层内自生CO2提高采收率技术现状*

自生CO_2提高采收率技术是通过化学药剂的相互作用,在储层内自发产生CO_2或者泡沫进行调驱的一种新技术,该技术不需要天然CO_2资源、能控制产气量、注入工艺简便、与地层配伍性好,是一种极具潜力的提高采收率技术。在深入调研的基础上,本文综述了近年来自生CO_2产气体系的研究进展以及自生CO_2提高采收率技术的作用机理,为后续进一步深入研究该技术提供参考和借鉴。图2参57     

海上油田多轮次自生CO2泡沫调剖效果评价研究

目的自生CO₂泡沫体系在多轮次调剖中增油效果逐渐减弱,亟需分析该体系的效果递减规律。 方法结合渤海油田的纵向非均质储层特征,利用大尺寸可视化平板物理模型和数值模拟模型,研究了多轮次自生CO₂泡沫调剖的规律,尝试了延长体系的反应时间以增加其作用距离。 结果水驱仅能波及纵向非均质模型下部的高渗层,未启动上部的低渗层;自生CO₂泡沫调剖体系可进入高渗层形成封堵,启动低渗层,第一轮调剖提高采收率值超过10%,但是随着调剖轮次的增加,体系未能进入储层更深的位置,提高采收率值不断降低,至第4轮调剖时不足1%;高渗层的剩余油在两翼部位富集,低渗层的剩余油分布均匀。 结论自生CO₂泡沫体系的作用距离有限,调剖轮次增加却未能作用于更深储层,延长反应时间以增加其作用距离,多轮次调剖的效果更好,采收率总提高值为3.66%。      

pH值响应性液流转向剂对自生CO2调驱效果优化研究与应用

针对渤海油田多轮次自生CO_2调驱效果逐渐递减的问题,通过室内物理模拟实验分析了原因,并提出一种利用pH值响应性深部液流转向剂优化自生CO_2调驱效果的方法。岩心驱替实验表明:一轮常规自生CO_2调驱采收率可在水驱基础上提高25.61%,二轮调驱已无增油效果;二轮调驱时加入0.1 PV凝胶,采收率可在一轮常规调驱基础上提高6.11%,但驱替压力由0.07 MPa增至0.7 MPa,表明凝胶体系能够改善调驱效果,但注入性差;二轮调驱时加入0.1 PV的pH值响应性堵剂,注入压力在0.05～0.35 MPa波动,最终采收率可在一轮常规调驱基础上增加12.33%,且调驱后注入压力无明显增加,表明堵剂具有良好的注入性,不影响后续注水。2015年和2018年,分别在渤海油田A区块开展了两轮次现场试验,一轮为常规自生CO_2调驱,措施后累计增油1 371 m~3;二轮为自生CO_2优化调驱,措施后累计增油2 317 m~3,较第一轮增油效果明显改善。     

氨基改性吸附剂在低CO2分压下吸附CO2的热力学研究

为了减少温室效应,应采取有效措施减少温室气体CO2的排放。氨基改性吸附剂是捕获烟道气中CO2的重要吸附材料。建立了描述氨基改性MCM-41吸附剂在低CO2压力下吸附等温线的平衡模型,并计算了吸附热力学参数。该模型基于Dual-site Langmuir模型,同时假设CO2吸附具有两种独立的吸附机理,分别是氨基基团的化学吸附和吸附剂表面的物理吸附,提出了一种基于未改性介孔材料吸附容量和比表面积计算改性材料的物理吸附量方法。结果表明,该模型能较好地拟合吸附等温线,计算得到的物理化学吸附热分别为-25.4kJ/mol和-41.9kJ/mol,总吸附热为-67.3kJ/mol,与实验数据一致,且氨基改性MCM-41-TEPA饱和吸附容量可达到7.79mmol/g。     

莺歌海盆地CO2成因及与国内外典型CO2气藏的类比

本文重点阐述了莺歌海盆地浅层CO₂气藏的成因及地质地化特征,并与中国东部、东南亚地区和其它地区典型CO₂气藏进行了类比,找出了其差异性和相同点。在此基础上,指出了本区烃类天然气的勘探方向。     

油田用于CO2起泡的表面活性剂的研究现状

介绍了油田用CO_2泡沫的发展过程,以及对用作起泡剂的表面活性剂的要求。重点介绍了国内外CO_2泡沫用表面活性剂的发展现状,现场用于CO_2泡沫的水溶性表面活性剂的种类,用于CO_2泡沫的溶于CO_2的表面活性剂的研究现状,并总结了CO_2泡沫在现场的应用情况。     

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在获取大量地质地化资料的基础上，重点对CO₂成因及运聚成藏的主要控制因素进行了深入的剖析与探讨。研究表明，莺歌海盆地壳源型及壳幔混合型CO₂形成及富集成藏，主要受控于泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚的上新统—中新统海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，且其运聚分布规律亦具多期和分层分区的特点；琼东南盆地东部及珠江口盆地火山幔源型成因CO₂则主要受控于幔源型火山活动与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的发育展布程度,其运聚富集规律与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO₂气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所伴生的大量CO₂。因此,根据壳源型岩化成因CO₂与火山幔源型成因CO₂不同成因及成藏条件，可以追踪其气源,分析和预测天然气尤其是CO₂运聚分布规律,为天然气勘探部署及决策提供依据，减少和降低勘探风险。     

CO2气体非常规储存方法

随着《京都议定书》的实施，如何经济有效地控制CO₂的排放量，减缓温室效应对我国已显得越来越迫切。非常规储存是将排放到大气中的CO₂，通过采集回注到地下煤气层、废油气储层或深海盐水储层中储存的方法，主要有CO₂水合物法、煤层气置换法、CO₂驱替甲烷水合物、注CO₂提高原油或凝析油的采收率、深海盐水储层储存法等。从储存的机理方面介绍了各种非常规储存CO₂的方法，并从技术和经济的角度对各种方法进行了评价。指出对于具有相同烃类孔隙体积的油气藏来说，由于气体更容易压缩，地质构造封闭性好，气藏、凝析气藏在储存CO₂方面具有更大的优势。     

油田CO2驱受益单井计量装置研究与应用

目的提升延安地区某油田CO₂驱先导试验区受益井生产管理水平,更好地对CO₂驱先导试验实施效果进行系统的评价。 方法采用立式双容积式计量结构,设计了压力平衡管,应用GN704新型疏油疏水材料,并集成CO₂气体和含水分析仪、气体流量计等设备,研发出一套智能化油井计量装置。 结果该计量装置产液计量误差小于4%,含水率计量误差小于4%,伴生气计量误差小于7%。结论该装置结构紧凑,气液分离效果好,可实现油田单井油气水三相计量及伴生气中CO₂含量分析,并能有效解决冬季原油挂壁对计量精度准确度影响的问题,对CO₂-EOR技术应用效果评价和现场推广有重要意义。     

延长油田致密砂岩油藏CO2驱油机理研究

CO_2驱是提高低渗透油田产量、缓解温室效应的有效途径。针对鄂尔多斯盆地油藏压力系数低、原油轻质组分含量高的特点,通过PVT和最小混相压力等测试分析方法,揭示了低压、低孔、低渗油藏CO_2驱提高采收率主要机理。开展了CO_2注入储层与无机、有机物作用后的沉淀研究,表明CO_2在无机盐溶液中不会形成沉淀堵塞孔隙,CO_2与有机质作用后沉积点高于油藏压力,且注入压力越高,CO_2在地层原油中的溶解能力越强,目标区块CO_2注入后不易形成沥青质沉淀。物模驱替实验结果表明,均质岩心的采出程度明显高于非均质岩心,且随着岩心非均质性的增加,水驱采出程度、气驱采出程度及最终采出程度均明显下降。     

CO2准干法压裂技术研究及应用

致密砂岩气藏普遍具有储层物性差、孔喉细、黏土矿物含量高的特征,水力压裂易导致储层产生水敏、水锁等液相伤害,影响增产效果。针对此问题,研究了CO₂准干法压裂技术,重点开展了准干法压裂工作液组成、携砂性能、耐温耐剪切性能等方面的研究,形成了一种液态CO₂中含有少量水基压裂液的均匀混合相体系,具有液相伤害小、造缝携砂性能好、现场操作性强等特点,可满足大砂量、高砂比压裂施工要求。该技术在冀东油田南堡5号构造深层致密砂岩气藏进行先导试验,压后单井日增油2.5倍,日增气8.6倍,增产效果理想。      

CO2 sequestration through enhanced oil recovery in a mature oil field

Recent advances in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology create new opportunities for CO₂ sequestration. This paper proposes a technical–economic model for underground storage of CO₂ emitted by a fertilizer industry in the Northeast of Brazil, in a hypothetical mature oil reservoir through EOR operation. Simulations based on mass, energy and entropy balances, as well as economic analysis, were assessed for the process of CO₂ sequestration combined with EOR. This model takes into account the energy requirements for the whole CO₂ sequestration process, as well as the emissions inherent to the process. Additionally, a breakdown cost methodology is proposed to estimate the main financial determinants of the integrated EOR with CO₂ sequestration (costs of CO₂ purchase, compression, transportation and storage). Project evaluation is derived from a cash flow model, regarding reservoir production profile, price and costs, capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), carbon credits, depreciation time, fiscal assumptions etc. A sensitivity analysis study is carried out to identify the most critical variables. Project feasibility, as expected, is found to be very sensitive to oil price, oil production, and CAPEX. Moreover, there is the contribution from the mitigation of the greenhouse gas (GHG) by storing a significant amount of CO₂ in the reservoir where it can remain for thousands of years.     

Exploitation of fractured shale oil resources by cyclic CO2 injection

With shale oil reservoir pressure depletion and recovery of hydrocarbons from formations, the fracture apertures and conductivity are subject to reduction due to the interaction between stress effects and proppants. Suppose most of the proppants were concentrated in dominant fractures rather than sparsely allocated in the fracture network, the fracture conductivity would be less influenced by the induced stress effect. However, the merit of uniformly distributed proppants in the fracture network is that it increases the contact area for the injection gas with the shale matrix. In this paper, we address the question whether we should exploit or confine the fracture complexity for CO₂-EOR in shale oil reservoirs. Two proppant transport scenarios were simulated in this paper: Case 1—the proppant is uniformly distributed in the complex fracture system, propagating a partially propped or un-propped fracture network; Case 2—the proppant primarily settles in simple planar fractures. A series of sensitivity studies of the fracture conductivity were performed to investigate the conductivity requirements in order to more efficiently produce from the shale reservoirs. Our simulation results in this paper show the potential of CO₂ huff-n-puff to improve oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs. Simulation results indicate that the ultra-low permeability shales require an interconnected fracture network to maximize shale oil recovery in a reasonable time period. The well productivity of a fracture network with a conductivity of 4 mD ft achieves a better performance than that of planar fractures with an infinite conductivity. However, when the conductivity of fracture networks is inadequate, the planar fracture treatment design maybe a favorable choice. The available literature provides limited information on the relationship between fracture treatment design and the applicability of CO₂ huff-n-puff in very low permeability shale formations. Very limited field test or laboratory data are available on the investigation of conductivity requirements for cyclic CO₂ injection in shale oil reservoirs. In the context of CO₂ huff-n-puff EOR, the effect of fracture complexity on well productivity was examined by simulation approaches.     

天然气净化厂低压尾气CO2回收技术研究

为了节能减排,降低天然气净化厂尾气中CO_2排放量,分别通过实验室实验、模拟试验、侧线试验逐步研究并验证了MEA和复合胺对CO_2的吸收性能。采用实验研究与现场测试、评价相结合的方法,开发出一套适合于普光天然气净化厂烟气排放工况的CO_2回收工艺,为实现天然气净化厂低碳生产与CO_2减排提供了技术支持。     

低渗透砂砾岩油藏二氧化碳驱提高采收率

焉耆盆地本布图油田低渗透砂砾岩油藏早期采用注水开发,储集层伤害严重,注水困难,采出程度低,亟需开展转换注驱研究,进一步提高采收率。为确定本布图油田低渗透砂砾岩油藏注CO₂提高采收率的可行性,开展了室内实验研究。结果表明,研究区地层原油膨胀性好,易降黏,易混相;最小混相压力为25 MPa,在目前地层压力下可达到近混相驱,驱油效率较高,具有大幅提高采收率的潜力。利用数值模拟对CO₂驱开发技术进行优化设计,采用五点法井网,连续注气开发,预计提高采收率13.37%,CO₂换油率0.330 t/t,为下一步矿场试验提供了理论依据。     

人工裂缝参数对CO2-ESGR中CO2封存和CH4开采的影响

目的 页岩储层中的裂缝系统对CH₄产量和CO₂封存量有着重要的影响,不同的储层地质特征有其对应的最优压裂方案。对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩储层人工裂缝参数对CO₂封存和CH₄开采的影响进行分析。方法 基于鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩储层地质条件建立了页岩基质-裂缝双孔双渗均质模型,分析CO₂增强页岩气开采技术(CO₂-ESGR)中人工裂缝半长、裂缝宽度、裂缝高度、裂缝间距和裂缝数量对CO₂封存量和CH₄产量的影响。结果 CO₂封存量和CH₄产量与裂缝半长、裂缝宽度和裂缝高度呈正相关,其中裂缝宽度的影响最大,从5 mm增加到25 mm时,最多可使CO₂封存量和CH₄产量分别增加112.69%和87.11%。裂缝间距和裂缝数量增加可提高CO₂封存量和CH₄产量,但水平井长度相同时裂缝数量增加对CO...     

Optimal activated carbon for separation of CO2 from (H2 + CO2) gas mixture

Seven types of activated carbon were used to investigate the effect of their structure on separation of CO₂ from (H₂ + CO₂) gas mixture by the adsorption method at ambient temperature and higher pressures. The results showed that the limiting factors for separation of CO₂ from 53.6 mol% H₂ + 46.4 mol% CO₂ mixture and from 85.1 mol% H₂ + 14.9 mol% CO₂ mixture were different at 20 C and about 2 MPa. The best separation result could be achieved when the pore diameter of the activated carbon ranged from 0.77 to 1.20 nm, and the median particle size was about 2.07 lm for 53.6 mol% H₂ ? 46.4 mol% CO₂ mixture and 1.41 lm for 85.1 mol% H₂ + 14.9 mol% CO₂ mixture. The effect of specific area and pore diameter of activated carbon on separation CO₂ from 53.6 mol% H₂ ? 46.4 mol% CO₂ mixture was more significant than that from 85.1 mol% H₂ ? 14.9 mol% CO₂ mixture. CO₂ in the gas phase can be decreased from 46.4 mol% to 2.3 mol%–4.3 mol% with a two-stage separation process.