聚葡萄糖对冻藏面筋蛋白水合及结构的影响

为提高面筋蛋白的冻藏稳定性,采用核磁共振仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪和扫描电子显微镜,研究冻藏条件下添加聚葡萄糖对面筋蛋白体系中水分分布、二级结构、热力学特性、流变学特性及微观结构的影响。结果表明,随冻藏时间延长,添加6%(质量分数)聚葡萄糖的面筋蛋白中弱结合水向自由水的转化量显著减少,抑制了面筋蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋下降及无规则卷曲增大,提高了面筋蛋白的热力学稳定性;冻藏7周时,添加6%(质量分数)聚葡萄糖的面筋蛋白,储能模量和耗能模量下降显著小于对照,且面筋蛋白三维网络结构较均匀,孔径较小,连续性较好。结果表明,聚葡萄糖能有效减弱冻藏对面筋网络的破坏,提升面筋蛋白的冻藏稳定性。     

牡丹花蕊蛋白对面团和面筋蛋白特性的影响

为实现牡丹花蕊资源化利用,以大豆分离蛋白为参照,研究牡丹花蕊蛋白对面团和面筋蛋白质构、动态流变学特性、二硫键、表面微观结构和二级结构的影响。结果表明,牡丹花蕊蛋白能够明显提高面团的硬度、黏着性和咀嚼性,添加量低于6%时效果优于大豆分离蛋白。添加花蕊蛋白提高了面团的储能模量与损耗模量,使得面团黏弹性增加。牡丹花蕊蛋白对面筋蛋白网络结构形成的影响与大豆分离蛋白基本一致,添加量为6%时,扫描电镜显示面筋蛋白气孔数量多且孔洞深,网络结构致密;面筋蛋白二级结构中,相对稳定的α-螺旋+β-折叠占比达到最大值59.32%,与空白组相比二硫键含量提高了89%。牡丹花蕊蛋白能够有效促进面筋蛋白网络结构的形成,提高面团的品质,可用于对黏弹性要求较高的面制品生产。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白分子质量、游离巯基、二级结构和微观结构及持水性、流变性、热特性的功能特性影响,从小麦粉中提取面筋蛋白,运用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳、流变仪、差示扫描量热仪、紫外分光光度计、傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白结构和功能特性进行分析。结果表明,与对照相比,KGM显著增强了面筋蛋白的持水性,提高了面筋蛋白黏弹特性、变性温度（Tp）和变性焓（ΔH）。在KGM存在的情况下,面筋二级结构α-螺旋和β-折叠结构占比增加,β-转角结构和无规卷曲结构减少,使其在冷冻环境下更加稳定。扫描电子显微镜图像分析表明KGM取代度为1.5%时,面筋蛋白微观结构具有明显的海绵状结构和更大的孔隙。KGM对冷冻小麦面团中的面筋蛋白特性有显著影响,对面筋蛋白起到冷冻保护作用。     

不同谷物麸皮对面团流变学特性及面筋蛋白结构的影响

本实验选用小麦麸皮、黑小麦麸皮、燕麦麸皮为原材料,探究在高添加量(质量分数30%)情况下不同谷物麸皮对面团流变学特性、面筋蛋白组成及结构的影响。结果表明,谷物麸皮含有丰富的膳食纤维,麸皮的加入使面团的吸水率、黏度崩解值显著增加,回生值显著降低,面团的形成时间、稳定时间虽与麸皮种类有关,但整体均呈上升趋势;添加麸皮的面筋蛋白中麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白比例增加了24.7%~73.0%、二硫键含量显著下降了26.0%~35.5%;面筋蛋白中的二级结构以β-折叠为主,小麦麸皮和黑小麦麸皮的加入使得面筋蛋白中的β-转角结构向β-折叠结构转化;扫描电子显微镜图显示麸皮的加入破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构。综上所述,谷物麸皮的加入改变了面筋蛋白的组成及二级结构,这些变化可能是导致面团流变学特性及面制品品质下降的原因。     

柑橘纤维添加对面筋蛋白的影响研究

文章探究柑橘纤维不同添加量(0、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%)对面筋蛋白特性的影响,结果表明：面筋蛋白复合物的持水力随柑橘纤维添加量的增加显著增加;乳化稳定性、乳化活性下降;弹性、黏性模量均增加,tanδ值降低,面筋蛋白复合物朝固体性质发展;二硫键含量下降;二级结构中,β-折叠含量降低,聚集体含量也降低,而β-转角、α-螺旋含量上升,说明二级结构变得不稳定无序,面筋蛋白发生一定程度的解聚。扫描电镜结果表明,面筋蛋白复合物孔洞不再均匀分布,有不规则大空洞出现,结构变得不稳定。综上所述,柑橘纤维的添加改变了面筋蛋白的功能特性及蛋白结构可能是诱导面团特性及面包品质下降的主要原因。     

添加面筋蛋白对鸡肉凝胶品质特性的改善

为改善鸡肉凝胶品质,以面筋蛋白作为辅料,通过测定共混凝胶的色泽、蒸煮损失、保水性、质构特性、流变特性、微观结构和化学作用力等指标,探究了面筋蛋白对鸡肉凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,随面筋蛋白添加量增加,凝胶的L^*值、a^*值下降,b^*值上升;蒸煮损失持续下降,在面筋蛋白添加量为8%时为8. 44%;保水性、硬度、咀嚼性总体上升,其中保水性在添加量为8%时为94. 27%,与添加量为12%时相比,差异不显著(P>0. 05);弹性、回复性先升后降,均在添加量为8%时达到最大,与对照相比分别上升了4. 97%和12. 84%;面筋蛋白的添加增强了凝胶的氢键和疏水相互作用,且在添加量为8%时,疏水作用最强; G’值随面筋蛋白添加量增加而升高,且均高于对照组;添加8%的面筋蛋白使凝胶形成了一个均匀致密、高度有序的空间网络结构。总之,添加8%的面筋蛋白可以显著改善鸡肉凝胶的各项品质。     

亚麻籽胶及沙蒿胶对冻融面筋蛋白微观结构和持水性的影响

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等方法研究亚麻籽胶（flaxseedgum,FG）及沙蒿胶（Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum,ASKG）对冻融循环处理后小麦面筋蛋白二级结构、微观结构、二硫键及持水性等的影响规律,以揭示亲水胶体对冷冻面团内面筋蛋白的保护机制。结果表明：冻融循环处理破坏了面筋蛋白网络结构的有序化,而FG及ASKG能够与面筋蛋白的网络结构交联形成稳定的交联结构。FG和ASKG添加量为0.4%时,面筋蛋白具有最为均匀致密的网络结构。FG和ASKG的添加整体上增加了面筋蛋白二硫键含量（52.21～90.49、52.21～83.44μmol/g）及α-螺旋相对含量（25.50%～34.57%、25.50%～34.36%）,使面筋蛋白结构在冻融循环条件下更加稳定。此外,FG和ASKG的添加还可使面筋蛋白表面疏水性降低（溴酚蓝结合量为152.3～110.89、152.3～97.14μg）,从而增强面筋蛋白对水分的束缚能力;胶体添加量为0.4%时持水力最大,分别是未添加胶体且经冻融处理的面筋蛋白组的1.46、1.43倍。综上,FG和ASKG...     

菊粉对小麦面筋蛋白理化性质的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜研究菊粉添加量对小麦面筋蛋白乳化特性和热特性的影响,并对小麦面筋蛋白的结构进行表征。结果表明,较低添加量的菊粉对小麦蛋白乳化性能的影响较显著,10%的菊粉可以使其乳化活性提高14.4%,7.5%的菊粉可以使蛋白质乳化稳定性提高18.7%。热力学实验表明菊粉可以提高蛋白质变性温度,降低焓变值,添加12.5%的菊粉可以最大程度提高蛋白质变性温度。面筋蛋白网络结构随着菊粉的添加更加致密。通过对小麦面筋蛋白的结构分析表明：添加20%的菊粉会使蛋白质中二硫键相对含量增加2.22 倍,小麦蛋白的β-转角结构在添加菊粉后向β-折叠结构和无规卷曲结构转化。     

不同品种小麦面筋蛋白的功能性质

以10个品种小麦面筋蛋白为研究对象,研究了不同品种小麦面筋蛋白的持水性、持油性等水化性质,以及起泡性、泡沫稳定性和乳化性等表面性质,并分析了面筋蛋白的游离巯基、二硫键和二级结构。结果表明,面筋蛋白的功能特性在不同品种间存在差异。高筋小麦面筋蛋白的持水性、持油性显著高于低筋和中筋小麦面筋蛋白（P<0.05）,新麦26和师栾02-1面筋蛋白分别具有最强的持水性和持油性（其值分别为356.58%、392.5%）。测试样品中,低筋小麦面筋蛋白具有高的起泡性和表面疏水性,豫保1号面筋蛋白起泡性高达183.33%,而郑麦103面筋蛋白表面疏水性最强（P<0.05）。不同品种小麦面筋蛋白的游离巯基和二硫键含量不同,高筋小麦面筋蛋白含有较高的二硫键,而低筋小麦面筋蛋白游离巯基含量高。此外,高筋小麦面筋蛋白具有较高比例的α-螺旋结构,而低筋小麦面筋蛋白具有高比例的β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构。本研究结果可为面筋蛋白的精深加工和在具体领域的应用提供一定的科学依据。     

κ-卡拉胶对面筋蛋白功能特性及结构的影响

实验采用流变仪、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究不同浓度κ-卡拉胶对面筋蛋白持水性、黏弹性、二级结构及超微结构的影响。结果表明,随着卡拉胶添加量的增加,面筋蛋白的持水性呈上升趋势,当卡拉胶的添加量达到0.9%时,持水性从原样品的103%增加至129%;而同时储能模量(G’)和损耗模量(G’’)都有明显的增加,体系的G’始终大于G’’,具有典型黏弹性流体的特性。添加卡拉胶后面筋蛋白β折叠含量几乎不变,而α螺旋含量下降5%,β转角含量上升4%,说明卡拉胶的添加导致α螺旋向β转角的转化,但随着卡拉胶添加量的增加,面筋蛋白结构几乎不再发生变化。SEM中面筋蛋白呈现网络状结构,孔洞分布和大小都比较均匀,其直径为(10~15)μm,随着卡拉胶浓度的增加,网孔直径下降,有球状分离物醇溶蛋白的出现,且醇溶蛋白直径随着卡拉胶浓度的上升而下降。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性.在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素.蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白...     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.     

Effect of amidation on the foaming and physico-chemical properties of bovine serum albumin

Amidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by a water-soluble carbo-diimide, ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated reaction using ammonium chloride as the nucleophile. Partial and substantial amidation of 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 5.5 m ammonium chloride solution with 1 times 10-²mmol EDC over 120 min and 1 times 10^-1mmol EDC over 10 min respectively was achieved on a large scale using diafiltration for rapid termination of the reaction and purification. Residual ammonium chloride otherwise enhanced foaming properties. The amidated proteins were characterized by isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis and hydrophobicity and disulphide- and sulphydryl-group measurements. Compared with native BSA, partially amidated BSA (PA-BSA) produced enhanced foam expansion and foam stability values. This was attributed to minimal denaturation and to the presence of both acidic and basic components (pI range 5.25–7.50) within the single protein. In contrast, substantially amidated BSA (SA-BSA) (pI range 7–9.1) had similar foaming properties to those of the ultrafiltered BSA control which were slightly lower than those of native BSA. However SA-BSA interacted synergistically with native BSA producing enhanced foaming properties particularly at the 1:1 ratio through electrostatic interactions, conformational changes and increased hydrophobicity.     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

芝麻蛋白研究概况

简述芝麻蛋白的结构及氨基酸组成、蛋白质性质和应用,并展望进一步研究芝麻蛋白的 前景。