现代先进发动机技术——平衡和振动(2)

<正> 4.14 90°V型单平面曲轴八缸发动机平衡 除了每个曲柄销不是支承一个连杆大头,而是支承两列气缸一对连杆大头之外,曲轴其它结构与直列四缸发动机相同,即所有曲柄位于同一平面,两个朝上,两个朝下(图46)。这意味着任何时候,当一个气缸活塞到达上止点或者下止点时,同一列     

设计一种新型的水平对置双级活塞发动机

设计一种基于水平对置的双级活塞发动机,其中包括主动活塞机构和辅助活塞机构组成的双级活塞装置,于主辅活塞外缸体内形成对置设置,辅助活塞机构同时搭载着进气控制系统。四缸发动机有四组双级活塞装置,每两组双级活塞装置形成水平对置的组合,发动机的整体高度和重心降低,两侧活塞产生的力矩相互抵消,降低振动噪声,使车辆行驶更加平稳。     

对置活塞折叠曲柄内燃机刚体动力学特性分析

建立了一种新型的对置活塞折叠曲柄内燃机的刚体系统动力学模型,并对其标定转速下运动机构的运动学规律和动力学特性进行了分析,得到了各个销轴水平方向和竖直方向的作用力变化曲线、各轴承比压及主要轴承的载荷图。分析结果表明:折叠曲柄系使活塞运动学具有不对称性,膨胀时间增长、压缩时间缩短,有利于提高内燃机的充气效率和加快内燃机燃油气的混合速率,会缩短着火延迟时期。动力学上,活塞侧压力较传统内燃机大幅度减小,有利于减小气缸壁的磨损;机构竖直方向的受力远小于传统内燃机,水平分量易被抵消,系统平衡性较好。     

谈发动机敲击异响及其诊断

谈发动机敲击异响及其诊断东风汽车公司汽运处车管科肖永清在车辆的使用中，发动机的金属敲击异响故障较多。活塞在缸内左右摆动，活塞上行是沿着气缸左壁、而活塞头部偏气缸右壁；活塞下行是沿着气缸右壁，其头部偏在气缸左壁。在气缸燃烧室点火爆发产生冲击压力的一瞬间...     

消除连杆渗碳、淬火及磨削缺陷提高曲柄组合整体质量

消除连杆渗碳、淬火及磨削缺陷提高曲柄组合整体质量青岛鸿达机电总厂杨立华，戴明升，王瑞娟前言连杆是曲柄组合的一个重要零件，其质量的好坏直接影响曲柄组合乃至发动机的寿命。连杆曲柄销孔和活塞销孔磨加工目前国内传统方法是用内圆磨床加工。由于连杆加工工艺比较复...     

活塞运动规律对点燃式HFPE燃烧过程影响的仿真研究

使用仿真软件Converge,建立了点燃式液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)的三维仿真模型。为了解决HFPE的爆震问题,提升其热效率,研究了不同活塞运动规律对HFPE的燃烧过程、爆震倾向与热功转换效率的影响。结果表明:火花点燃式HFPE的爆震燃烧发生在活塞边缘的末端混合气区域,是由若干个爆震核快速扩展而成,与曲柄连杆式火花点燃发动机爆震的发生地点和机理相同;通过改变活塞的运动规律,使活塞上行速度加快,在上止点附近停留时间变短,可以明显减小发动机的爆震倾向与爆震强度。利用优化的活塞运动规律,加上高达14的高压缩比,可以在一定程度上提升发动机的热功指示效率。     

可变燃烧室(VCC)活塞设计及其动力学特性

介绍了可变燃烧室(VVC)活塞的主要设计特性,包括钢珠-型面结构和连杆复位凸轮。采用VCC活塞的动力学仿真和发动机性能仿真的耦合迭代计算,预测了VCC活塞的动态响应特性;分析了影响VCC活塞动力学特性的关键控制参数及其它们之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:VCC活塞具有控制工作循环内气缸压力的快速动态响应,能有效控制5000r/min范围内100%负荷工况时过高的气缸压力;VCC活塞发动机能够在部分负荷工况保持较高的气缸压力,50%以下负荷工况的气缸压力与压缩比12.0的发动机几乎相同;钢珠-型面设计能够将弹簧变形量放大3倍,有效增加燃烧室容积变化;实际的动态预紧力远大于静态预紧力,适当减小碟簧预紧力可改善VCC活塞的动态特性。     

曲轴偏置式三缸机的平衡性理论分析与研究

为研究曲轴偏置式发动机的平衡性,应用数学几何理论推导并改进了传统曲轴偏置式发动机曲柄连杆机构的运动学解析方程。基于改进的解析方程对偏置式三缸发动机的平衡性进行分析研究,推导出应用单轴平衡与曲轴过量平衡方法完全平衡一阶往复惯性力矩的平衡轴与平衡重布置相位计算公式;应用虚拟样机技术,对采用同一套曲柄连杆活塞组的偏置式三缸机和对心式发动机的平衡性进行对比分析验证。研究结果表明:曲轴偏置未改变三缸发动机平衡性但平衡相位发生了改变,改进的平衡理论可以准确描述曲轴偏置发动机运动规律,新的平衡方法可以实现一阶惯性力矩的全平衡,相比传统平衡方案提高了剩余往复惯性力矩幅值的均匀性,最大幅值减小约14.5%。     

柴油机气缸活塞组检测与诊断方法

气缸套活塞组的密封性是决定发动机是否能够继续使用、是否需要解体检修的重要依据.本文讨论了两种气缸套活塞组的不解体检测与诊断方法:无负荷测功与油样分析组合检测、气缸压缩压力的检测与分析.对确定发动机是否需要解体、检修具有实用价值.     

活塞的摩擦、磨损与润滑

<正> 一、前言活塞作为发动机“心脏”——燃烧室的一个组成部分,受到高温、高压燃气的作用,并在气缸壁上高速滑动.从延长发动机的寿命、减小摩擦力、节省能量以及降低活塞的敲击噪音等方面来看,活塞的润滑和所有需要润滑的发动机部件一样也是很重要的.但是,由于:     

LPG/柴油混合燃料在直喷式柴油机上的应用研究

采用带传统泵嘴供给系统的自然吸气、直喷柴油机，经改装燃用LPG／柴油混合燃料。通过与原柴油机的对比试验可知，LPG混合比为30％(L30)的混合燃料的滞燃期明显延长，最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率降低，对应的曲轴转角滞后，最大燃烧放热率与原机基本相同，对应的曲轴转角滞后。在转速为2000r／min时，L30发动机的压力曲线出现双峰，近似于MK(modulated kinetics)燃烧。动力性与经济性与原机基本相同，燃烧噪声降低。碳烟和NOx排放大幅下降，CO略有降低，HC排放有所升高。     

变形对小型Wankel转子发动机端面漏气的影响研究

以计算得到理想状态下的缸内压力、温度、传热系数为初始边界条件,用有限元方法计算发动机温度场,用试验测得的温度场校核计算的准确性,然后将温度场结果作为已知条件计算变形,得到漏气面积并计算端面漏气初值。用漏气后转子发动机状态更新计算边界条件,进行循环计算,最终得到端面漏气量。之后,用此方法研究了转速对端面漏气量的影响,得出如下结论:发生变形后,转子与端盖之间的漏气面积在曲轴转角约630°时达到最大值,最大漏气面积随转速的增加呈拟线性下降趋势;漏气率在上止点附近达到最大值,在上止点附近端面漏气量约占端面总漏气量的50%。漏气率随发动机转速的增加逐渐减小,最大漏气率所对应的曲轴转角随转速的增加而减小。     

Thermodynamic analysis of rhombic-driven and crank-driven beta-type Stirling engines

This work aims to compare beta-type Stirling engine performance (GPU-3 [ground power unit]) driven by rhombic and crank mechanisms. A modified non-ideal adiabatic model accounting for different frictional and thermal losses was adopted in this study. After validating the current model with engine experimental data, different scenarios of operating conditions including heater temperature, cooler temperature, charge pressure and engine speed were investigated. The results revealed that rhombic drive mechanism generates 32% more power and provides 20% more efficiency than crank mechanism at normal operating conditions. However, at low hot end temperature (300°C) and high charge pressure (50 bar) crank drive mechanism tends to slightly generate power more than rhombic drive mechanism at lower engine speeds. At low hot end temperature (300°C) and charge pressure (10 bar) both mechanisms cannot deliver any positive power. Higher power loss is recognized in crank drive mechanism at higher speeds due to increased pumping and gas spring hysteresis losses. This study highlights a wide analysis opportunity for designers and researchers of GPU-3 Stirling engine for further optimization.     

发动机燃用天然气掺二氧化碳混合燃料的循环变动试验研究

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的天然气掺二氧化碳混合气体燃烧循环变动的试验研究.研究结果表明:随着混合气中二氧化碳体积比的增加,燃烧稳定性下降,发动机循环中出现部分燃烧和失火等不正常燃烧现象.通过分析最高缸压和其对应曲轴转角的关系、平均指示压力与最高缸压对应曲轴转角的关系以及平均指示压力和最高缸压的关系等,考察了发动机快速燃烧循环与慢速燃烧循环在特征参数之间关系中的发展规律,混合气中二氧化碳体积比的增加,燃烧放热变慢,导致平均指示压力的循环变动系数增大.     

基于虚拟样机技术的柴油机曲柄连杆机构动力学仿真研究

基于虚拟样机技术及其支撑软件ADAMS及Pro/E和ANSYS,实现了对柴油机曲柄连杆机构的动力学仿真。通过多刚体系统动力学和多柔体动力学仿真柴油机的运行,获取了仿真模型的动力学特性数据,为柴油机曲柄连杆机构对机体的激励力的优化设计和有限元分析提供了参考依据。     

Hydrogen and propane implications for reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion engine running on landfill gas and diesel fuel

A detailed investigation of employing landfill gas together with additives such as hydrogen or propane or both as a primary low reactivity fuel in a reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion of a diesel engine is conducted. A 3401E caterpillar single-cylinder diesel engine with a bathtub piston bowl profile is utilized to execute the study. The engine is operated at various intake pressures of 1.6, 1.9, and 2.2 bar, and runs at a fixed engine speed of 1300 rpm. For verification purposes, the conduct of the present engine running on pure methane as a low reactivity fuel is compared to that of the same engine available in the literature. Next, a numerical simulation is made to assess the performance of the present engine running on landfill gas plus the additives. Based on the obtained results, injecting either hydrogen or propane or a combination of both up to a total amount of 10% by volume to the premixed of landfill gas and air, and advancing diesel fuel injection timing of about 20–30 deg. crank angle, render the landfill gas utilization quite competitive with using methane alone. Applying an enriched landfill gas in a reactivity controlled compression ignition diesel engine, as a power generator, drastically reduces the greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere. Also, the CO and UHC mole fraction in the exhaust gas can be eliminated by either advancing the start of diesel injection or using hydrogen or propane or both as additives. In addition, utilizing hydrogen or propane or a combination of both with the primary fuel improves the peak pressure to about 16% in comparison with that of landfill gas alone.     

The effects of injection timing on NOx emissions of a low heat rejection indirect diesel injection engine

Higher NO_x is one of the major problems to be overcomed in a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine as insulation leads to an increase in combustion temperature about 200–250 °C compared to an identical standard (STD) diesel engine. High combustion temperatures alter optimum injection timing of a LHR engine. With the proper adjustment of the injection timing, it is possible to partially offset the adverse effect of insulation on heat release rate and hence to obtain improved performance and lower NO_x. However, the injection timing and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) trade-off must be considered together in performance and NO_x emission point of view. In this study, optimum injection timing was found with 4 crank angle (34° CA) retarded before top dead centre (BTDC) in LHR diesel engine in comparison to that of STD diesel engine (38° CA BTDC). When the LHR engine was operated with the injection timing of the 38 crank angle, which is the optimum value of the STD engine, it was shown that NO_x emission increased about 15%. However, when the injection timing was retarded to 34° CA in the LHR case, it was observed a decrease on the NO_x emissions with about 40% and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) with about 6% compared to that of the STD case. Thus, by retarding the injection timing, an additional 1.5% saving in fuel consumption was obtained.     

基于多体动力学的发动机曲柄连杆机构平衡性研究

分析了曲柄连杆系统的受力情况,针对某款摩托车发动机曲柄连杆系统分安装平衡轴和不安装平衡轴两种情况采用多体动力学软件ADAMS进行了动载荷平衡性分析,以数据的形式比较了两种曲柄连杆系统的优缺点,为发动机曲柄连杆系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

The use of Koroch seed oil methyl ester blends as fuel in a diesel engine

An experimental investigation was carried out on a small direct injection (DI) diesel engine, fuelling the engine with 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 30% (B30) and 40% (B40) blending of Koroch seed oil methyl ester (KSOME) with diesel. The performance and combustion characteristics of the engine at various loads are compared and analyzed. The results showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for the KSOME blends. The engine indicated power (IP) was more for the blends up to B30, but found to be reduced for the blend B40 when compared to that of diesel. The engine combustion parameters such as pressure crank angle diagram, peak pressure, time of occurrence of peak pressure, net heat-release rate, cumulative heat release, ignition delay and combustion duration were computed. The KSOME blends exhibited similar combustion trend with diesel. However, the blends showed an early start of combustion with shorter ignition delay period. The study reveals the suitability of KSOME blends up to B30 as fuel for a diesel engine mainly used in generating sets and the agricultural applications in India without any significant drop in engine performance.     

Effects of turpentine and gasoline-like fuel obtained from waste lubrication oil on engine performance and exhaust emission

In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effects of gasoline-like fuel (GLF), and its blends with turpentine with ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% on the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline engine. The GLF was obtained from waste lubrication engine oil by the method of pyrolitic distillation. Characteristics of the pure GLF and its blends were tested. A series of engine performance and emission tests were conducted using the fuel samples in the test engine. Performance parameters for each test were calculated utilizing measurement values of force exerted on the crank shaft, rate of air and fuel mass flow to the engine and engine speed. Effects of the fuels on the performance parameters, exhaust gas temperature, and emissions of NOx, CO, CO₂, and HC were discussed. The results indicated that torque, brake mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency increased but brake specific fuel consumption decreased with increasing amount of turpentine in the GLF sample. The main effect of 10%, 20% and 30% turpentine additions to GLF on pollutant formation was that the NOx ratio increased, whereas that of CO decreased.