应用于脉冲负载的蓄电池和超级电容器混合储能的研究

超级电容器与蓄电池混合使用可以充分发挥蓄电池能量密度大和超级电容器功率密度大、充放电速度快的优点,大大提升储能系统的性能。针对独立光伏系统的特点,设计了一种有源式混合储能方案,建立了系统的模型和控制环节。实验结果表明,在负载功率脉动时,蓄电池能够工作在优化的放电状态,并能够有效地减少放电小循环次数,对解决光伏等可再生能源系统中的储能问题,具有现实可行性。     

模糊算法在混合储能系统中的应用及仿真

本文设计了基于两种直流功率变换器的蓄电池—超级电容器并联控制系统,针对混合储能系统充放电过程具有非线性、时变性、滞后性的特点,提出了一种基于模糊算法的储能系统优化控制策略,并在matlab/simulink进行了建模和仿真。仿真和实验结果表明采用新型的控制策略,不仅能够在保持直流母线电压稳定的同时提高储能系统的功率输出能力,而且有效改善传统算法控制中极易产生系统振荡的弊端,优化蓄了电池的工作过程从而延长其寿命。     

基于模型预测-动态规划的微网混合储能能量管理

针对由蓄电池和氢储能装置的混合储能系统,提出一种基于模型预测-动态规划的混合储能系统能量管理策略,协调能源并网对电网造成的冲击、降低系统能量损耗和储能运行成本。建立混合储能系统功率预测模型,构建罚函数将三个评价目标转化为单一目标求解,约束储能系统的容量、功率等指标,并采用动态规划算法优化蓄电池充放电控制。算例结果表明,该控制策略协调了混合储能的功率分配,具有更好的并网平波抑制、降低能耗效果,微网运行具有良好的经济性。     

基于混合储能系统的微电网母线电压控制策略

在孤岛直流微电网中,母线电压是判断其稳定性和衡量电能质量的唯一指标。针对这一现象,在孤岛直流微电网中加入了由蓄电池-超级电容组成的混合储能单元来平抑微电网系统中出现的波动功率,同时对于超级电容控制器添加了补偿电流来提升控制精度,差额功率经过低通滤波器后,高频分量经超级电容器平抑,低频分量经蓄电池平抑,对于母线电压不论是瞬时恢复还是长期的稳定性都得到了保障。试验结果表明,不论是光照强度变化还是负载功率变化,含混合储能系统的微电网母线电压都能快速恢复至额定值,无论是电能质量,还是系统稳定性都具有一定的提升。     

电池储能系统辅助电网调频过程的研究

随着国家能源改革战略推进,倡导清洁能源使用,谋求绿色可持续发展成为未来持续发展主题。储能作为未来电网的重要组成部分,对电网安全稳定运行发挥了重要作用。分布式电池储能系统(BESS)具有功率吞吐快速、调节控制灵活,成本较低等特性,能有效参与电网快速调频,抑制电网频率波动,不仅减少电网调频压力,还丰富电网的辅助服务手段。为了防止电荷变化的突然停止造成反弹,采用一种线性恢复策略解决。对配电网进行调频过程中,为了保证蓄电池的使用寿命和工作状态,对电池的剩余容量(SOC)进行实时监控,及时对电池进行充放电操作,以防止在充放电过程中电池发生过充过放,提高电池的使用时间。通过软件Matlab的仿真测试,仿真数据验证本系统设计合理,电池储能系统能够有效地辅助电网调频。     

有源并联混合储能系统多级电压控制研究

在超级电容和蓄电池的混合储能系统,如果功率分配不当,会造成储能系统充电电流振荡或过大。为此,提出一种以储能元件荷电状态为判断依据的功率分配方法,根据荷电状态确定分解层次,接着添加多级电压控制进行储能功率的初次分配,进一步通过多环PI控制和功率修正,有效抑制充电电流振荡和过充。最后,通过仿真验证了其控制方法的有效性。     

太阳能充放电控制器的设计

为了有效控制太阳能电池的输出率和蓄电池的充放电,设计了一种充放电控制器。系统由太阳能电池、控制器、蓄电池和半导体照明负载四部分组成。通过采集太阳能电池的电压、电流信号,调节PWM控制信号的占空比,实现对太阳能电池能量输出的最大功率点跟踪控制。在蓄电池充、放电过程中,采取断开回路、连接负载的方法来检测其端电压,有效地避免过充、过放情况的发生。     

UPS系统和柴油发电机组接口问题探讨

UPS是为关键负载提供交流不间断电源的设备。市电正常时,UPS从市电获得能源,经过适当的电力变换和调节(最典型的是整流／逆变双变换),消除市电线路的各种干扰,从而为负载提供稳定可靠的交流电源。市电停电时,UPS利用内部蓄电池的储能,经逆变器不间断地供给负载稳定可靠的交流电源。但蓄电池的储能一般只能供电10～30min。对于市电长时间停电,虽然可以采用大容量蓄电池,但保护时间仍然是有限的,而且大容量蓄电池是十分昂贵的。目前国内外普遍认为,大、中功率的UPS系统采用大容量蓄电池并不是经济合理的方法,只有在非常特殊的情况下才推荐采用大容量蓄电池。     

基于优化变分模态分解的混合储能平抑风电波动策略

为解决风力发电随机、间歇特性造成的功率波动问题，文中提出将氢气储能和超级电容器组合成混合储能系统接入风电场中，以平抑风电波动。采用滑动平均滤波确定并网功率和混合储能功率；在储能功率分配方面，针对现有VMD算法参数选择上存在主观性和经验性的问题，提出使用灰狼优化算法对分解个数K及惩罚项α进行寻优，避免分解后各模态之间发生频率混叠的现象。此外，为将各储能设备荷电状态维持在合理范围内，避免过度充放电，采用模糊控制对功率指令进行二次修正。最后以新疆某地区的风电场数据为依据，在Matlab/Simulink中进行仿真，仿真结果表明所提策略具有有效性。     

一种T-SCC脉冲发生器的研制

针对传统Marx发生器存在的时间常数大、输出效率低、输出参数单一等问题,提出一种寄生参数动态模型并设计了T-SCC（Two-switches Capacitors Cells）脉冲发生器。本文通过将S2BM（Solid-State Bipolar Marx）电容储能单元的全桥IGBT结构优化为T-SCC储能单元结构,根据高频高压下功率IGBT呈现容性负载的特性,优化了寄生电容充放电公式从而建立新型T-SCC脉冲发生器寄生参数动态模型。实验结果表明新的T-SCC脉冲发生器能输出双极性脉冲电压,提高了系统输出电压和寄生电容充放电速度,达到了脉冲上升沿压缩的目的。     

Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System With Versatile Power Transfer

This paper presents power-control strategies of a grid-connected hybrid generation system with versatile power transfer. The hybrid system is the combination of photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine, and battery storage via a common dc bus. Versatile power transfer was defined as multimodes of operation, including normal operation without use of battery, power dispatching, and power averaging, which enables grid- or user-friendly operation. A supervisory control regulates power generation of the individual components so as to enable the hybrid system to operate in the proposed modes of operation. The concept and principle of the hybrid system and its control were described. A simple technique using a low-pass filter was introduced for power averaging. A modified hysteresis-control strategy was applied in the battery converter. Modeling and simulations were based on an electromagnetic-transient-analysis program. A 30-kW hybrid inverter and its control system were developed. The simulation and experimental results were presented to evaluate the dynamic performance of the hybrid system under the proposed modes of operation.     

独立光伏系统的储能技术研究

储能环节是独立光伏系统的重要组成部分,其优劣直接影响到光伏系统的好坏。文章简要介绍了独立光伏发电系统、储能技术的特殊要求,分析比较了各种储能技术的基本原理、技术特点、发展现状和储能技术在光伏系统中的适用性。     

Die Bedeutung kurzfristiger und langfristiger Speichertechnologien in der Energiewende

The energy turnaround in Europe results in a rapid development of renewable energy, especially of wind energy and photovoltaic. Because of the short full load hours it is necessary to install large power capacities. However, these capacities can exceed the peak demand and the storage capacities available, and thus cannot be used adequately. The development of centralized and decentralized storage capacities is necessary on the road to predominant renewable energy supply.     

ADVISOR-based model of a battery and an ultra-capacitor energy source for hybrid electric vehicles

An energy source is the heart of a hybrid electric vehicle. If it is capable of supplying enough power at all times, then it is an adequate source. Major problems presently facing the industry include the size, cost, and efficiency of the energy source. The primary energy source presently used in automotive systems is a battery. In order to reduce the cost of the battery, the current needs to be decreased and stabilized so it is not very erratic. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and justify the use of a new model for an energy source: a battery in parallel with an ultra-capacitor. The ultra-capacitor can supply a large burst of current, but cannot store much energy. Conversely, the battery can store mass amounts of energy; however, without expensive and inefficient units, a battery cannot provide the current that the ultra-capacitor can. By combining the two energy sources in parallel, the storage and peak current characteristics desired can be achieved. The standards of the vehicle are not degraded, allowing this to be a promising technique to incorporate into hybrid electric vehicles to reduce their cost and increase the efficiency of their energy-source system.     

光风能混合双动力智能小车设计说明

本文着重分析探讨研究微型风力-太阳能光伏互补发电系统.风能和太阳能具有天然互补性,因此风能与光伏混合双动力,给智能小车供电,可靠性高,同时合理的配置储能装置的容量,效率高.我们希望通过深入研究,为实现新能源综合利用提供一种研究思路与设计方法,以期能为以后的实际工作起到一定的借鉴作用.     

High power thyristor-battery drive for high peak, low average power pulser

High power thyristors are employed with a battery to provide constant voltage to a quarter-megawatt dc load for 1/2 second, in order to operate a sonar transducer at a pulse repetition period of 10 seconds. Despite the heavy pulse power and the low duty cycle, the power drawn from the mains is maintained almost constant at approximately 12.5 kilowatts, with less than 5 percent variation over a power pulse cycle. The system utilizes a battery for energy storage, in conjunction with a phase-controled ac line to charge the battery at essentially constant current. The availability of high power thyristors for a high frequency inverter-type dc to dc converter makes the entire concept feasible, as the battery voltage drops substantially during the pulse. The inverter is pulse-width-controlled during the output power pulse, to maintain the dc output voltage constant within 3 percent during the power pulse. Basic circuits are described for providing the high peak power to the load, and maintaining virtually constant average power drain from the source over the entire cycle.     

磁悬浮飞轮储能设备在UPS系统中的应用研究

磁悬浮飞轮储能设备是指在磁悬浮真空环境下通过高速运转的飞轮来储存能量的装置,具有能耗低、无污染和寿命长等优点,在后备油机及高低压配电系统能快速响应的前提下可完全替代铅酸蓄电池作为UPS系统的新型后备电源。目前,该技术及产品在国外大型数据中心应用广泛,但在国内还比较少见。随着我国通信行业特别是数据中心节能减排问题提上日程,飞轮储能设备将在中国数据中心建设中大显身手。文中通过搭建一套由后备油机、高低压配电设备、UPS主机、飞轮设备及假负载组成的供电系统进行实地联动测试,并分析了在UPS供电系统中利用飞轮设备替代铅酸蓄电池的可行性,最后给出了该技术和产品在中国推广应用的一些建议。     

Power and life extension of battery-ultracapacitor hybrids

The performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analytically described using simplified models. We show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended. Greatest benefits are seen when the load pulse rate is higher than the system eigenfrequency and when the pulse duty is small. Actual benefits are substantial; adding a 23 F ultracapacitor bank (3 × 7 PC10 ultracapacitors) in parallel with a typical Li-ion battery of 7.2 V and 1.35 A hr capacity can boost the peak power capacity by 5 times and reduce the power loss by 74%, while minimally impacting system volume and weight, for pulsed loads of 5 A, 1 Hz repetition rate, and 10% duty     

Design and implementation of a demand-side multifunction batteryenergy storage system

This paper presents a new control strategy in a battery energy storage system (BESS) for multifunction operation. The multifunction BESS operates in two modes: one is the parallel processing mode which can play as an active filter, a power conditioner, or a voltage stabilizer; and the other is the stand-alone mode which acts as a conventional uninterruptible power supply. Basic principle from the conventional control method is used and modified to accomplish the desired operation function. The proposed theoretical formulations are verified by system analysis and simulation to present its performance. A laboratory prototype is fabricated and tested to support the proposed idea of a multifunction battery energy storage system     

Influence of Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy-Storage Sizing on Battery Lifetime in a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Combining high-energy-density batteries and high-power-density ultracapacitors in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) results in a high-performance, highly efficient, low-size, and light system. Often, the battery is rated with respect to its energy requirement to reduce its volume and mass. This does not prevent deep discharges of the battery, which are critical to the lifetime of the battery. In this paper, the ratings of the battery and ultracapacitors are investigated. Comparisons of the system volume, the system mass, and the lifetime of the battery due to the rating of the energy storage devices are presented. It is concluded that not only should the energy storage devices of a FCHEV be sized by their power and energy requirements, but the battery lifetime should also be considered. Two energy-management strategies, which sufficiently divide the load power between the fuel cell stack, the battery, and the ultracapacitors, are proposed. A charging strategy, which charges the energy-storage devices due to the conditions of the FCHEV, is also proposed. The analysis provides recommendations on the design of the battery and the ultracapacitor energy-storage systems for FCHEVs.