热处理对<110>取向Tb-Dy-Fe-Al合金组织和性能的影响

采用区熔定向凝固方法制备了<110>取向的Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1-xAlx)2(x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15)超磁致伸缩合金,在真空管式炉氩气保护条件下,对合金进行930℃×2 h的热处理,研究了热处理对于不同含量Al元素替代合金的微观组织、磁致伸缩性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:热处理不改变Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1-xAlx)2合金样品定向凝固形成的<110>轴向择优取向,热处理后的合金棒样品依然保持MgCu2型立方Laves相和部分稀土相结构,没有新相对应的衍射峰产生。热处理后Tb0.3 Dy0.7(Fe1-xAlx)2合金的片层组织退化,随着Al元素含量的增加,基体内的析出相形态和分布不断发生变化。当Al的添加量为x=0.05和x=0.15时,热处理后合金的磁致伸缩性能下降,饱和磁致伸缩分别为817×10-6,571×10-6。Al的添加量x=0.10时,热处理在不降低合金饱和磁致伸缩的同时可以显著提高其压缩强度及低场动态响应。     

Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1-xPtx)1.95合金的结构与磁致伸缩特性研究

利用XRD、SEM和电阻应变片等方法研究了Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1-xPtx)1.95(x=0.00,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08)合金的微结构和磁致伸缩特性.结果表明:当Pt含量x≤0.06时,合金为具有立方MgCu2型结构的Laves单相,Pt置换Fe导致合金相的晶格常数α线性增大;磁致伸缩系数λ随Pt含量的增加不断减小,随外磁场(H≤500mT)的增大而单调增大;当合金在950℃退火4 h,可获得较好的磁伸缩性能.在x=0.08时,合金中出现微量第二相Fe3Dy,证实Pt在Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95合金中的最大固溶度小于5at%.     

Al替代Fe对<110>取向Tb-Dy-Fe合金显微组织、磁致伸缩性能和力学性能的影响

采用区熔定向凝固方法制备<110>取向的Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1 xAlx)2(x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15)超磁致伸缩合金,研究不同含量Al原子替代Fe原子对于合金微观组织、磁致伸缩性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Al原子替代不改变定向凝固样品形成的<110>轴向择优取向,合金依然保持MgCu2型立方Laves相和部分稀土相结构。随着Al含量的增加,黑色RE(FeAl)2相和白色富稀土RE(Al)相的析出数量、尺寸及分布发生变化。微量Al原子(x≤0.05)替代可以显著提高材料低磁场下的动态响应及饱和磁致伸缩系数,随着Al含量进一步提高,合金系饱和磁致伸缩系数降低。Tb0.3Dy0.7(Fe1 xAlx)2(x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15)合金的压缩强度随着Al原子含量增加而增加,合金发生解理断裂。当Al替代量x≤0.1时,合金具有良好的综合性能。     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95-xNbx (x=0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) 合金的组织与磁致伸缩性能

采用高真空电弧炉制备了Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95-xNbx(x=0,0.03,0.06,0.09)合金,研究了该系列合金的晶体结构、微观组织及磁致伸缩性能。结果表明:添加Nb元素后的Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95-xNbx(x=0.03,0.06,0.09)合金基体相结构仍保持为MgCu2(C15型)立方Laves相,添加Nb后Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95-xNbx合金基体相晶格常数几乎不变。Nb在基体相RFe2中和富Re相中都不溶,但在x=0.03时的RFe3相中微溶而形成Re(Nb,Fe)3相。初生相NbFe2(C14型)相的形成使凝固液体富稀土从而抑制了RFe3有害相形成。六方结构的NbFe2在与自身结构不同的RFe2(C15型)中不溶而单独成为一相存在于RFe2基体上。Nb的添加量x对磁致伸缩的影响很大,微量(x=0.03)Nb的添加有效抑制了RFe3有害相的生成而使得磁致伸缩性能提高最大,但当Nb含量继续增大时,由于顺磁相NbFe2和富Re相的析出影响了基体磁-弹性交互作用而使磁效伸缩性能下降。但相对于Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95母合金都有少量提高。     

Tb0．3Dy0．7（Fe1-x）1．95合金的结构与磁致伸缩特性研究

利用XRD、SEM和电阻应变片等方法研究了Tb0．3Dy07（Fe1-xPtx）1.95（x=0．00,0．02,0．04,0．06,0．08）合金的微结构和磁致伸缩特性。结果表明：当Pt含量x≤0．06时,合金为具有立方MgCu2型结构的Laves单相,Pt置换Fe导致合金相的晶格常数α线性增大;磁致伸缩系数A随Pt含量的增加不断减小,随外磁场（H≤500mT）的增大而单调增大;当合金在950℃退火4h,可获得较好的磁伸缩性能。在x=0．08时,合金中出现微量第二相Fe3Dy,证实Pt在Tb0．3Dy0.7Fe1.95合金中的最大固溶度小于5at％。     

Tb0.36Dy0.64（Fe0.85Co0.15）2-xBx合金的结构和磁致伸缩

研究了Tb0.36Dy0.64(Fe0.85Co0.1)2-xBx(x=0,0.05,0.15,0.30)合金的结构、显微组织和磁致伸缩.结果表明,Tb0.36Dy0.64(Fe0.85Co0.15)2-xBx合金基体仍为MgCu2型立方结构Laves相,合金点阵常数α随B含量增加先减小后增大;当B含量达到x=0.15时,样品中开始有杂相析出.少量B(x=0.05)添加时,合金的饱和磁致伸缩有所提高;随B含量继续增加,合金中形成1∶3相以及富硼相,饱和磁致伸缩急剧下降.     

退火磁场施加方式对Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95合金磁伸性能的影响

研究了磁场退火时磁场施加方式对《110》取向Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95定向凝固多晶合金磁致伸缩性能的影响.退火磁场强度为1T,保温时间30 min.研究表明,在623K下采用垂直磁场且冷却时保持磁场的方式退火,可改善综合磁伸性能,如提高饱和磁致伸缩系数并使低场磁致伸缩系数基本不变,提高最大动态磁致伸缩系数且其对应的磁场基本不变.冷却阶段撤去磁场会减弱磁场退火的作用,而平行磁场退火的效果与垂直磁场相反.     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95-xTix（x=0,0.03,0.06,0.09）合金的微观组织与磁致伸缩性能

利用高真空非自耗电弧炉制备了Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95-xTi_x（x=0,0.03,0.06,0.09）合金,系统研究了不同Ti含量Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95-xTi_x合金的晶体结构、微观组织、磁致伸缩性能及它们之间的关系.结果表明:添加Ti后的Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95-xTi_x合金基体相仍为MgCu₂型Laves相结构,Ti取代了Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95合金中比其自身半径大的稀土原子Tb和Dy而使晶格常数减小.添加Ti后,初生相TiFe₂的形成使得凝固液体中富含R（R=Tb,Dy）从而抑制了有害相RFe₃的生成,Ti在基体相RFe₂中和富R相中都可溶解,分别形成了（R,Ti）Fe₂基体相和富（R,Ti）相.Ti的添加量对磁致伸缩性能的影响很大,当x=0.03时,Ti的添加使磁致伸缩性能较Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95母合金提高幅度最大,但当x=0.09时,由于顺磁相TiFe₂和富（R,Ti）相的析出对磁致伸缩性能不利,但相对于Tb_0.3Dy_0.7Fe_1.95母合金也有少量提高.     

〈110〉取向(TbDyHo)Fe2合金磁致伸缩的窄滞后特性

采用区熔定向凝固技术制备了〈110〉取向(Tb0.36Dyo.64)1-xHoxFe2合金,研究了在0,5和10 MPa压力下该合金的磁致伸缩性能及其磁致伸缩的滞后特性.结果表明:在外加轴向压应力作用下,〈110〉取向(Tb0.36Dy0.64)1-xHoxFe2合金具有明显的磁致伸缩"跳跃效应";x＜0.3的合金在较宽的温度范围(-60-80℃)内具有巨磁致伸缩特性;随x的增加,合金磁致伸缩滞后显著降低.在外加压力为0,5和10 MPa时,相对于滞后宽度为10.4,13.5和16.6 kA/m的x=0合金而言,x=0.1合金的滞后宽度减小为9.3,11.6和13.7 kA/m;x=0.2合金的滞后宽度减小为7.5,10.8和12.9 kA/m;x=0.3合金的滞后宽度减小为5.4,8.8和9.8 kA/m.     

Fe83Ga17Dyx合金组织结构及磁致伸缩性能

研究了Fe83Ga17Dyx(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6)系列合金的晶体结构、显微组织、磁致伸缩性能。结果表明,稀土Dy添加到Fe83Ga17合金中对合金的晶体结构影响很小,对显微组织影响显著。Fe83Ga17合金中添加稀土Dy后,性能最好的Fe83Ga17Dy0.2合金在5000 Oe外加磁场下,磁致伸缩系数达到300×10-6。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.