliminary explained in terms of such modifications of the passive flm.     

X70管线钢焊接性分析

针对管道建设中日益广泛采用的X70管线钢，分析了其碳当量与冷、热裂纹敏感性问题，探讨了防止X70管线钢产生冷裂纹的工艺措施，计算了不同板厚X70管线钢的预热温度，为实际的管道建设提供了理论依据与工程指导。     

温度和外加电位对X70管线钢在土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描、慢应变拉伸（SSRT）和扫描电镜观察研究了温度和外加电位对X70管线钢在成都土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在不同温度和不同电位下,X70管线钢在土壤模拟溶液中表现出不同的应力腐蚀敏感性。在温度和外加电位的交互试验中,电位的变化对X70管线钢在成都土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性的影响占主导地位,应力腐蚀敏感性在不同温度下的变化趋势保持一致。在－450 mV(vs SCE,下同)的阳极电位下,SCC的机理为阳极溶解;在－850 mV电位下,阴极保护作用抑制了阳极溶解;当电位负移至－1200 mV时,表现出较强的应力腐蚀敏感性,SCC机理以氢脆为主。温度对应力腐蚀敏感性的影响主要体现在对阴极极化电位的影响,但是各种因素综合在一起导致应力腐蚀敏感性随温度变化的复杂性。     

Study on the microstructure and hardness of in-service welded joint of X70 pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） is one of the main problems of in-service welding onto active pipeline. Microstructure and hardness of welded joint have a vital effect on hydrogen induced cracking. The microstructure and hardness of welded joint of XTO pipeline steel were studied using simulation in-service welding device. The results show that the main microstructures of in-service welded seam are grain boundary ferrite , intracrystalline acicular ferrite , as well as small amount of widmanztatten structure. The main microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） are coarse granular bainite, lath ferrite and martensite. Metastable phases such as martensite and lath ferrite are found in CGHAZ because of the too quick cooling velocity a＇nd the hardness of the CGHAZ is high.     

Influence of intermittent loading on SCC behavior for an X70 pipeline steel in a near neutral pH solution

The influence of intermittent loading on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior for an X70 pipeline steel was studied using slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in a near neutral pH soil solution at various applied potentials. The d.c. potential drop method was used to measure the crack initiation and propagation. The crack length at the cross section of the fractured sample was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the crack initiation stress in solution was lower than the yield stress in air. SEM observation showed that the crack length was longer in intermittent loading than that in continuous loading. At anodic potential, the crack initiation stress was the lowest and the crack length was the longest. The crack kept growing during constant loading period.     

X70钢焊接接头在近中性溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜以及电化学测量技术研究了X70管线钢焊接接头在近中性模拟土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明,断口和柱面SCC裂纹均发生在热影响区(HAZ)。在试验溶液中,随着外加极化电位降低管线钢SCC敏感性增强,电位负移到一定电位值后,SCC敏感性减弱;随着溶液pH值降低,腐蚀速率增大,敏感电位区间负移。施加阴极电位时,在试样断口观察到明显的准解理脆断特征,断口和柱面有穿晶SCC裂纹。分析了焊接接头试样HAZ的SCC机理,在试验介质中,管线钢应力腐蚀开裂主要受阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机理的联合作用,适当的电位可以使阳极溶解和氢致开裂的联合作用达到最大,从而造成较严重的应力腐蚀开裂。     

Mn-Nb-Mo系X70级管线钢奥氏体再结晶规律的研究

研究了Mn-Nb-Mo系XT0级管线钢的再结晶规律，分析了变形温度、变形量等工艺参数对变形奥氏体再结晶百分数的影响，为现场控轧工艺的制定提供了理论依据。     

X70管线钢焊接用自保护药芯焊丝研制

制备了3种不同合金成分的TiO_2-MgO-Al_2O_3熔渣体系自保护药芯焊丝,研究焊缝熔敷金属性能,得到工艺性能较好的T50SS-3药芯焊丝。采用X射线探伤、金相显微镜、SEM等测试方法,研究药芯焊丝的焊缝宏观、微观组织、断口形貌及夹杂物分布、尺寸和成分。结果表明,焊缝无未焊透、咬边、气孔、夹渣等缺陷,微观组织主要为低分散型贝氏体+少量铁素体,中间为奥氏体颗粒,非金属夹杂为锆的氧化物为形核中心形成铝的氮化物,弥散均匀分布。     

X70管线钢渗铝层盐雾腐蚀后能谱面扫描分析

利用激光热效应对X70管线钢进行渗铝处理,研究了其在5％盐雾试验中的腐蚀行为,通过SEM、EDS和XRD等手段对腐蚀产物表面-界面形貌、化学元素面扫描和物相组成进行了分析,探讨了渗铝层耐盐雾腐蚀机理.结果表明,渗铝层界面由渗铝层、扩散层和基体组成,Al和Fe原子在扩散层相互扩散,形成了FeAl2金属化合物相,是界面冶金结合的主要机制;盐雾腐蚀以点蚀为主,表面出现裂纹是热扩散过程中热应力作用的结果;腐蚀后渗铝层界面中存在Al和O元素的分层富集现象,形成的Al2O3氧化膜有效地阻止Cl-对基体金属的腐蚀,Al在渗铝层的局部富集是保护基体的主要因素,提高了X70管线钢的耐盐雾腐蚀性能.     

激光冲击对X70管线钢焊缝盐雾腐蚀的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊缝进行了表面改性处理,通过人工气氛盐雾腐蚀试验考察了激光冲击处理前后焊缝的盐雾腐蚀行为.用扫描电镜、能谱分析仪和X射线衍射技术分析了盐雾腐蚀后焊缝表面形貌、腐蚀物的化学元素和物相组成,讨论了激光冲击处理对其腐蚀机理的影响.结果表明,原始状态的X70管线钢焊缝存在残余拉应力,易与腐蚀介质Cl-发生应力腐蚀开裂,且与晶界腐蚀共同作用发生剥落腐蚀;激光冲击处理使得试样内部晶粒细化,表层产生强化层,有利于提高焊缝抗盐雾腐蚀性能.     

Relationship between electrochemical characteristics and SCC of X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil simulated solution

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel in simulated solution of the acidic soil in Yingtan in China was investigated using slow strain rate test (SSRT), SEM and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Experiment results indicate that X70 steel is highly susceptible to SCC as applied potential reduces, which is manifested in loss of toughness and brittle fracture. Constant polarization current can detect the occurrence of SCC. The lower the polarization current is the sooner stress corrosion cracking occurs. The SCC mechanisms are different at varying potentials. When potential is higher than open circuit potential, anodic process controls SCC, whereas when potential is far lower than open circuit potential, cathodic process controls SCC, and between these two potential regions, a combined electrochemical process controls the SCC. Stress or strain has a synergistic effect with electrochemical reactions to accelerate the cathodic hydrogen evolution process, which makes the X70 pipeline steel to be more susceptible to SCC.     

X70管线钢在役焊接局部脆化区的组织及精细结构

采用焊接热模拟试验研究了X70管线钢在役焊接粗晶区和临界粗晶区的显微组织及其精细结构,并和常规焊接进行了对比.结果表明,X70管线钢在役焊接粗晶区和临界粗晶区的组织在类别上与常规焊接相差不大,主要都是粒状贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体,不同的只是数量的多少和尺寸的大小.透射电镜下,在役焊接和常规焊接的粗晶区与临界粗晶区的主要形貌都是铁素体板条和分布在板条之间或板条基体上的岛状物,铁素体板条的亚结构都是高密度位错.在役焊接粗晶区和临界粗晶区的铁素体板条宽度都比常规焊接的要小,位错密度都比常规焊接的要高.     

激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头应力腐蚀的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头进行了表面改性处理,通过SSRT分析了激光冲击处理对试样在NACE饱和H2S溶液中应力腐蚀的影响。采用扫描电镜观察了激光冲击处理前后试样表面腐蚀产物形貌、断口形貌和应力腐蚀裂纹形貌等,并用能谱分析仪分析了腐蚀产物化学成分组成,探讨了激光冲击处理对试样SCC的影响机理。结果表明:激光冲击处理后焊接接头抗拉强度、伸长率和断面收缩率分别提高了5.1%、4.5%和28.7%,内积功的SCC敏感性指数Iscc从50.94%下降至45.10%,降低了11.64%,断口形式由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂。激光冲击处理改善了焊接接头表面应力状态和材料组织结构,减缓了裂纹的萌生和扩展,增强了其抗SCC的性能,但不能消除明显的应力腐蚀倾向;激光冲击处理降低了氢致开裂的倾向,有利于提高焊接接头抗H2S应力腐蚀的性能。     

氮含量对含Ti-Nb的X70管线钢焊接热影响区组织及冲击韧性的影响

采用中频真空感应炉冶炼了两种不同N含量的X70管线钢。利用Gleeble-2000热模拟研究了两种钢焊接热影响区的组织及冲击性能。采用三丝埋弧焊对两种钢分别进行了焊接,随后采用光学显微镜和冲击试验研究了两种钢的焊接接头组织及冲击韧性。结果表明:在N含量高的钢中发现了尺寸为20~50 nm、弥散分布的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子,而N含量低的钢中只存在少量尺寸为50~100 nm的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子。细小、弥散的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子抑制了晶粒的长大,细化了晶粒,对稳定试验钢的热影响区冲击韧性有利。     

激光冲击对X70管线钢焊接接头H_2S应力腐蚀断口的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头进行了改性处理,通过慢应变速率法（SSRT）研究了其在NACE（national association of corrosion engineers）标准饱和H2S溶液中应力腐蚀的敏感性,并对其断口进行SEM观察,分析了激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头抗H2S应力腐蚀开裂（SCC...     

X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶解氧液中的腐蚀行为

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗技术(EIS)研究了库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的溶解氧对X70管线钢在该溶液中腐蚀行为的影响.极化曲线及交流阻抗试验结果表明,随着库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中氧含量的减少,X70钢的极化电阻(Rp)升高,腐蚀电流密度(icorr)降低,腐蚀速率减小;在溶解氧含量较高(1.1345 mg/L和3.0491 mg/L)时,腐蚀行为是活化控制过程;在溶解氧含量较低(0.4056 mg/L)时,腐蚀行为是扩散控制过程.     

X70管线钢在HCO-3/CO2-3体系中表面膜性能研究

采用动电位扫描和交流阻抗方法研究了X70管线钢在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3+1 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中的阳极极化过程中的电化学行为,通过XPS和SEM对表面膜的组成和形貌进行了分析.结果表明，X70管线钢在阳极极化过程中分别于-600 mV和-350 mV电位处出现2个阳极电流峰；-600 mV时电极表面的反应阻力较小，表面膜主要由FeCO3、Fe2(OH)2CO3和FeOOH等化合物组成，表面膜上存在较多的微孔缺陷，处在一个不稳定状态，表面膜的保护性能较差；-350 mV时电极表面的反应电阻较大, 表面膜主要由铁的氧化物Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成,表面膜具有较好的保护性能.       

X70管线钢熔合区裂纹与焊接工艺的关系 孙咸

探讨了X70管线钢中熔合区裂纹与焊接工艺的关系。结果表明,在铁研试件中出现的沿熔合线分布的裂纹属于氢致冷裂纹。当冷裂纹三要素集中于X70管线钢熔合区的粗晶区时,该区成为接头的薄弱环节,极易形成裂纹。在裂纹影响因素中,熔合区组织特性是裂纹产生的必要条件,应力水平和氢的分布特征则是充分条件。焊接工艺与裂纹的关系实质上反映的是焊缝中氢和应力与裂纹间的关系。工程上常用焊缝中残留的扩散氢量最小化、不足以引发氢致冷裂纹的“焊缝金属低氢化”综合工艺,并获得了满意的效果。