β-γ高Nb-TiAl合金组织转变及拉伸性能研究

本文研究了β稳定元素Cr和Mn的掺杂对高Nb-TiAl合金的组织、相组成、凝固路径及室温、高温拉伸性能的影响。实验结果表明,Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.4B（原子分数,%,下同）合金中分别加入2Cr、2Mn或1Cr1Mn后,铸态组织中B2相逐步增加,而α2相逐步减小。1Cr1Mn合金转变为由γ+B2两相组成的新型β-γ高Nb-TiAl合金。凝固路径由L→β→β+α→α+γ+β→α2+γ+B2转变为L→β→β+γ→B2+γ。Cr和Mn的同时添加具有更明显的β相稳定作用。室温拉伸结果表明,随着B2相含量的增加,合金的强度与延伸率均降低。而在900℃条件下,合金延伸率出现先降低后升高的现象。这说明,高温下合金中β相含量达到一定程度时（本研究为14.4 %）,有利于协调变形。     

Cr和Mn元素掺杂对高Nb-TiAl合金组织转变及拉伸性能的影响

研究了β稳定元素Cr和Mn的掺杂对高Nb-TiAl合金的组织、相组成、凝固路径及室温、高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.4B(at%,下同)合金中分别加入2Cr、2Mn或1Cr1Mn后,铸态组织中B2相逐步增加,而α_2相逐步减少。1Cr1Mn合金转变为由γ+B2两相组成的新型β-γ高Nb-TiAl合金。凝固路径由L→β→β+α→α+γ+β→α_2+γ+B2转变为L→β→β+γ→B2+γ。Cr和Mn的同时添加具有更明显的β相稳定作用。室温拉伸结果表明,随着B2相含量的增加,合金的强度与延伸率均降低。而在900℃条件下,合金延伸率出现先降低后升高的现象。这说明,高温下合金中β相含量达到一定程度时(本研究为14.4%),有利于协调变形。     

V、Mo对β-γ TiAl合金α、β两相相变的影响

以Ti-Al-M三元合金(M为V,Mo强β相稳定元素)为对象,研究了合金元素V、Mo对铸态组织以及不同热处理条件下显微组织的影响。V、Mo元素可以改变传统TiAl合金的凝固路径,避开包晶反应,还能将β相保留至室温。在合金淬火组织中,增加V、Mo元素含量可以发生马氏体转变。在两步热处理过程中,增加Mo元素含量,合金更倾向于发生α→β＋γ及β→β＋γ相变。     

高Nb-TiAl合金定向凝固研究现状及展望

高Nb-TiAl合金具有高比强和优异的高温性能,是TiAl合金向800℃以上应用发展的重要方向,其定向组织合金作为叶片材料在高推重比发动机中具有巨大的应用潜力。以传统TiAl合金定向凝固为背景论述了高Nb-TiAl合金定向凝固的研究现状。首先介绍了定向凝固方法和模壳材料发展,然后对高Nb-TiAl合金定向凝固宏观组织、界面形态和片层特征控制进行了评述,接着简要阐述了冷坩埚定向凝固制备高Nb-TiAl合金的相关工作,进一步对定向组织高Nb-TiAl合金的力学性能进行了分析。最后,展望了高Nb-TiAl合金定向凝固的发展方向。     

B元素对定向凝固镍基合金凝固特性和TCP相析出行为的影响

研究了B元素对定向凝固镍基合金凝固特性和TCP相析出行为的影响规律,并结合热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc和镍基合金数据库,计算分析了B元素对合金在非平衡凝固过程中的Cr、Co和Mo元素偏析行为的影响。结果表明,B元素的加入能够显著降低合金的固/液相温度,加宽凝固范围,增加共晶含量及Co、Cr和Mo元素在枝晶间的偏聚程度,进而加剧TCP相的析出;当B元素含量≤0.012%时,合金在850℃长期时效具有较好的组织稳定性能;当B元素含量增加到0.033%时,合金时效100 h,针状σ相开始析出,合金组织稳定性变差。     

合金元素对β-γTiAl合金热处理组织的影响

以Ti-Al-M三元合金(M为V、Mo强β相稳定元素)为对象,研究了合金元素V、Mo、Al对其铸态组织以及不同热处理条件下显微组织的影响。增加β相稳定元素可以将β相保留在室温,但是仅通过降低Al含量而获得β相凝固合金(Ti-38Al),铸态组织中不含β/B2相。Al含量较高时,添加β相稳定元素仍不能消除枝晶偏析。在合金淬火组织中,增加V、Mo元素或者降低Al元素含量可以发生马氏体转变。在双步热处理过程中,由于1320℃淬火的过饱和作用,Ti-Al-Mo合金经过1200℃随炉冷却后,组织内将会同时析出β相和γ相,形成β+γ的混合组织。     

Al-Pb合金的快速定向凝固及其模拟

对Al-Pb合金开展了快速定向凝固实验,并根据实际凝固条件模拟计算了合金的组织演变过程.结果表明,当凝固速度不变时,Pb相粒子尺寸及其分布范围随Pb含量的增加而增大;当合金成分不变时,Pb相粒子尺寸及其分布范围随凝固速度的增加而减小.模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,展现了快速定向凝固条件下Al-Pb合金的凝固组织形成过程.     

W对γ-TiAl基合金单向凝固组织的影响

采用电弧熔炼并直接在冷坩埚中凝固,得到了具有单向凝固特征的TiAl合金纽扣锭,以此研究了合金元素W对单向凝固组织的影响.结果表明,W对TiAl合金单向凝固的枝晶组织有细化作用,当W含量为2.5%时,可以将凝固组织的晶粒宽度减小到200 μm,二次枝晶间距减小到50 μm.随着W含量的增加,先凝固形成的β相晶粒内部出现网络分布的富W相,并最终转变为B2相.Ti-46Al合金中加入W元素后,片层团尺寸及片层厚度减小.     

定向凝固NiAl合金的微观组织和高温力学性能Ⅰ.微观组织和韧脆转变温度

利用SEM和TEM研究了热等静压处理(HIP)后的NiAl-28Cr-5.5Mo-0.5Hf定向凝固合金微观组织与结构.该合金主要是由NiAl相、Cr(Mo)相和少量聚集在相界处的Heusler相组成.通过对该合金高温拉伸实验发现:合金的韧脆转变温度(BDTT)与应变速率有关,应变速率提高一个数量级,韧脆转变温度提高50 K.断口形貌观察发现:BDTT以下,该合金以β相的解理和β/Cr(Mo)的相剥离形式断裂;BDTT以上,该合金主要以塑性断裂为主.     

细晶TiAl基铸造合金的制备及其凝固特征

采用非自耗电弧熔炼铸造方法,制各了Ti-Al-Nb基铸造合金.通过X射线衍射、金相观察、扫描电镜及透射电镜等实验方法,研究了Al含量对基体合金显微组织与凝固特征的影响.结果表明,适当降低铸造合金中铝的含量,能制备出晶粒细小的Ti-44Al-2Nb-1Cr-1W-1B合金,其平均晶粒尺寸为50 μm.细晶TiAl基铸态合金中β相与γ相存在"伴生"现象;同时,该合金中一定量β相稳定元素W和Nb的加入,使高温β相得以在凝固过程中保留到室温,这种少量β相的存在也限制了a相晶粒的长大.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。