硬质颗粒复合合金的组织和耐磨性

本文强调基体合金组织对硬质颗粒复合合金耐磨性的决定作用,设计并通过“真空吸附铸件表面合金化工艺”,在灰铁铸件表层稳定地制得了以不同粒度的铸造碳化钨颗粒均匀分布于高合金铬钨白口铸铁中的复合合金。磨料磨损试验表明：基体合金组织对复合合金二体尤其是三体高应力磨损耐磨性有决定性的作用;以马氏体合金白口铁为基体合金的复合合金,在二体及三体磨损条件下均具有极高的耐磨性,铸造碳化钨颗粒愈粗,复合合金耐磨性愈高,当颗粒尺寸由140～200目增大到18～28目时,其在二体和三体磨损条件下的耐磨性分别是马氏体白口铁15Cr2Mo1Cu的9～31倍和2.8～6.7倍。     

Dry three-body abrasive wear behavior of WC reinforced iron matrix surface composites produced by V-EPC infiltration casting process

This paper fabricated tungsten carbide (WC) particles reinforced iron matrix surface composites on gray cast iron substrate using vacuum evaporative pattern casting (V-EPC) infiltration process, investigated dry three-body abrasive wear resistance of the composites containing different volume fractions of WC particles, comparing with a high chromium cast iron. The fabricated composites contained WC particles of 5, 10, 19, 27, 36, and 52 vol.%, respectively. The results in abrasive wear tests showed that, with the increase in the volume fraction of WC particles, the wear resistance of the composites first increased until reached the maximum when the volume fraction of WC was 27%, then decreased, and was 1.5–5.2 times higher than that of the high chromium cast iron. The changes of the wear resistance of the composites with the volume fraction of WC particles and the mode of material removal in dry three-body abrasive wear condition were analyzed.     

Abrasive wear resistance of spheroidal vanadium carbide cast irons

The effect of the chemical composition and heat treatment on the microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of V-Mn, V-Ni-Cr, and V-Mo spheroidal vanadium carbide cast irons (18–23 vol %) has been studied. The wear resistance has been determined under conditions of wear by abrasives with various hardnesses, i.e., corundum and quartz and compared to that of high-chromium cast iron with 13% Cr. It has been found that the advisability of using high-vanadium cast irons is governed by the hardness of the abrasive. When a hard abrasive, i.e., corundum was used, V-Mo cast iron with the maximum concentration of spheroidal VC carbides, which were uniformly distributed in the martensitic matrix, had the highest wear resistance. When a soft abrasive, i.e., quartz, was applied, high-chromium cast iron with a hardness of 68 HRC, which contained the largest amount of M₇C₃ carbides, was more wear-resistant. In the course of isothermal exposure at 300–1000°C, V-Ni-Cr and V-Mo cast irons with an austenitic structure had high resistance to phase and structural transformations. However, the properties and microstructure of V-Mo cast irons with a martensitic matrix depended strongly on the temperature of exposure during heat treatment.     

Widerstand gegen abrasiven verschleiss und dynamische bruchzähigkeit weisser vanadingusseisen

The wear behaviour under abrasive sliding loading, the structure and dynamic fracture toughness of white cast iron containing (4 – 6)% V are considered in this paper. In wear systems containing hard abrasive particles (silicon carbide), the dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance increase with increasing austenite content in the structure. In systems with less hard abrasive particles (e.g. flint, garnet) these alloys exhibit a combination of high fracture toughness and high wear resistance. The vanadium-alloyed white cast irons with a predominantly austenitic matrix show more favourable values with respect to both dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance in comparison with a simultaneously tested chromium white cast iron.     

Tempering temperature effects on abrasive wear of mottled cast iron

The effects of different tempering temperatures (300–600 °C) on abrasive wear resistance of mottled cast iron were studied. Abrasive wear tests were carried out using the rubber-wheel test on quartz sand and the pin test on Al₂O₃ abrasive cloths. The retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of the specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. Bulk hardness and matrix hardness before and after the tests were measured. The results showed that in the two-body (pin-on-disc test) system, the main wear mechanism was microcutting and high matrix hardening was presented. The wear rates presented higher correlation with the retained austenite than with the bulk and matrix hardness. In the three-body system (sand–rubber wheel), the wear surfaces presented indentations due to abrasive rolling. The wear rates had better correlation with both the bulk and matrix hardness (before and after the wear test) than with the retained austenite content. There are two groups of results, high and low wear rates corresponding to each tribosystem, two-body abrasive wear and three-body abrasive wear, respectively.     

Effects of Chromium Addition on Microstructure and Abrasion Resistance of Fe–B Cast Alloy

This research work studies the effects of chromium on microstructure and abrasion resistance of Fe–B cast alloy. The results show that eutectic boride changes from continuous network to less continuous and matrix changes from pearlite to martensite with the increase in chromium content in the alloy. Meanwhile, an increase in chromium addition in the alloy leads to an increase in the chromium content in M₂B-type boride because chromium can enter boride by substituting for iron in Fe₂B. Under two-body wear, Fe–B cast alloy exhibits excellent wear resistance. When alloys are tested against soft abrasive, chromium can markedly improve the wear resistance of Fe–B cast alloy, whereas excessive chromium can reduce the wear resistance. The wear resistance of Fe–B cast alloy increases first and then decreases with the increase in chromium. But when tested against hard abrasive, since the hardness of SiC is much higher than that of M₂B boride, an increase in chromium content marginally increases the wear resistance. Weight losses of Fe–B cast alloy increase with the increase in the load and exhibit the linear relationship.     

Investigation of the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the abrasive wear of hard-alloy materials

This paper outlines the results of an experimental study of the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the abrasive wear of hard-alloy materials based on tungsten carbide (~90% WC ± 10% Co), as well as alloys based on iron with high contents of chromium. A specially developed setup has been described in the paper that makes it possible to test materials under the hydrostatic pressure of up to 250 MPa at different friction speeds. An investigation of the surfaces of samples using the Scanning Electron Microscopy method has revealed that the main damage of alloy surface occurs due to the delamination and spalling of hard particles. It has been revealed that the hydrostatic pressure significantly influences the wear rate of the investigated materials. When the pressure increases to 200 MPa, the wear of materials with high contents of chromium increases seven times, while for the material based on tungsten carbide, it increases twice.     

Investigation of wear resistance of a hard alloy modified by nanoaddititives

The effect of additions of nanostructured tungsten carbide powder into a sinter mixture with compaction of sintered hard alloy VK8 on its tribological properties has been studied. Physicomechanical properties of the material obtained have been estimated. The produced hard alloy shows elevated wear resistance to abrasive wearing.     

Wear mechanisms in ball-cratering tests with large abrasive particles

Three-body abrasive wear resistance of mild steel and 27%Cr white cast iron was investigated using a ball-cratering test. Glass beads, silica sand, quartz and alumina abrasive particles with sizes larger than 200 μm were used to make slurries. It was found that the wear rates of mild steel increased with sliding time for all abrasive particles tested, while the wear rates of 27%Cr white cast iron were almost constant with sliding time. This increase in the wear rates of mild steel was mainly due to the gradual increase in ball surface roughness with testing time. Abrasive particles with higher angularity caused higher ball surface roughness. Soft mild steel was more affected by this ball surface roughness changes than the hard white cast iron. Generally, three-body rolling wear dominated. The contribution of two-body grooving wear increased when the ball roughness was significant. The morphological features of the wear scars depended on the shape of the abrasive particles and also on the hardness and microstructure of the wear material. Angular particles generated rough surfaces similar to those usually observed in high angle erosion tests. Rounded particles generated smoother surfaces with the middle area of the wear craters having similar morphology to those observed in low angle erosion.     

锰硼奥氏体基高铬铸铁的组织结构及抗磨性研究

研究了四种不同含B量的Fe-Cr-Mn-C-B系铸造合金的铸态组织结构及摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：硼碳化物体积分数随B含量增加而增大，并可按等量原子比估算。由于含B合金基体表面更易摩擦诱发马氏体相变，且产生表面细晶强化作用，显著提高了滑动磨损的抗磨性。含硼0．3％时，滑动磨损的抗磨性是25Cr马氏体基合金的4倍，是Mnl3铸钢的7．6倍。     

The resistance of nickel and iron aluminides to cavitation erosion and abrasive wear

The abrasive wear and cavitation erosion resistance of several alloys based on the Intermetallic compounds Ni₃Al and Fe₃Al have been investigated. The erosion resistance of the nickel aluminides is relatively insensitive to alloying with iron or chromium and is comparable with or superior to that of many commercial erosion-resistant alloys; the abrasive wear resistance is found to be decreased by alloying, despite increased room temperature strength and refined grain size. Preliminary results for the iron aluminides indicate increased resistance to abrasive wear with increasing alloy content. It is suggested that the abrasive wear process causes temperature increases in the damage zone that are sufficient to cause the elevated temperature properties of the alloys to become dominant. Under these conditions, the wear resistance can be related to the tendency to disorder, either thermally or through plastic deformation.     

Influence of abrasive hardness on the wear resistance of high chromium irons

The resistance to abrasive wear was determined for a series of alloyed white cast irons in a high stress abrasion test which utilizes a specimen in sliding contact with bonded abrasives. These were conducted on silicon carbide, alumina and two sizes of garnet abrasive.The results indicate that the hardness, or type, of abrasive used in the test significantly influenced the wear rate of white irons, i.e. the rate of wear increased with increasing hardness of the abrasive. Also, the results indicate that the type of abrasive used in the test was a significant factor in ranking white irons for resistance to high stress abrasion. When tested on silicon carbide or alumina abrasive, as-cast austenitic irons exhibited lower rates of wear than heat treated martensitic irons; when tested on garnet, an abrasive of lower hardness, those irons with martensitic matrix microstructures exhibited the same or less wear than irons with austenitic matrix microstructures. It was also evident that heat treated irons with martensitic matrix microstructures exhibited varying degrees of resistance to abrasive wear depending on cooling rates and alloy content.     

Comparison of wear properties of tool steels AISI D2 and O1 with the same hardness

Two commercial cold work tool steels, AISI D2 and O1, were heat treated in order to obtain the same hardness 700 HV (60 HRc) and were subsequently tested in three different modes of wear, namely in adhesion, three-body and two-body abrasion, by using pin-on-disk, dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus and pin abrasion on SiC, respectively. Even though AISI O1 and D2 steel are heat treated to the same hardness, they perform differently under the three modes of wear examined. The results show that the steel microstructures play the most important role in determining the wear properties. For relatively low sliding speeds AISI O1 steel performs up to 12 times better than AISI D2 steel in adhesive wear. For higher sliding speeds, however, this order is reversed due to oxidation taking place on the surface of the AISI D2 steel. The wear rate of both tool steels in three-body and two-body abrasion wear is proportional to the applied load. In three-body abrasive wear, AISI D2 exhibits a normalised wear rate about two times lower than the AISI O1 tool steel, and this is due to the presence of the plate-like hard carbides in its microstructure. Both tool steels perform 3–8 times better in three-body abrasive wear conditions than in two-body abrasive wear.     

Effectiveness of an externally added solid lubricant on the sliding wear response of a zinc–aluminium alloy,its composite and cast iron

The role played by an externally added solid lubricant like graphite towards controlling the sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy has been examined in this study. The influence of dispersing hard silicon carbide particles in the alloy was also investigated by testing the composite in identical test conditions. The wear performance of the zinc-based alloy and its composite was compared with that of a gray cast iron. Wear tests were performed in oil lubricated environment. Composition of the lubricant was changed by adding various quantities of graphite (particles) to the oil. The study suggests that the wear response (in terms of wear rate, frictional heating and friction coefficient) of the samples improved in the presence of suspended graphite particles in the oil lubricant. However, this improvement was noticed up to a critical content of graphite particles only and the trend reversed at still higher graphite contents. The zinc-based (matrix) alloy revealed highest wear rate. Dispersoid silicon carbide particles showed a significant improvement in the wear performance of the matrix alloy. The cast iron performed in between the matrix alloy and composite. The frictional heating and friction coefficient were the highest for the composite while the cast iron and the matrix alloy showed a mixed response. Examinations of wear surfaces, subsurface regions and debris particles helped to substantiate the observed wear response of the samples.     

Interpretation of electrochemical measurements made during micro-scale abrasion-corrosion

This paper brings together and analyzes recent work based on the interpretation of the electrochemical measurements made on a modified micro-abrasion-corrosion tester used in several research programmes. These programmes investigated the role of abradant size, test solution pH in abrasion-corrosion of biomaterials, the abrasion-corrosion performance of sintered and thermally sprayed tungsten carbide surfaces under downhole drilling environments and the abrasion-corrosion of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. Various abrasion tests were conducted under two-body grooving, three-body rolling and mixed grooving-rolling abrasion conditions, with and without abrasives, on cast F75 cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy in simulated body fluids, 2205 in chloride containing solutions as well as sprayed and sintered tungsten carbide surfaces in simulated downhole fluids. Pre- and post-test inspections based on optical and scanning electron microscopy analysis are used to help interpret the electrochemical response and current noise measurements made in situ during micro-abrasion-corrosion tests. The complex wear and corrosion mechanisms and their dependence on the microstructure and surface composition as a function of the pH, abrasive concentration, size and type are detailed and linked to the electrochemical signals. The electrochemical versus mechanical processes are plotted for different test parameters and this new approach is used to interpret tribo-corrosion test data to give greater insights into different tribo-corrosion systems. Thus new approaches to interpreting in-situ electrochemical responses to surfaces under different abrasive wear rates, different abrasives and liquid environments (pH and NaCl levels) are made. This representation is directly related to the mechano-electrochemical processes on the surface and avoids quantification of numerous synergistic, antagonistic and additive terms associated with repeat experiments.     

Effect of alloying additives on impact-abrasive wear of manual arc welded hadfield steel hardfacings

The results of studying the impact-abrasive wear of manual arc welded Hadfield steel hardfacings and this steel alloyed with Cr, Ni, Mo, B, Cu, and Si, both without and with coarse-grained tungsten carbide reinforcement, are presented. It has been found that under conditions of impactless wear the presence of the hardening phase in the Hadfield steel increases its wear by 40% on average compared to the wear of the base and alloyed Hadfield steels. With an increase in the impact energy from 2.8 to 5.6 J, the wear of the reinforced Hadfield steels decreases and becomes comparable with the wear of the base and alloyed Hadfield steels. Under the conditions of erosion by coarse particles, layers of the Hadfield steel reinforced by tungsten carbide have slightly lower wear rate than unreinforced ones.     

Modeling of Microstructures and Analysis of Abrasive Wear of Arc-Welded Hadfield Steel

The results of analytical and experimental studies of the microstructures of the welded layers of the Hadfield steel (basic and alloyed with Cr, Ni, Mo, and B) have been presented. Layers additionally reinforced by coarse-grained tungsten carbide have also been studied. It has been shown that an austenitic microstructure prevails in the base and alloyed Hadfield steel. Analytical investigations of the coating structure shows the formation of 95–99% austenite and, in the case of the reinforced phase, the austenite content is 50–56% of the material (the remainder is tungsten carbide, cementite, etc.). It has been found that the presence of the strengthening phase of coarse-grained tungsten carbide, which reduces the amount of austenite under the conditions of abrasive wear, may exert both positive and negative impact on wear.     

Abrasive wear mechanisms of fluoropolymer based composite coatings on aluminum substrates

Experimental studies on wear performance and wear mechanisms of fluoropolymer based composite, non-stick coatings on aluminum substrates were carried out by using particular wear testing methods, i.e. the “mechanical tiger paw (MTP) Test” and the “Nord Test”. Both are supposed to simulate household abrasive operating conditions in a laboratory environment. It was found that the wear process involved in the MTP Test was an accelerated one, but that in the Nord Test was decelerated due to a transition from severe three-body abrasion to milder two-body sliding wear. In addition, both effects of the microstructure of the coatings and of the surface treatment of the substrates were discussed.     

Ball-cratering abrasion tests with large abrasive particles

The application of a ball-cratering method to test three-body abrasive wear of bulk materials in the presence of large abrasive particles has been investigated. Four types of abrasive particles of different sharpness were used to make slurries: glass beads, silica sand, crushed quartz and alumina. All the particles were sieved to a size of 250–300 μm. Two common industrial materials, mild steel and 27% Cr white cast iron, were used as wear samples. Wear rates of metallic samples were determined and the worn surfaces were examined by optical microscopy, SEM and Talysurf profilometry.It was found that the surface roughness of the ball significantly affects the wear rates and the wear mechanisms of the metallic samples. The surface roughness of the ball steadily increased with testing time and was mainly affected by the angularity of abrasive particles. More angular particles generated higher ball surface roughness. It was found that the gradual increase in the ball surface roughness was responsible for non-linearity of wear rates with sliding time. The increasing depth of the wear craters also contributed to this non-linearity as deeper craters facilitate particle entrainment. Three-body rolling wear dominated when the ball was smooth and the contribution of two-body grooving wear increased with increasing the ball roughness. Softer mild steel samples were more affected by the ball roughness changes than the harder white cast iron samples. Wear surface morphology was also affected by the angularity of particles and by the material properties of wear samples. Particle fracture was found in all four groups of abrasives and the angularity of the particles was slightly altered. Therefore, the ball-cratering test, under the testing conditions used, can be considered as a high-stress abrasion test.     

A physically-based abrasive wear model for composite materials

A simple physically-based model for the abrasive wear of composite materials is presented based on the mechanics and mechanisms associated with sliding wear in soft (ductile)- matrix composites containing hard (brittle) reinforcement particles. The model is based on the assumption that any portion of the reinforcement that is removed as wear debris cannot contribute to the wear resistance of the matrix material. The size of this non-contributing portion (NCP) of reinforcement is estimated by modeling three primary wear mechanisms, specifically, plowing, cracking at the matrix/reinforcement interface or in the reinforcement, and particle removal. Critical variables describing the role of the reinforcement, such as relative size, fracture toughness and the nature of the matrix/reinforcement interface, are characterized by a single contribution coefficient, C. Predictions are compared with the results of experimental two-body (pin-on-drum) abrasive wear tests performed on a model aluminum particulate-reinforced epoxy-matrix composite material.