活塞运动规律对点燃式HFPE燃烧过程影响的仿真研究

使用仿真软件Converge,建立了点燃式液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)的三维仿真模型。为了解决HFPE的爆震问题,提升其热效率,研究了不同活塞运动规律对HFPE的燃烧过程、爆震倾向与热功转换效率的影响。结果表明:火花点燃式HFPE的爆震燃烧发生在活塞边缘的末端混合气区域,是由若干个爆震核快速扩展而成,与曲柄连杆式火花点燃发动机爆震的发生地点和机理相同;通过改变活塞的运动规律,使活塞上行速度加快,在上止点附近停留时间变短,可以明显减小发动机的爆震倾向与爆震强度。利用优化的活塞运动规律,加上高达14的高压缩比,可以在一定程度上提升发动机的热功指示效率。     

点燃式液压自由活塞发动机高增压燃烧过程的试验与仿真研究

在快速压缩-膨胀机上进行试验,模拟液压自由活塞发动机(hydraulic free piston engine,HFPE)在不同缸内初始压力下的单次燃烧做功过程,并利用OpenFOAM和CONVERGE三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)仿真平台进行增压仿真研究。结果表明:液压自由活塞发动机随着缸内初始压力的增大,相同压缩比下发动机循环周期缩短,活塞在上止点附近停留时间缩短,爆震极限压缩比增大,抗爆能力增强。适当提高缸内初始压力有利于提高指示效率,当缸内初始压力提高至0.15MPa时,发动机指示效率由0.30提高至0.31,但当初始压力达到0.20MPa后,指示效率又降至0.30。针对缸内初始压力进一步增大后出现的效率降低问题,在仿真研究中发现采用多火花塞点火方案,即使在初始压力0.80MPa的条件下也能得到较高的指示效率而不发生爆震。     

自由活塞氢内燃机性能仿真分析

利用MATLAB/Simulink对自由活塞氢内燃机建立动力学与热力学模型,运用状态机描述工作过程中离散状态及事件,并对工作过程进行数值模拟,研究点火位置与燃空当量比对自由活塞氢内燃机性能的影响。仿真研究结果表明：点火位置适当推后有助于提高自由活塞氢内燃机指示功率与指示热效率;增大燃空当量比可以提高自由活塞氢内燃机压缩比与运行频率,指示功率显著增大,指示热效率在燃空当量比为0.7时最高。     

液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律动态仿真研究

为研究液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)的活塞运动特性,建立了液压自由活塞发动机动态仿真模型,针对循环供油量、喷油定时、气门正时、压缩压力、负载压力等主要控制变量对活塞运动情况的影响进行了规律性研究.结果表明:各控制变量的变化影响活塞受力的变化,进而使活塞的下止点位置和压缩比发生变化,并影响发动机的正常运转和性能;循环油量与活塞膨胀行程长度、压缩能量与压缩比均近似呈线性关系;HFPE循环工作是一个多参数耦合和能量重新分配的复杂过程;执行器滞后引入的正时控制误差将是影响控制精度的重要因素.     

SI燃烧过程优化途径的试验和仿真研究

在快速压缩-膨胀机上通过试验和仿真手段,研究了火花塞数目、活塞运动规律、压缩比对单次循环指示功和爆震倾向的影响。研究表明:使用多火花塞点火能缩短燃烧持续期和提高指示功,但是爆震倾向明显增加;提高活塞运动速度,减少活塞在上止点附近的停留时间,可以减少爆震倾向,但是相同条件下指示功有所降低;综合使用多火花塞点火,提高活塞运行速度和采用高达17.5的压缩比,可以提高指示功并抑制爆震,使SI燃烧过程得到优化。     

火花点火式液压自由活塞发动机的模拟试验研究

使用液压快速压缩-膨胀机(RCEM)对火花点火式液压自由活塞发动机(SI-HFPE)的单次工作过程进行了模拟试验研究,研究了在使用甲醇燃料的情况下,液压源压力、点火提前相位、混合气浓度等因素对SI-HFPE活塞运动规律、放热率及指示效率的影响,提出了使用双火花塞同时点火方案。研究结果表明:SI-HFPE的实际压缩比主要受液压源压力和点火提前相位的影响,液压源压力越高或点火提前相位越小,则实际压缩比越大。在10MPa的驱动液压力下,使用双火花塞同时点火,调整合适的点火提前相位,指示效率可以大于45%,此时的实际压缩比达到18。     

对置活塞二冲程汽油机燃烧特性试验

通过对置活塞二冲程缸内直喷汽油机进行原理样机燃烧特性试验,研究了对置活塞运动相位差、扫气压力、点火正时和点火方式等对燃烧过程和整机性能的影响规律.对置活塞二冲程汽油机缸内放热规律试验结果与传统汽油机一致,可分为火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧后期.对置活塞运动相位差过小会导致缸内扫气效率较低、残余废气量较高,不利于燃烧过程的组织;同时,对置活塞相对运动速度过快会导致内止点过后气缸工作容积变化率较大,缸内压力和温度下降较快.对置活塞运动相位差为15°,CA时,可有效改善扫气过程和燃烧组织.随着转速的升高,需要提高扫气压力,在提高扫气效率的同时增加混合气质量,提高燃烧速率.扫气压力为0.12,MPa时可兼顾中、高转速下缸内扫气过程和燃烧组织.对置活塞采用平顶结构时,需要配合双火花塞对置点火且点火提前角为20°,CA,可保证中、高负荷具有最高的指示热效率.     

液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律自适应特性的研究

在一台液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)样机上进行了活塞运动规率的试验。研究表明:活塞的运动规律对于燃烧相位和累积放热量的变动具有自适应性;随着燃烧相位的提前或累积放热量的增大,活塞换向提前,最大升程和压缩比降低;这种自适应性可有效避免均质压燃过程中的爆震与后燃现象,保证缸内最高压力、最大放热速率的稳定,减少指示功的损失。     

液压自由活塞发动机点火系统的研制

液压自由活塞发动机是将内燃机与液压泵集成为一体的新型特种发动机，由于无曲轴-连杆等旋转部件，使得其点火系统与曲轴式发动机有着诸多不同，本文结合液压自由活塞发动机的结构及运动特点，设计了液压自由活塞发动机的基本点火电路及外围电路，以数字仿真为基础，为主要元器件结构选型及参数选择提供根据，并在样机的调试过程中，对点火系统进行了实测。仿真研究和实测结果说明了所设计的计算机控制点火系统是简单易行的。     

液压自由活塞发动机中HCCI燃烧优化的试验研究

使用液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)进行试验,研究了正庚烷在均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程中,当量比与压缩比对低温反应始点、高温反应始点、两阶段放热量比例及指示效率的影响。研究结果表明:压缩比一定时,混合气当量比越低,低温反应始点越提前,高温反应始点越推迟,同时低温反应释放热量与高温反应释放热量的比例越高;当量比一定时,压缩比越大,低温反应始点与高温反应始点均提前,同时低温反应释放热量与高温反应释放热量比例越低;当量比从0.30增大到0.40的过程中,最大指示热效率有略微减小的趋势,其中最大值与最小值相差为3.0%;当量比一定时,存在一个效率最高的压缩比,压缩比过低或过高都会影响热功转化效率的提高。     

二冲程液压自由活塞发动机换气过程影响因素的仿真研究

利用CONVERGE软件建立了二冲程液压自由活塞发动机换气过程的三维计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）仿真模型，并且基于液压自由活塞发动机的独特结构，研究了气口比时面值、扫气箱压缩比、活塞顶倾角和活塞杆直径对换气过程的影响。结果表明：在未发生废气倒流时，扫气效率主要与扫气比时面值有关，增大扫气比时面值有利于提高扫气效率；捕获率主要与排气比时面值有关，减小排气比时面值有利于增大捕获率；提高扫气箱压缩比有利于提高扫气效率，扫气箱压缩比从1.2增加到2.1，扫气效率提升9.8%；适当增大活塞顶倾角有利于扫气效率和捕获率的提高；减小活塞杆直径有利于提升扫气效率，但同时会导致捕获率下降。     

液压自由活塞发动机的能量平衡分析

液压自由活塞发动机是将一次动力机－内燃机与二次动力机－液压泵的集成为一体，以液体为工作介质，利用油液压力能来实现动力非刚性传输的复合发动机，针对稳态运转的液压自由活塞发动机，分析了其能量输入，耗散，分配及输出情况，给出了各能量组分所占的比例，并估算了活塞的最大运动速度和负载压力，为HFPE的结构设计，控制和效率提高指明方向。     

Explorations of the impacts on a hydrogen fuelled opposed rotary piston engine performance by ignition timing under part load conditions

High power density of opposed rotary piston (ORP) engines provides a possibility for the applications to hybrid vehicles. Under real driving conditions, internal combustion engines as the power sources of hybrid vehicles run under part load conditions in majorities of operation time. Hydrogen applications in internal combustion engines will promote zero-carbon travel, contributing to alleviating global warming. In this investigation, 3D numerical simulations were conducted to explore the performance of an ORP engine fuelled with hydrogen under part load and various ignition timing conditions. The results indicated that peak in-cylinder pressure and corresponding crank angle (CA) changed slightly within the early ignition range of ?20.85º CA~ ?14.23º CA; peak in-cylinder pressure was decreased significantly by late ignition. Heat release rates were more sensitive to late ignition than early ignition. Start of combustion, combustion phase, and combustion durations presented minor impacts by early ignition and engine loads. Ignition timing of ?20.85º CA~ ?11.06º CA showed limited impacts on indicated mean effective pressure and indicated power over individual intake manifold pressure. Indicated thermal efficiency was around 40% for the ignition timing of ?20.85º CA~ ?11.06º CA over the intake manifold pressure of 0.8 bar; indicated thermal efficiency drop caused by ignition timing of ?8.33º CA was higher than 7% compared with optimal conditions. Heat loss by cylinder walls in proportions of fuel energy was lower than 25%, 20%, 18% for the intake manifold pressure of 0.4 bar, 0.6 bar, 0.8 bar respectively. Energy loss by the exhaust was higher than 41% for all the scenarios, with the maximum value being approximately 57%. Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission factors were higher than 11 g (kW h)^?1, and they were increased significantly by early ignition.     

An experimental study of a single-piston free piston linear generator

Free piston linear generator (FPLG) is a promising range extender for the electrical vehicle with unparallel advantages, such as compact structure, higher system efficiency, and reduced maintenance cost. However, due to the lack of the mechanic crankshaft, the related piston motion control is a challenge for the FPLG which causes problems such as misfire and crash and limits its widespread commercialization. Aimed at resolving the problems as misfire, a single-piston FPLG prototype has been designed and manufactured at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU). In this paper, the development process and experimental validation of the related control strategies were detailed. From the experimental studies, significant misfires were observed at first, while the FPLG operated in natural-aspiration conditions. The root cause of this misfire was then identified as the poor scavenging process, and a compressed air source was leveraged to enhance the related scavenging pressure. Afterward, optimal control parameters, in terms of scavenging pressure, air-fuel equivalence ratio, and ignition position, were then calibrated in this charged-scavenging condition. Eventually, the FPLG prototype has achieved a continuous stable operation of over 1000 cycles with an ignition rate of 100% and a cycle-to-cycle variation of less than 0.8%, produced an indicated power of 2.8 kW with an indicated thermal efficiency of 26% and an electrical power of 2.5 kW with an overall efficiency of 23.2%.     

Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic free-piston engine considering hydraulic valve dynamics

This paper describes the design of a single piston compression ignition hydraulic free-piston engine. An engine simulation model considering hydraulic valve dynamics is built. Extensive simulated results are presented and the major features of the engine are discussed. Experimental results from a full-cycle test of a prototype are also included and analysed integrated with simulation as well. The good agreement between experiments and simulations confirms the model can predict the engine performance. The engine takes more time in the suck phase for one cycle, which is helpful in sucking the low-pressure oil into the pump chamber. The dynamics of valves on the hydraulic chambers affect the chamber pressures. The pump chamber valve response lag compared with the piston displacement affects not only the chamber volumetric efficiency but also the engine fuel economy. The unchangeable piston motion trajectory makes the engine possible to get a high volumetric efficiency with fixed check valves. The rebound changes the compression stroke length and should be considered in the engine control. Asymmetric strokes appear when the engine is running under the piston self-excited vibration frequency.