差分隐私的高维数据发布研究综述

大数据时代的到来,使得信息量暴增的同时,数据维度也呈现几何式增长。在保护用户隐私的前提下,如何充分挖掘高维数据的可用信息,成为了大数据发布领域的研究热点和难点。差分隐私作为一种强大的隐私保护模型,被越来越多地应用到高维数据发布中。本文归纳了差分隐私及其相关方法在高维数据发布的应用,重点分析了差分隐私和特征降维、特征抽取、贝叶斯网络、树模型以及最新提出的粗糙集和随机投影等方法在高维数据发布中结合应用的优缺点,梳理了各个方法在高维数据方面的应用和对比,最后对未来差分隐私在高维数据发布中的应用方向进行了展望。     

面向高维数据发布的个性化差分隐私算法

在高维数据隐私发布过程中,差分隐私预算大小直接影响噪音的添加.针对不能合理地为多个相对独立的低维属性集合合理分配隐私预算,进而影响合成发布数据集的安全性和可用性,提出一种个性化隐私预算分配算法(PPBA).引入最大支撑树和属性节点权重值降低差分隐私指数机制挑选属性关系对的候选空间,提高贝叶斯网络精确度,提出使用贝叶斯网络中节点动态权重值衡量低维属性集合的敏感性排序.根据发布数据集安全性和可用性的个性化需求,个性化设置差分隐私预算分配比值常数q值,实现对按敏感性排序的低维属性集合个性化分配拉普拉斯噪音.理论分析和实验结果表明, PPBA算法相比较于同类算法能够满足高维数据发布安全性和可用性的个性化需求,同时具有更低的时间复杂度.     

基于奇异值分解的大型社交网络差分隐私算法

针对基于随机投影的差分隐私算法中存在直接对降维数据直接添加噪声导致基于欧氏距离数据挖掘中数据可用性较差的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的差分隐私算法。该算法首先对高维社交网络的数据利用随机投影进行降维,然后对降维后的数据进行奇异值分解并对奇异值加入高斯噪声,最后通过奇异值分解逆运算生成待发布矩阵。该算法利用的奇异值矩阵是一个仅有主对角线上有值的矩阵,值的个数为矩阵的秩,与直接对降维后的数据直接添加高斯噪声相比,对奇异值矩阵中的值添加高斯噪声能有效地降低噪声的加入量。理论证明该算法满足差分隐私,并设计了欧氏距离差实验和谱聚类实验用于分析算法的数据可用性,实验结果表明该算法的数据可用性高于基于奇异值分解的差分隐私算法。     

改进成分分析的差分隐私高维数据发布方法

针对高维数据发布中“维度灾难”所导致发布结果可用性较差的问题，提出一种改进成分分析的差分隐私高维数据发布方法ICAHDP。ICAHDP通过引入属性重要度来优化PCA,利用优化算法对数据进行降维，减少时间和空间的开销。该算法在数据发布的过程中引入基于互信息的评价机制，确定最优的主成分个数。考虑到高维数据中可能存在多个敏感属性，ICAHDP引入敏感属性偏好，结合最优匹配理论，设计敏感属性分级保护策略来满足个性化的差分隐私保护策略。实验表明，ICAHDP不仅保证了发布数据的隐私性，而且很大程度地提升了数据的准确性和实用性。     

基于k-prototype聚类的差分隐私混合数据发布算法

差分隐私是一种提供强大隐私保护的模型。在非交互式框架下,数据管理者可发布采用差分隐私保护技术处理的数据集供研究人员进行挖掘分析。但是在数据发布过程中需要加入大量噪声,会破坏数据可用性。因此,提出了一种基于k-prototype聚类的差分隐私混合数据发布算法。首先改进k-prototype聚类算法,按数据类型的不同,对数值型属性和分类型属性分别选用不同的属性差异度计算方法,将混合数据集中更可能相关的记录分组,从而降低差分隐私敏感度;结合聚类中心值,采用差分隐私保护技术对数据记录进行处理保护,针对数值型属性使用Laplace机制,分类型属性使用指数机制;从差分隐私的概念及组合性质两方面对该算法进行隐私分析证明。实验结果表明:该算法能够有效提高数据可用性。     

横向联邦学习中PCA差分隐私数据发布算法

为了让不同组织在保护本地敏感数据和降维后发布数据隐私的前提下,联合使用PCA进行降维和数据发布,提出横向联邦PCA差分隐私数据发布算法。引入随机种子联合协商方案,在各站点之间以较少通信代价生成相同随机噪声矩阵。提出本地噪声均分方案,将均分噪声加在本地协方差矩阵上。一方面,保护本地数据隐私;另一方面,减少了噪声添加量,并且达到与中心化差分隐私PCA算法相同的噪声水平。理论分析表明,该算法满足差分隐私,保证了本地数据和发布数据的隐私性,较同类算法噪声添加量降低。实验从隐私性和可用性角度评估该算法,证明该算法与同类算法相比具有更高的可用性。     

基于聚类结构编码的差分隐私异构数据发布

针对异构数据发布的隐私保护以及数据挖掘泛化性问题，提出一种用于聚类分析的异构数据差分隐私发布方案。为了解决处理隐私信息后缺乏正确引导的问题，将原始数据分组为集群，并利用集群标签对数据的集群结构进行编码，还为异构数据定制了一个同时考虑关系属性和集值属性的距离度量集群。在保留集群结构的同时迭代地概括原始数据。进一步在原始数据中加入噪声从而满足ε-差分隐私的要求。在满足差分隐私原则的前提下，提出一种同时处理关系数据和集值数据的不确定性算法，不同类型的数据以类似的方式进行匿名化。通过实验验证了该方法能够有效解决异构数据发布问题。     

基于聚类的差分隐私民航旅客数据发布算法

为使数据管理者可以发布数据集供研究人员进行挖掘分析,对数据集采用满足差分隐私的保护算法,但其中会加入大量噪声,破坏数据可用性,因此,提出一种基于聚类的差分隐私民航旅客数据发布算法.改进聚类算法,按照数据类型的不同,对数值型属性和分类型属性分别选用不同的距离计算方法,将更可能相关的记录分为一组,降低差分隐私敏感度,结合聚...     

隐私保护的数据发布研究

随着信息技术的发展,个人隐私泄露成为日益严重的问题,因此迫切需要研究防止数据发布中个人隐私的泄露。为此,许多研究者提出不同的方法用以实现隐私保护的数据发布。为总结前人工作,介绍了隐私保护数据发布技术的研究意义和发展历程,阐述了本领域研究过程中的背景攻击模型和隐私模型,深入分析了用已有的概化/隐匿方法和聚类方法实现匿名数据发布技术,总结了匿名质量有关的信息度量标准,同时探讨了数据更新引起的增量数据发布方法和高维数据、移动数据的发布,最后归纳了目前研究中的问题并展望了本领域进一步的研究趋势。     

基于聚类分析的差分隐私高维数据发布方法

针对已有差分隐私高维数据发布方法无法有效兼顾数据间复杂属性的关联关系和计算成本的问题,提出一种基于聚类分析技术的差分隐私高维数据发布方法PrivBC。首先,基于K-means++设计属性聚类方法,引入最大信息系数量化属性间的关联关系,并对具有高度关联关系的数据属性进行聚类。其次,对聚类产生的各个数据子集进行如下操作：计算关系矩阵以缩减属性对的候选空间,并构建满足差分隐私的贝叶斯网络。最后,根据贝叶斯网络采样每个属性,并合成新的隐私数据集进行发布。与PrivBayes方法相比,PrivBC方法的误分类率和运行时间分别平均降低了12.6%和30.2%。实验结果表明,所提方法在有效保证数据可用性的基础上,可以显著提高计算效率,为高维数据的隐私发布提供了新思路。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.