铝/镁异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

汽车轻量化是实现燃油汽车节能减排、新能源汽车增程降耗的有效手段,已成为汽车工业可持续发展的必经之路.多材料混合车身在兼顾安全与成本的基础上,通过轻质材料和先进制造工艺的合理使用来降低车重,是目前汽车轻量化的主流研究方向之一.作为铝、镁资源大国,发展铝?镁混合车身结构及相应的连接技术是符合我国国情的汽车轻量化解决路径.然而,氩弧焊、电阻焊、高能束焊等熔焊技术难以制备高质量铝/镁异质接头,液态焊材剧烈反应在连接界面处形成的粗大晶粒和Al?Mg金属间化合物极易造成接头发生组织恶化、性能下降等问题.搅拌摩擦焊(Friction Stir Welding,FSW)是一种新型固相焊接技术,其通过搅拌头产生的摩擦热促进金属材料的塑性变形以提高其互相混合程度,从而实现焊材的连接,在铝、镁异种合金的连接方面具有广阔的应用前景,被誉为"焊接史上的第二次革命".本文从接头成形过程与微观组织、焊接工艺对接头性能的影响、接头性能的改善方法三个方面总结了铝/镁异种合金FSW技术的研究进展,针对搅拌头结构优化、超声振动辅助FSW、添加中间层或钎料、复合焊接技术等接头性能改善的最新研究结果,展望了常规和改型FSW技术未来的重点研究方向,旨在为铝、镁异种合金的连接及高质量铝/镁异质接头的设计与制备提供参考.     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

铝锂合金作为一种低密度、高性能的新型结构材料,被认为是航空航天领域中实现飞行器轻量化的理想结构材料之一。而搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接技术,能够克服铝锂合金熔化焊时易产生的裂纹、气孔等缺陷,在铝锂合金焊接领域具有重要的应用前景。从搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺、接头组织与性能等方面综述了铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊近几年的研究进展,总结了其存在的主要问题,并对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

新能源电动汽车异种材料连接技术的挑战、趋势和进展

多材料混合结构在车身上的应用可以实现汽车安全性、轻量化水平的共同提升,也是如今新能源汽车工业发展的一个主要方向。先进高强钢(Advanced high strength steel,AHSS)、铝合金、工程塑料以及碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)等作为轻质高强材料的代表已广泛应用于白车身、覆盖件以及复杂结构件的制造中。由于异种材料理化性能的差异,给连接技术带来了更大的挑战。对于铝合金与碳纤维增强复合材料的连接,采用普通的熔化焊接往往会使铝合金产生热影响区软化、气孔和热裂纹等缺陷以及CFRP纤维和基体部分烧损,而机械连接则会不可避免地造成腐蚀问题。同时,多材料组成的电池包壳体对连接技术也有很高的要求。因此,为了向新能源汽车提供多材料优化组合的轻量化车身结构,开发性能可靠、低成本、高效率的创新连接方法势在必行。胶接广泛应用于铝合金/先进高强钢、铝合金/碳纤维复合材料、AHSS/CFRP的连接,可以实现密封、紧固、防腐蚀的效果。自冲铆连接(Self-piercing riveting,SPR)相比于熔化焊更适合铝合金、AHSS与CFRP的连接,国外对其连接工艺和接头强度已有较为成熟的研究。固相焊适合于金属/非金属材料的连接,国内外对回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(Refill friction stir spot welding,RFSSW)和超声波点焊在连接铝合金/CFRP、AHSS/CFRP上进行了工艺的探索和设备的改进。激光复合焊和冷金属过渡焊(Cold metal transfer,CMT)是当下大部分汽车企业主要应用的连接技术,主要用于铝合金/AHSS的连接。对于电池包壳体的连接,目前主要是使用紧固件连接,同时对特定的材料采取激光焊进行密封。本文针对多种车身材料包括铝/CFRP、高强钢/CFRP、铝/高强钢的连接问题,详细介绍了胶接、自冲铆连接、搅拌摩擦点焊、超声波点焊、激光复合焊和冷金属过渡焊技术的应用和研究进展,讨论了连接工艺参数对接头性能和焊点失效模式的影响,论述了基于有限元分析的接头疲劳寿命预测的难点和研究现状,并简要分析了电池包箱体连接技术的研究进展。新能源电动汽车多材料混合应用推动了连接技术的进步,但仍然面临着基体损伤、界面失效、焊接周期长、设备昂贵和难以自动化等问题,还需要进行更为深入的理论和应用研究。     

汽车用铝钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织及界面特征研究

随着轻量化技术的发展，镀锌钢板与铝合金等异种金属连接在现代汽车工业中的应用越来越多，回抽式无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊具有热输入低、焊缝晶粒细小、接头力学性能高等优点，在铝合金等轻金属焊接领域具有很大的优势。本工作使用回抽式搅拌摩擦点焊技术，成功实现了0.7 mm厚的镀锌钢板与2 mm厚的铝合金板的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊连接。在不同的焊接转速下，对铝钢异种金属进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊实验研究，分析了无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头的剪切性能、断口形貌、各区微观组织、界面区特征及连接机理。研究结果表明，转速为1 200 r/min、压入量为0.2 mm、焊接时间为15 s时焊接接头最佳，具有最好的力学拉伸性能，断裂位置为热机影响区；通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对接头的微观形貌以及断口形貌进行观察分析发现，在搅拌区接头界面形成了约6μm厚的金属间化合物，为AlFe₃、Al₁₃Fe₄、AlFe；各位置处金属间化物的形貌与厚度不同，断裂方式为混合断裂机制，界面处的连接为机械结合和冶金结合两种接合方式。     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊在焊接钛合金这类高熔点金属方面具有很大优势,但是搅拌头的磨损一直是其一大难点。对钛合金搅拌摩擦焊中的搅拌头结构、材料选择进行了讨论,认为圆锥形搅拌针综合性能较好,而在材料选择方面,认为目前应用前景较好的是钨铼合金,但不同材料的组合可能更符合未来发展的方向。为了研究搅拌头的磨损机理及如何减小磨损,列举了几种辅助焊接工艺及目前应用较广的模拟仿真,指出辅助焊接工艺可减小搅拌头磨损,但目前工艺不完善等问题依然存在,需要进一步优化,包括模拟仿真在内,对于钛合金搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头结构、材料优化、磨损机理、辅助焊接工艺等研究均较少,限制了其研究进展及应用。     

搅拌摩擦焊接技术的研究现状及其展望

搅拌摩擦焊是针对焊接性差的铝、铗合金而开发出的一种新型固相焊接工艺,由英国焊接研究所于1991年开发的专利技术.简要介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的应用现状,综述了近10年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊技术的发展概况和最新进展,比较详尽地总结了焊接接头形成机理、适用母材、接头微观组织、力学性能、焊接设备、焊接工艺及搅拌摩擦焊应用领域.     

搅拌摩擦点焊金属流动研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊是一种高效环保的固相连接技术。搅拌摩擦点焊是在传统的搅拌摩擦焊上发展起来的一种新型点连接技术,与传统的电阻点焊等连接方法相比具有诸多优势。目前国内外搅拌摩擦点焊工艺在航空及汽车等工业领域有广泛的应用,但是其成形机理并不清楚。基于已发表的文献,详细综述了在搅拌摩擦点焊过程中,材料的流动模型以及数值模拟等方面的研究进展。     

工艺参数和搅拌头尺寸对2024铝合金和AZ31镁合金异种金属搅拌摩擦连接接头性能的影响

研究了2024铝合金与AZ31镁合金的异种搅拌摩擦连接工艺,并获得了良好的3mm板材对接接头。采用5种不同的工艺参数和两种不同尺寸的搅拌头进行加工。研究了不同工艺参数对接头微观组织、拉伸强度和硬度分布的影响。结果表明,使用15mm轴肩的搅拌头能够获得无缺陷的接头,在转速500r/min、连接速度500mm/min的工艺参数下,显微硬度分布均匀,材料边界明显,异种材料间的机械锁和结构增大了接头强度。在转速300r/min、连接速度30mm/min的工艺参数下,拉伸断裂位置位于铝合金一侧的热机影响区和材料混合区的交界处,虽然接头存在金属间化合物,但充分的材料混合使接头拉伸强度与前者相当。     

工具形状及工艺过程对搅拌摩擦增材成形及缺陷的影响

采用2mm厚的2195-T8铝锂合金作为增材板条,利用5种不同形状的搅拌工具进行搅拌摩擦增材工艺实验。利用金相观察和硬度测试的分析方法,重点探讨搅拌工具形状与工艺过程对增材成形、界面缺陷及硬度分布的影响。结果表明:圆柱状和三角平面圆台状搅拌针下增材界面上下材料无明显混合,偏心圆柱状和三凹圆弧槽状搅拌针有利于增材界面上下材料混合及减小界面钩状缺陷;增材前进侧界面形成致密无缺陷冶金连接,而后退侧界面材料混合不充分,钩状缺陷易伸入焊核区,且弱连接缺陷起源于此。四层增材中,相邻两层焊接方向相反的增材工艺使除顶层增材外其他增材两侧钩状缺陷向焊核区外侧弯曲,弱连接缺陷得到改善;顶层增材后退侧钩状缺陷伸入焊核区。增材焊核区有明显软化现象,但不同增材工艺下焊核区硬度分布均匀,表明搅拌摩擦增材制造可获得性能均匀的增材;相比于单道焊接工艺,来回双道焊接工艺使单层增材焊核区进一步软化;四层增材中,越靠近顶部的增材,其焊核区平均硬度越大。     

Al-Cu双金属复合结构的扩散连接试验研究

应用扩散连方法进行了Al-Cu双金属复合结构的试验研究，比较了不同的焊接工艺，材料组合以及母材状态情况Al合金与Cu的连接性，观察了接头区域的微观组织结构，研究表明，固相扩散连接是一种适用于异种材料连接的有效方法，通过在连接区域形成Al-Cu金属间化合物，达到Al和Cu的有效连接，材料组合，母材原始状态以及连接工艺参数对Al合金与Cu的扩散连接存在着明显的影响。表面镀Ni工艺不但能够有效阻止Al和Cu之间形成脆性相，而且Al和Ni之间形成了良好的扩散连接，改善了接头性能。     

Application of the hybrid process ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding on dissimilar aluminum/dual‐phase steel and aluminum/magnesium joints

Friction stir welding as a solid‐state joining method with its comparatively low process temperatures is suitable for joining dissimilar materials like aluminum/magnesium or aluminum/steel. Such hybrid joints are of great interest regarding lightweight efforts in different industrial fields like the transportation area. The present work investigates the influence of additionally transmitted power ultrasound during the friction stir welding on the joint properties of EN AC‐48000/AZ91 and EN AW‐6061/DP600. Therefore, conventional friction stir welding was continuously compared to ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding. Light microscopic analysis and nondestructive testing of the joints using x‐ray and high frequency ultrasound show different morphologies of the nugget for the aluminum/magnesium joints as well as differences in the amount and size of steel particles in the nugget of aluminum/steel joints. Scanning electron microcopy proves differences in the thickness of continuous intermetallic layers for the aluminum/steel joints realized with and without power ultrasound. Regarding the tensile strength of the joints the power ultrasound leads to increased joint strengths for EN AC‐48000/AZ91 joints compared to a decrease for EN AW‐6061/DP600 joints. Corrosion investigations show an influence of the ultrasound power on the corrosion properties of EN AC‐48000/AZ91 joints which is attributed to a changed aluminum content in the nugget region. Because of the great potential difference between the magnesium and the nugget phase the transitional area exhibits strong galvanic corrosion. For EN AW‐6061/DP600 joints an increased corrosion caused by galvanic effects is not expected as the potentials of the EN AW‐6061 aluminum alloy and DP600 steel are very similar.     

铝/钢异种材料搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

由于铝、钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝/钢的连接是焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊是低热输入的固态连接方法,能够有效控制铝/钢金属间化合物的生长,且搅拌针强烈的搅拌作用可增加铝/钢异种材料机械咬合程度,得到高质量的铝/钢焊接接头,铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊已经成为了焊接领域的热点问题。文中综述了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,涉及到接头形式、焊缝成形、焊接工艺和力学性能,着重介绍了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的连接机制,并围绕铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊存在的两大问题,对铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊新技术进行总结,并进一步提出了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊的基础研究方向。     

Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mg/Mg‐ and Mg/Al‐Joints

In a mobile world weight reduction is a predominant target of innovative products. In this context appropriate joining techniques are necessary for the integration of lightweight metals in complex mechanical components. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a newly established well suited process to realize high‐quality lightweight metal joints in solid state. In a research project of WKK the friction stir weldability of similar joints using die casted AZ91‐Mg‐alloy and MRI‐Mg‐alloys was investigated. Additionally the joining of hybrid joints between AZ91 and AA5454 aluminum alloy was performed. To describe and optimize the FSW‐process the welding temperatures and welding forces were recorded online during the process. The investigations of the monotonic properties of AZ91/AZ91‐joints and MRI/MRI‐joints yielded in tensile strength values at the level of the parent materials. For dissimilar joints an extreme increase of the nugget hardness was measured. By SEM investigations and EDX element mappings it could be proved that this is caused by intermetallic phases positioned as thin interlayers in the contact area between the Mg‐ and the Al‐alloy. As a consequence, in hybrid joints failures occur predominantly along these interlayers. Finally, for similar and dissimilar welds corrosion experiments in 5 mass% NaCl solution were carried out. The investigations showed that the nugget area was more susceptible to corrosion then the base material. To understand the corrosion behavior the affected areas were analyzed using SEM and EDX.     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性及其搅拌摩擦焊

从化学和物理相容性角度综合分析了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性,阐述了熔化焊、钎焊、固相连接等对铝基复合材料的适应性。在介绍了搅拌摩擦焊原理的基础上,结合试验结果,着重探讨了搅拌摩擦焊焊接参数对颗粒增强铝基复合材料焊缝成型、焊接接头的组织特征及连接接头的性能的影响,说明搅拌摩擦焊用于焊接颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有明显的优势。     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

Fortschritte beim Rührreibschweißen von Aluminium,Magnesium und Stahl

Progresses on the friction stir welding of aluminium, magnesium and steel Friction Stir Welding (FSW) represents an innovative welding process for joining light metal, especially, aluminium and its alloys. Friction Stir Welding offers an attractive alternative to conventional fusion welding processes because of the excellent properties (particularly ductility), reproducibility, robustness, and surface finish obtained with the process. Within the scope of this work the Friction Stir Welding‐Process with its possible joint configurations is explained. The focus of this work concentrates on weldability studies concerning cladded aluminium alloys, aluminium cast alloys, aluminium tailored welded blanks both from similar and dissimilar joints produced in aluminium, magnesium and steel. The mechanical properties of the welded samples will be discussed.     

Ultrasonic spot welding of aluminum sheet/carbon fiber reinforced polymer – joints

Current demands on light weight constructions lead to an increasing use of light weight metals such as aluminum or magnesium alloys as well as fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Suitable welding methods are necessary to join these dissimilar material groups and to integrate them in engineering structures. At the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering the ultrasonic metal welding technique was successfully applied to realize aluminum sheet/carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) ‐ joints. The welding during this process occurs in two steps: First the ultrasonic shear waves lead to a softening and displacement of the polymer matrix out of the welding zone. In the second step a direct weld between the load bearing carbon fibers of the CFRP and the aluminum alloy sheet is generated. A welding time of less than 5 s and no damage of the carbon fibers are important advantages of the process. Actually tensile shear strengths of about 30 MPa were achieved for the joints. By means of light microscopic and SEM investigations the bonding mechanisms can be described in detail. Possible application fields of such welds can be seen in the automotive or in the aircraft industry.     

Improving friction stir weldability of Al/Mg alloys via ultrasonically diminishing pin adhesion

Formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) during friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum/magnesium (Al/Mg) alloys easily results in the pin adhesion and then deteriorates joint formation. The severe pin adhesion transformed the tapered-and-screwed pin into a tapered pin at a low welding speed of 30 mm/min. The pin adhesion problem was solved with the help of ultrasonic. The weldability of Al/Mg alloys was significantly improved due to the good material flow induced by mechanical vibration and the fragments of the IMCs on the surface of a rotating pin caused by acoustic streaming, respectively. A sound joint with ultrasonic contained long Al/Mg interface joining length and complex mixture of Al/Mg alloys in the stir zone, thereby achieving perfect metallurgical bonding and mechanical interlocking. The ultrasonic could broaden process window and then improve tensile properties. The tensile strength of the Al/Mg joint with ultrasonic reached 115 MPa.     

Influence of the distance between rivets in self-piercing riveting bonded joints made of carbon fiber panels and AA2024 blanks

The increasing use of new materials alternative to steel in manufacturing industry has led to a greater emphasis on the improvement and the development of specific joining approaches allowing to get effective mechanical properties even when different materials are joined together. It should be observed that often the traditional welding techniques show several limitations as aluminum or magnesium alloys are used, and, what is more, they are not compatible with composite materials. The development of structures made of these materials has renewed the use of mechanical fastening operations.The present paper investigates the influence of the distance between rivets in self-piercing riveting joints made of aluminum blanks and carbon fiber composite panels (Al/CFRP). The latter find applications in various fields of naval and land transportation industries. The study also involved a the combined use of this technique with the use of structural adhesives.     

Effects of various tool plunge depths on microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and dome structure features of friction stir spot welded AA5052-H32 similar joints

The solid-state nature of friction stir spot welding process provides outstanding advantages for the sound joining of aluminum alloys. Within this study, 3 mm-thick AA5052-H32 sheets are successfully joined by friction stir spot welding using 2344 hot-worked steel pin to investigate the effects of various tool plunge depths on the microstructure, mechanical and metallurgical properties of similar welds. Therefore, the experiments are performed at different plunge depths in the range of 3 mm–4 mm. Accordingly, the relationships between the process parameter (tool plunge depth) and the responses (microstructure, dome structure, microhardness and lap shear tensile load) are established. Microstructure analyses demonstrate that the increase in the plunge depth leads to more grain refinement within the stir zone, which significantly affects the mechanical performance of the similar joints. This study also indicates that the tool plunge depth in friction stir spot welding process has a noteworthy influence on the characteristic features of the 5052 aluminum alloy joints, such as the dome structure. Moreover, an explicit increase in the microhardness towards the weld stir zone is observed in all specimens. It is found that the average maximum tensile-shear force enhances with the increment in the tool plunge depth from 3 mm to 4 mm.