未来50年影响美国大城市发展的十大因素及其思考——读Robert Fishman《世纪转折点的美国大城市》有感

基于美国权威学术刊物的资料,介绍了未来50年影响美国城市发展的10大因素,它们是:①贫富差距持续拉大;②郊区的政治优势;③"婴儿潮时期"出生人口的老龄化;④中心城和近郊区贫困阶层周而复始;⑤睿智增长(smart growth);⑥互联网;⑦1945年后城郊一环区的衰退;⑧户均人口规模缩减;⑨为服务新边际城市(New Edge Cities)而延伸的超高速公路系统;⑩城市和郊区多元化趋势和种族整合.美国城市学者对未来50年发展影响因素的预测,对正处于全球化和城市化进程关键阶段的我国城市规划和建设,具有一定的参考价值.     

城镇化要走有序健康发展之路

人类对城镇化发展的认识是一个漫长而复杂的过程.从国外发达国家的"城市病",到郊区化、逆城市化的兴起;从"田园城市"和"生态城市",到欧共体"密集型"城市的提出;从我国解放初期的城镇化健康发展,到大跃进的起伏和文革期间的停滞,再到改革开放后的恢复和全面加速发展,可以看出,城镇化一直在曲折中前进,摸索中发展.     

国内外建筑废弃物资源化政策分析及资源化利用的思考

正0引言建筑废弃物,是指在建造和拆除建筑物的过程中产生的废弃物,即我们通常所说的"建筑垃圾"。2017年,住房和城乡建设部发布了《住房城乡建设事业"十三五"规划纲要》,规划表明,"十三五"期间城市发展模式将发生变化,从以中心城区向城市郊区圈层扩散的城市规划的"摊大饼"模式,变成由量到质、由物到人,由偏重经济到注重环境、文化等多种因素的可持续发展,走绿色优先、集约节约、高效便捷、特色彰显的城镇化发展之路。同时,     

美国金融机构的红线政策与中心城市的衰落

20世纪50年代以后,随着郊区化的发展,美国的中心城市开始走向衰落,尤其是东北部和中西部的城市更是出现了严重衰败的局面。城市衰败的原因虽然是多方面的,但金融机构的红线政策无疑发挥了极其恶劣的影响。由于住房保险机构、住房贷款机构对中心城市社区实行的红线政策,使中心城市的储蓄资金流失到郊区、其他地区甚至国外,从而导致了中心城市严重的资金流失和衰落。     

拯救中心城市的尝试——从"开放郊区"到"没有郊区的城市"

20世紀七八十年代,美国中心城市,特别是东北部和中西部的老工业城市出现了明显的衰退现象,引起学界和政界人士的广泛关注,为拯救中心城市,很多学者和政要提出或尝试了众多改革方案.其中,安东尼·唐斯的"开放郊区"和戴维·腊斯克的"没有郊区的城市"从区域发展的角度,提出通过整合大都市区,将郊区和中心城市合二为一的方法来解决中心城市问题.虽然在现实政治中,这些主张很难得到全民的认可,却不失为一种改革的难得思路.     

科学的规划百年的幸事缺陷的规划百年的伤疤--上海松江新城总体规划的启示

上海正在努力构筑特大型国际经济中心城市的城镇体系,上海市政府提出:未来的上海城镇发展,将切实改变中心城区蔓延扩张、郊区分散布点的格局,构筑中心城-新城-中心镇-一般集镇梯度辐射、层次分明、各具特色、功效互补的城镇体系;十五期间,上海将率先重点建设"一城九镇"(一城即松江新城),增强郊区城镇对中心城区的"反磁力".到2005年,郊区的城镇化水平从现有的45%提高到60%;其中松江新城建成区的面积将达到约36平方公里,人口规模25万以上.     

新型城镇化生态文明之路

<正>过去的30多年,工业化和城镇化是中国经济长期高速增长的重要支撑。自"城镇化"概念提出至今,中国城镇化率己达51.27%,从运作机理,产业类型以及生态角度看,先后出现过各种新型城镇化的改革尝试,产生了多种多样的城镇化模式。然而,有学者指出:过半的城镇化率是依靠东部中心城市以及各省份中心城市的快速发展实现的,且带来了种种弊端。原因在于过去30多年的改革和发展,大部分的建设和投资都发生在大中城市,全国有过半人口进入城市,大、中城市与县城、乡镇的发展存在着悬殊的差异。从城镇化质量看,中小城镇发展滞后更为明显。而大城市、超大城市交通     

中国特色的"边缘城市"发展:解析上海与北京城市区域向多中心结构的转型

在美国及西欧,有研究认为当今城市化在性质上已步入与过去传统郊区化不同的新阶段:居住郊区化之后,大量生产性服务业就业岗住也开始向郊区扩散,形成"边缘城市";这种"后郊区化"现象使得城市内部的多中心结构开始向城市区域扩散.本文通过对北京的新城亦庄和上海边缘的昆山的研究,旨在揭示中国一些大城市区域中"边缘城市"的形成,及其背后的动力机制.最后文章认为跟西方后郊区化某些特征相似,中国"边缘城市"的形成也已超越了所谓郊区化的传统涵义,它代表了一种中国特征的城市多中心发展政治机制.     

以防洪除涝为目标的城市综合防灾规划与灾害应对措施——以河南淮滨县为例

正前言我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一,地震、风灾、洪涝、地质灾害等都使我国人民生命财产和经济社会发展蒙受了重大损失。一直以来,城市作为防灾减灾的中心和重点,城市综合防灾越来越受到重视,尤其是新型城镇化快速推进以来,城市规模不断扩大,城市安全备受关注。"安全的城市"是2007年"世界人居日"的两个主题之一;自2009年起,每年的5月12日被确定为我国"防灾减灾日";"韧性城市"是2016年第三届联合国住房和城市可持续发展大会(简称"人居Ⅲ")重要的主题词之一。     

美国区域规划管理探析

19世纪中叶到20世纪20年代,美国的城镇化以集聚城镇化为主,中心城市空间向外拓展,周围地区纳入城市范畴.20世纪20年代城镇化进入郊区化扩散阶段,郊区独立建设的城市繁荣起来.20世纪20至30年代,资本主义世界经济危机使人们充分认识到放任自由的市场经济的弊端,凯恩斯主义应运而生.二战后,美国加强了联邦政府的宏观调控作用,形成了混合型的经济结构,这就为大都市区管治的出现扫清了思想障碍.20世纪50年代后期的10年,出现了大量地方政府的重组和合并,强化了大都市区政府的权力.随后几十年,公共选择理论和倡导合并理论针对大都市区政府管治效率的争论,使大都市区管治曾一度陷入停顿状态.     

The Effect of Urban Containment and Mandatory Housing Elements on Racial Segregation in US Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000

Abstract: Urban containment and state‐imposed mandatory housing elements in comprehensive land use plans attempt to reshape development patterns. Urban containment programs reign in the outward expansion of urban areas by restricting development of rural land outside urban containment boundaries and focusing the regional demand for urban development areas within them. This article assesses the effect of urban containment and mandatory housing elements on the percentage change in racial segregation change among US metropolitan areas during the 1990s. Ordinary least squares regression analysis suggests that while metropolitan areas with strong urban containment efforts saw a higher percentage decline in Anglo/African American residential segregation during the 1990s than metropolitan areas without such policies in place, urban containment had no statistically significant effect on segregation between Anglos and other races. Mandatory housing elements made no difference in racial segregation change between Anglos and any other race. Policy implications are posed.     

(Re)Viewing Ethnic Residential Segregation in Southern European Cities: Housing and Urban Regimes as Mechanisms of Marginalisation

Housing and residential marginalisation in Southern European cities represents the most critical and controversial of urban conditions for the settlement and inclusion of immigrants. However, these issues are conspicuously under-researched in both the international and Southern European comparative literature. The complexity of ethnic housing hardship and segregation is often de-problematised and misleadingly attributed solely to market mechanisms or inevitable polarisation dynamics. This paper reviews the distinctive features of ethnic residential segregation within wider societal and urban contexts, drawing on an analysis of eight Mediterranean cities with a special focus on the role of housing systems and processes of ethnic and social differentiation. Problems and drivers are reconceptualised within an holistic, comparative framework. It is demonstrated that low levels of ethnic spatial segregation conceal a real problem of social residential marginalisation. This paradox predominantly originates from macro-scale mechanisms of differentiation rooted in the welfare redistributive arrangements and dualist housing systems. It is additionally reinforced by current urban renewal strategies.     

Going too far in the battle against concentration? On the balance between supply and demand of social housing in Dutch cities

In the second half of the 1990s, Dutch urban housing policy shifted from urban renewal to urban restructuring and the creation of more socially mixed neighbourhoods. Motives for restructuring stem from the ongoing debates on concentration, segregation and social mix. Here, we focus on the main instruments of urban restructuring, that is, the demolition of social housing and the construction of more expensive rental and owner-occupied housing. Continued restructuring may eventually lead to a shortage of social rented dwellings for low-income households, the target group of social housing. An important political question is therefore whether the dwindling supply of social housing still matches the potential demand in the target group. We addressed this question with an analysis of three Dutch cities: Rotterdam, The Hague and Breda. The results indicate that, although demolition has brought about substantial changes, the share of social rented housing remains high in most restructuring neighbourhoods and restructuring has not resulted in concentrations of social rented housing in other, non-restructuring neighbourhoods in any of the three cities. In Rotterdam, which had a very large social housing stock at the beginning of the restructuring operation, there are still sufficient affordable homes for lower income households. However, in The Hague and Breda, restructuring has tightened the supply of social rental housing. The municipal authority in The Hague has attempted to remedy the situation by entering regional agreements to secure sufficient levels of affordable housing.     

人工型城市困难立地对高密度城市公园绿地系统的典型增益作用研究——以上海市中心城为例

高密度城市更新背景下,人工型城市困难立地(Artificial Challenging Urban Sites,ACUS)在公园绿地建设中的作用日益彰显.文章基于2008-2019年上海市中心城(外环线以内)公园绿地(G类)遥感解译数据,对其中由人工型城市困难立地改建的公园绿地的规模及空间分布特征进行了研究.由人工型城...     

The anti-apartment movement in the U.S. and the role of land use regulations in creating housing segregation

In the U.S., typically, poor and minority households are concentrated in central cities, which are ringed by middle class suburbs which contain a majority of the population of the metropolitan area. The resulting segregation is largely the outcome of public policy and institutional arrangements, rather than the excesses of a free market. Land use regulations have played a central role in creating segregation among the types of housing that are affordable to different income groups. Single family only zoning is a central institution in suburban areas; often multifamily housing is limited to a very tiny portion of the land zoned for housing. Land use policies regarding housing are formulated on a municipal level, in which states have only a minimal role and the federal government has no role. Decentralization of revenue sources and fiscal support for local services, including education, provides incentives for local zoning policies which exclude groups which are viewed as more costly to service, while decentralization of zoning powers make these policies possible. This article describes 1) the basic contours of the housing stock and population distribution in metropolitan areas, 2) the evolution of the single family only policy, and 3) recent efforts to counteract housing segregation patterns, which have had little success. Kenneth K. Baar is a attorney in the Berkeley, California and has a Ph.D. in urban planning. From 1991 to 1993, he was a Fulbright professor at the Budapest University of Economic Sciences. In 1994–95 he was visiting professor in the Urban Planning Department at Columbia University in New York City.     

REGIME BUILDING,INSTITUTION BUILDING: URBAN RENEWAL POLICY IN CHICAGO, 1946–1962

ABSTRACT: Urban regime analysis emphasizes the role of coalition building in creating a capacity to govern in cities. Through a case study of urban renewal policy in postwar Chicago, this article considers the role played by political institutions. Conceptualizing this historical period as one of regime building, I show how existing political institutions were out of sync with the city's new governing agenda of urban renewal and redevelopment following World War II. Creating a capacity to govern in urban renewal policy required both coalition building and a fundamental reworking of formal governing institutions.     

The dismantling of public housing in the USA

The market reigns supreme in the housing system of the United States. Its prominence has led to the efficient provision of housing of ever-rising standards for most Americans. At the same time, the poor continue to live in appalling conditions. The majority of them have to secure their housing without public support. In spite of the long history of government intervention in the housing system, the effect of that support has been marginal at best. Although the large cities contain substantial numbers of assisted housing, the public housing program has failed to provide the poor with the “decent housing and the suitable living environment” promised to every American family in the 1949 Housing Act. Even the direct support of households through housing vouchers and certificates has not broken up the concentrations of poverty. Many households remain trapped in substandard housing in crime-infested urban areas. The articles in this issue evaluate the (possible) outcomes of the latest round of reforms of the American public housing program, which are geared to more private-sector involvement. Jan van Weesep is Professor of Urban Geography and Urban Policy at Utrecht University (The Netherlands). His publications cover a range of housing and urban issues in various countries. He has studied and worked in the United States. Hugo Priemus holds the chair in housing at Delft University of Technology and he is managing director of OTB Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies.     

土地改革、住房保障与城乡转型发展——集体土地建设租赁住房改革的机遇与挑战

分析了我国城乡二元土地制度对住房市场和城乡空间分异的影响,提出以集体土地进入城市租赁住房市场改革为突破口,逐步搭建在中国主要人口流入地城市加快培育市场化定价的租赁住房体系,并进而建立城乡转型发展的整体制度框架.通过市场化手段,为流动人口和城市“夹心层”居民提供可支付的体面租赁住房,同时优化城乡结合部的空间利用效率,提升环境品质,最终实现土地更有效率利用基础上的人口完全城镇化.     

Towards Effective City Planning—The Case of Cape Town in Identifying Potential Housing Land

Vacant land in cities is an important resource as it presents opportunities for urban renewal and revitalisation and can contribute to municipal revenue. In a context of growing informality and homelessness in cities of the South, the presence of large tracts of vacant land is a sign of inefficient urban planning and a dysfunctional land market. It is therefore critical for local governments to have reliable data of the extent of vacant land parcels in cities and their potential for housing development, particularly affordable housing for the poor. This paper will detail and discuss the “Potential Housing Land Model” developed by the Cape Urban Observatory, part of the African Centre for Cities, based at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. South African cities, and in this case the city of Cape Town in particular, face huge constraints in terms of suitable, well-located and affordable land for low-cost housing development. A tool like the “Potential Housing Land Tool” is one tool which could assist decision-makers in identifying such land parcels. Besides identifying land that can potentially be used for housing; the model can also allow officials to pin-point areas that are not well-serviced. The deployment of the model on the World Wide Web makes the tool available to a range of users including municipal officials, academic researchers and organised sectors of civil society who might benefit from this kind of information. The responsible and strategic use of this model and the information it provides, can facilitate a broad-based discussion about vacant land and its potential use in the city, allowing for more transparent and participatory planning. The application of tools like the “Potential Housing Land Tool” can therefore greatly assist in improving urban governance and can contribute towards more efficient and sustainable urban planning and management systems.     

城市公园供给社会公平研究——以广州市 中心城区为例

通过构建城市公园供给评价指标和街道社会经济特征指标,分析广州市中心城区城市公园供给的空间分异特征、社会公平性及其影响因素。结果显示:广州市中心城区城市公园供给区域差异显著,城市公园服务水平较高的地区是老城区的街道和核心街道,而位于城市边缘的街道公园配置缺乏;城市公园供给空间分布存在显著的正相关关系,表现出空间集聚特征;城市公园供给存在社会差异,高收入群体和本地老年人拥有较高的供给水平,而无固定住房的外来人口则供给不足,影响因素包括城市的历史延续和积累、城乡二元化,以及市场机制等。