气溶胶细粒物对大气能见度影响的研究

文章介绍了国内外关于气溶胶细粒物对大气能见度影响的研究情况,总结出研究中存在的问题,并针对仍存在的问题提出建议与展望。     

灰霾的成因、污染特征及健康危害

随着城市化进程的迅速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多。文章综述了灰霾天气的成因及其健康危害,分析了灰霾和能见度的相关性,并从大气颗粒物的时空分布和污染水平两方面分析了灰霾期间的污染特征,介绍了国内外对灰霾天气大气污染的研究进展。     

火力发电厂排放颗粒物对大气污染的监测与危害研究

随着国外电力技术发展正向高效率、环保型的方向迈进。但是随着研究人员的分析表明,在发电用一次性能源的构成中,以煤炭燃烧的火力发电厂为主的局面在相当长的时间内并不会改变,火力发电的煤炭燃烧造成的大气污染的监测和治理成为了目前大气环境监测的研究重点。本文对火力发电厂排放的颗粒污染物的监测方法和危害进行了初步研究。     

广州大气颗粒物与酸沉降的关系研究

本文研究了大气颗粒物的酸度和酸缓冲能力,实验证实广州大气颗粒物中存在着游离的硫酸,其水溶性离子中SO4^2-及NO3^-占很大的比例。颗粒物中的碱性成分含量大于酸性成分,对酸性降水有一定的缓冲能力。气溶胶中细颗粒物的酸性大于粗颗粒物,且酸缓冲能力远低于粗颗粒物。     

城市区域大气颗粒物解析与污染防治策略

现阶段,我国城市环境空气颗粒物污染呈现多类型污染并存的态势,本文以大气颗粒物作为切入点,深入解析大气颗粒物在城市区域内的化学组成结构、造成危害影响与具体来源,加深对大气颗粒物污染问题的掌握,并围绕大气颗粒物的主要来源,针对性提出大气颗粒物环境污染的有效防治策略。旨在最大程度预防大气环境污染问题,为城区生态环境质量提供保证。     

北京大气颗粒物特性的变化

对1985年以来用八级采样器采集、用PIXE分析法测得的部分元素浓度数据进行了分析,发现铅的粒径分布在这些年中发生了明显变化,这一变化反映了其来源的变化;硫的粒径分布一直呈现燃煤来源的特征;硅的粒径分布在尘暴前,远处尘暴到达时和本地尘暴起来时有明显的变化.     

潮州市城区大气颗粒物的移动监测与分析

2020年9月、10月和11月利用车载Sniffer4D灵嗅大气移动监测设备对潮州市城区的大气颗粒物进行移动监测,分析了颗粒物的时空变化情况。结果表明,潮州市城区的PM_2.5日均浓度范围是15.80～60.80μg/m³,与潮州市国控站点相比偏高,但变化趋势基本一致;PM_1.0、PM_2.5和PM₁₀三者的日均浓度变化趋势高度相似,PM_1.0/PM_2.5比值在66%-74%之间,PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值在86%以上;城区PM_2.5的空间分布差异显著,路口、小巷子、施工区域、南堤路和绿榕南路等机动车车流多的地方,PM_2.5的浓度普遍偏高。     

大气有害颗粒物室内自然沉降实验研究

大气有害颗粒物(PM)对人体有极大的危害,紧闭门窗可使颗粒物自沉降,从而实现空气洁净。为研究室内有害颗粒物自然沉降的净化效果,该研究采用激光离散式颗粒物传感器与数据采集系统,对自然条件下室内大气有害颗粒物自然沉降进行实验研究。通过实验发现:室内大气有害颗粒物在重度污染(粒径小于2.5μm的PM150μg/m~3)浓度下,有较明显的自然沉降速率,PM粒径2.5μm～10μm、1.0μm～2.5μm、0.3μm～1.0μm自然沉降速率分别为:1.76μg/(m~3·min)、0.67μg/(m~3·min)和0.51μg/(m~3·min),当颗粒物为中度与轻度污染浓度时(150μg/m~3),自然沉降速率随浓度降低逐渐放缓;当密闭室内存在人员时,会加快室内大气有害颗粒物下降速率;此外,不同粒径的大气有害颗粒在空气中的分布均匀状态不同,粒径越大在空气中分布越不均匀,粒径越小越均匀,其在空气中自然沉降的速率越低。     

大气颗粒物采样膜本底值的研究

用PIXE分析技术对6种在大气颗粒物采样中常用的膜(特弗纶膜,瓦特门膜,核孔膜,迈拉膜,聚氯乙烯膜和石英膜)的本底杂质元素的含量进行了测定.结果表明一些膜中含有PIXE分析灵敏元素(即原子序数 Z≥12)的量极低,它们对大气颗粒物分析结果的影响可以忽略,一些膜中的含量不能忽略,一些膜不适合用于PIXE分析.     

灰霾期间大气颗粒物污染特征研究进展

近年来,随着经济的迅速发展和城市化进程的加快,灰霾天气呈现增加的趋势,引起了社会的高度关注。综述了灰霾发生时大气颗粒物污染水平、粒径分布和垂直分布特征,大气颗粒物重要化学成分(水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳、金属元素)的浓度水平和粒径分布特征及大气颗粒物的来源解析方法,并提出灰霾主要防治措施。     

Molecule-Resolved Visualization of Particulate Matter on Human Skin Using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Precise measurement of particulate matter (PM) on skin is important for managing and preventing PM-related skin diseases. This study aims to directly visualize the deposition and penetration of PM into human skin using a multimodal nonlinear optical (MNLO) imaging system. We successfully obtained PM particle signals by merging two different sources, C–C vibrational frequency and autofluorescence, while simultaneously visualizing the anatomical features of the skin via keratin, collagen, and elastin. As a result, we found morphologically dependent PM deposition, as well as increased deposition following disruption of the skin barrier via tape-stripping. Furthermore, PM penetrated more and deeper into the skin with an increase in the number of tape-strippings, causing a significant increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that MNLO imaging could be a useful technique for visualizing and quantifying the spatial distribution of PM in ex vivo human skin tissues.     

大气中多环芳烃衍生物的研究进展

多环芳烃衍生物是一类已被证实比多环芳烃具有更强"三致作用"(致癌、致畸和致基因突变)的环境污染物,它广泛存在于环境介质特别是大气颗粒物中。本文就其来源、分布、采样方式、样品前处理、分离分析方法等方面综述了近年来大气颗粒物中多环芳烃衍生物的的研究进展。     

大气颗粒物表面光化学研究进展

颗粒物在大气环境问题中起着重要的作用,对于其表面上的光化学反应的研究已成为当前环境科学研究最前沿的领域。本文在阐述大气颗粒物的物理和化学特性的基础之上,综述了大气颗粒物表面光化学研究现状,并提出了目前大气颗粒物表面光化学研究存在的问题及展望。     

Global View and Trends in Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Particulate Matter Filtration: A Review

Numerous experimental works for particulate matter (PM) filtration by electrospun nanofiber membranes (ESNFMs) are published in the last 10 years (2010–2021). Organizing and comparing the large amount of the available information to identify the best trends constitutes a big challenge. This review classifies all kinds of ESNFMs considering their physical, chemical, or electrical characteristics. All of them are obtained by modifying several parameters during a specific stage associated to the electrospinning process (ES). In this review, each of these stages is considered a "moment” as a particular instant in time. According to that, three modifications are made: Moment 1—before ES, which refers to changes in polymeric solution composition; moment 2—during ES, which refers to modifying parameters while ES is performed; and moment 3—after ES, which involves applying post-treatments directly on the membrane. After classifying all kinds of filters by moments, a detailed comparison of ESNFMs with the highest quality factors for PM_0.3 is presented, finding out the best trends and comparing their main filtration parameters as well, where the most promising ones correspond to charged and nanofiber/nets membranes, due to their high capture efficiencies (>95%) while maintaining low pressure drops (<100 Pa).     

Damage to Olfactory Organs of Adult Zebrafish Induced by Diesel Particulate Matter

Particulate matter (PM) is an environmental hazard that is associated with various human health risks. The olfactory system is directly exposed to PM; therefore, the influence of PM exposure on olfactory function must be investigated. In this study, we propose a zebrafish olfactory model to evaluate the effects of exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM), which was labeled Korean diesel particulate matter (KDP20). KDP20 comprises heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). KDP20 exposed olfactory organs exhibited reduced cilia and damaged epithelium. Olfactory dysfunction was confirmed using an odor-mediated behavior test. Furthermore, the olfactory damage was analyzed using Alcian blue and anti-calretinin staining. KDP20 exposed olfactory organs exhibited histological damages, such as increased goblet cells, decreased cell density, and calretinin level. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that PAHs exposure related genes (AHR2 and CYP1A) were upregulated. Reactive oxidation stress (ROS) (CAT) and inflammation (IL-1B) related genes were upregulated. Furthermore, olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) related genes (OMP and S100) were downregulated. In conclusion, KDP20 exposure induced dysfunction of the olfactory system. Additionally, the zebrafish olfactory system exhibited a regenerative capacity with recovery conditions. Thus, this model may be used in future investigating PM-related diseases.     

潮州市大气中颗粒物的化学特征和来源研究

通过对潮州市常规监测数据的分析初步确定大气中颗粒物的化学特征,利用富集因子法和相关分析法对大气颗粒物来源进行分析。     

Activation of the Complement System on Human Endothelial Cells by Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Inflammation-Related Protein Production

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is becoming a major global health issue. The amount and time of exposure to PM are known to be closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism through which PM affects the vascular system is still not clear. Endothelial cells line the interior surface of blood vessels and actively interact with plasma proteins, including the complement system. Unregulated complement activation caused by invaders, such as pollutants, may promote endothelial inflammation. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether urban PM (UPM) acts on the endothelial environment via the complement system. UPM-treated human endothelial cells with normal human serum showed the deposition of membrane attack complexes (MACs) on the cell surface via the alternative pathway of the complement system. Despite the formation of MACs, cell death was not observed, and cell proliferation was increased in UPM-mediated complement activation. Furthermore, complement activation on endothelial cells stimulated the production of inflammation-related proteins. Our results revealed that UPM could activate the complement system in human endothelial cells and that complement activation regulated inflammatory reaction in microenvironment. These findings provide clues with regard to the role of the complement system in pathophysiologic events of vascular disease elicited by air pollution.     

主流烟气总粒相物中游离烟碱测定方法综述

烟碱是烟草中特有的物质之一,它在烟气中以游离态和质子态2种形态存在。介绍了自20世纪70年代以来主流烟气总粒相物中游离烟碱的测定方法。测定的原理可以分为计算法、溶剂萃取法和间接测定法3种,3种方法都是根据游离态烟碱和质子态烟碱的不同性质来进行分离。     

The Exposure Profiles,Correlation Factors and Comparison of PAHs and Nitro-PAHs in Urban and Non-Urban Regions in Suspended Particulate Matter in Poland

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives are responsible for mutagenic activation of ambient air. The aim of the study was the assessment of exposure for PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the urbanized region in Poland in comparison with the non-urbanized region and assessment of seasonal variation of PAHs and nitro-PAHs. Concentrations of 12 PAHs, 8 nitrated PAHs in total suspended particulate matter in air of urban and suburban (reference samples-mountain region) region in Poland during four seasons have been shown. The method of solvent extraction of particulate matter, fractionation organic extract and HPLC and GC/MS analysis were applied. The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were 10–100 times lower in reference samples than concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in urban region in summer. The concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were highest in winter. The exposure profiles of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in four seasons have been shown. The correlation factor between concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs was found. Important influence of ambient air temperature for PAHs and nitro-PAHs concentrations was shown. Obtained results suggest that the coal combustion in Polish households was the main source of PAHs and their nitro derivatives contaminations. Emission from transport sources is a secondary source of air pollution in urban areas.