Improving water-consumptive processes under conditions of operating viscose fibre manufacture

Conclusions The most water-consumptive technological processes in the basic and auxiliary works in the manufacture of viscose fibre have been identified.Results of realizing the developments of the Khimvolokno NPO and of the Ryazanskii Khimvolokno PO, aimed at reducing water usage and discharge of contaminants into wastewater have been presented.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 22–23, November–December, 1984.     

Stablization of tahe viscose in the manufacture of artificial fibres

Conclusions A structure and algorithm have been developed for fan adaptive system for stabilizing the composition of viscose in the manufacture of artificial fibres.This system has been introduced into the ACS TP for the manufacture of viscose tire cord at the Svetlogordsk Khimvolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 25–26, September–October, 1986.     

Some algorithms for treatment of information in automatic control systems for technological processes

Conclusions Questions in the selection of optimum algorithms for filtration, extrapolation, and interpolation in an ACS TP have been examined.Procedures have been proposed for estimating optimum values for the sampling period and filter parameters from measured signal values.Results of this work have been introduced into the ACS TP for viscose tire cord manufacture at the Svetlogorodsk Khimvolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 24–27, January–February, 1987.     

Connection between the supermolecular structure of viscose with characteristics of the cellulose and with the properties of fibres and films obtained

Conclusions -- The supermolecular structure of spinning solutions from viscose manufacturing operations in the Balakovskii Khimvolokno PO has been studied by the turbidity spectrum method.-- Multiple and paired correlation equations have been obtained for the parameters of viscose supermolecular structure and the characteristics of the cellulose and the physicomechanical characteristics of hydrocellulose fibres and films.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 42–45, September–October, 1991.     

Clean-up of industrial wastewater from viscose manufacturing on filters having a foamed polystyrene charge

Conclusions Basic technological parameters of the process of filtering industrial wastewater from viscose manufacturing on filters having a polystyrene charge have been determined.It is recommended to use filters with a foamed polystyrene charge in the clean-up units of the Kalinin, Cherkassk, and Ryazansk Khimvolokno Industrial Association and the Sibvolokno PO to attain the required degree of wastewater clean-up in mechanochemical clean-up units.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 13–14, September–October, 1988.     

Adaptive control system for the viscosity of viscose

Conclusions A structure and algorithm have been developed for an adaptive system for control of viscose viscosity in the manufacture of artificial fibres.The control system has been introduced into the ACS TP for viscose tire cord manufacture of the Svetlogorodsk Khimvolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 22–25, September–October, 1986.     

Operative control of the productivity of the chemical works in viscose plants

Conclusions The statement and principles of solution of the problem of controlling the productivity of the technological process of viscose manufacturing have been examined.An algorithm for control of the productivity of the chemical works has been worked out and realized in the ACS TP for the manufacture of viscose tire cord at the Svetlogorodsk Khimvolokno PO; this algorithm assures coordination of the loads of the xanthation and mercerization division with the planned mean daily output of the spinning division, with fulfillment of assigned requirements on change in level of intermediate reserves during the planned period.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 34–36, September–October, 1986.     

Clean-up of zinc-containing wastewater with phosphoric acid in a pilot installation

Conclusions Results of a study of the process of cleaning up zinc-containing wastewater on a pilot unit in the Mogilev Khimvolokno Industrial Association artificial fibre plant have shown the possibility of removing zinc ion from wastewater with phosphoric acid solutions. Basic parameters of the precipitation and clarification stages have been determined.It has been found that the precipitate formed in the wastewater clean-up process can be used to enrich phosphate fertilizers with zinc.The proposed technology for cleaning up wastewater will make it possible to solve the problem of utilizing the zinc-containing wastes from the Mogilev Khimvolokno Industrial Association.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 60–61, May–June, 1989.     

Use of high-performance liquid-chromatography to determine the metal content of waste water

Conclusions -- A procedure has been developed with a simultaneous determination of Co, Ni, and Cu in waste water, using the Milikhrom microcolumn chromatograph.-- The procedure is simple and rapid (analysis time, 20 min); it eliminates the stage of extraction of the chelates, and is comparable in sensitivity with the atomic-absorption spectrophotometry method.Klinskii Khimvolokno PO. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 54–55, September–October, 1992.     

Diagnosis of breakdowns in the state of a technological process based on graphic-analytical methods of situation analysis

Conclusions General principles for construction and analysis of a structural graph of a diagnostic system for breakdowns in technological processes in the ACS TP for artificial fibre manufacturing plants have been examined.Approaches have been given to the performance of a diagnostic search, founded on the application of formal models and graphic-analytical methods of analysis.Procedures for realizing a system of diagnosis of breakdowns in technological processes have been examined in the case of solving this problem in the make-up of ACS TP for cellophane manufacture in the Kiev Khimvolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 39–43, September–October, 1986.     

Use of high-efficiency liquid-chromatography in determining the metal content of waste-water

Conclusions -- New sorbents have been synthesized for the separation of transition heavy-metal ions by the high-performance liquid-chromatography method.-- The possibility has been demonstrated for a rapid and selective chromatographic separation of six metal ions.Klinskii Khimvolokno PO. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 56–57, September–October, 1992.     

Algorithm for controlling the hemicellulose content of working alkali

Conclusions Principles for solving the problem of stabilizing the hemicellulose content of working alkali for the process of continuous mercerization in viscose manufacture have been examined.A procedure has been developed for structure synthesis and evaluation of the parameters of a discrete control system for objects with technological feedback.An algorithm for controlling hemicellulose content of working alkali based on a combined discrete control system has been devised and has been realized in the ACS TP for manufacture of viscose tire cord in the Svetlogorodsk Khimovolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 20–22, September–October, 1986.     

State and prospects of development of domestic equipment for manufacture of needle-punched,nonwoven materials from polymer melts

Conclusions Domestic equipment has been devised for the production of needle-punched nonwoven geotextile materials from second-grade polycaproamide or fibre-forming polypropylene.The geotextile materials produced are promising for use in construction of roads, foundations of buildings, in hydrotechnology, and in land reclamation.Promising trends in the development of equipment for preparing spun nonwoven materials have been noted (light-duty needle-punched or heat-bonded materials, bulky spun articles, etc.).Coworkers of the Kemerovskii and Kamenskii Khimvolokno IAs the Khimtekstil'mash SIA, the VNIISV, the GIPROtyumenneftegaz, the SoyuzdorNII, and the Plastpolimer SIA took part in this work.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 8–10, July–August, 1989.     

Control of the hydrocellulose film drying process using a rapid method of moisture content determination

Conclusions A quick-method of determining the moisture content of hydrocellulose film has been developed, which makes it possible to carry out measurements in 10–15 min, with a meansquared error of ±0.4% (absolute).A method has been suggested for calculating corrections for moisture exchange of a specimen with the surrounding medium during the time of withdrawing it; it offers the possibility of determining moisture content of the film in a roll.A system for stabilizing the moisture content of film has been included in the composition of the automatic control system for cellophane manufacture at the Kiev Khimvolokno PO.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 57–59, March–April, 1988.     

Dynamic mechanical properties of crosslinked polyisoprene under deformation

Summary Molecular motions of elastomers under deformations were observed through dynamic mechanical measurements. Composite master curves of dynamic moduli E and E and loss tangent tan over a wide range of frequency and in a state of elongation were obtained by the time-temperature superposition procedure. It is found that both moduli increase with strain, . The slope of the dispersion curve of E become more gradual with the increase in , while that of E is almost unchanged. The increment of E is generally larger than that of E, which does not agree with the N. W. Tschoegl prediction, E ^* ()=f() E _o ^* (), where E ^* () and E _o ^* () are complex moduli at the strain of and O, respectively, and f() is the function of only . The difference in the strain dependence of E from E was found to correspond to the strain dependence of the equilibrium modulus.     

Clean-up of low-concentration ventilation discharge from viscose manufacturing plants from carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide

Conclusions An analysis has been made of existing methods of cleaning up low-concentration gas discharges from viscose manufacturing from hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide.It has been found that the most effective method of purification in that which uses ion-exchange and carbon materials, and which requires developing apparatus (filters) of large unit capacity.For a number of plants, it is recommended to use the the thermal method of cleaning up low-concentration discharges from hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide; this is characterized by simplicity and low economic costs.A radical solution to the problem of protecting the air reservoir from contaminants is the development of low-waste technology including utilization of gaseous discharges. Low-waste technology in the manufacture of viscose fibre is being developed in the Khimvolokno NPO and will be realized in the very near future in one of the sub-branch plants.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 6–9, November–December, 1984.     

Convective Regime of Filtration Combustion of Energetic Materials in a Cocurrent Flow of Their Combustion Products

The convective regime of filtration combustion of energetic materials in a cocurrent flow of their combustion products is studied using a model with extremely simplified kinetics and heat transfer, which shows instability of the process. It is shown that the more accurate twotemperature model describes a steadystate regime. In this regime, the gas temperature on the hot boundary of the heating zone is well below the combustion temperature, and the solidphase temperature is well below the temperature proposed in recent studies on this topic. It is pointed out that the twotemperature approach is unjustified and intragranular nonisothermicity must be taken into account for convective regimes. It is shown that the threetemperature model, which takes into account this effect, does not give a stable steadystate solution.     

Note of the estimation of the Θ temperature and Ψ parameter from the critical temperature data

Summary Critical values of the polymer volume fraction _2,c and the interaction parameter _c have been computed for the case that the equation for the chemical potential of solvent contains terms _{c 2} ³ and _{c 2} ⁴ in addition to ₂ ² . For 0 _c 1/3, the limits for infinite chain length are _2,c = 0 and _c = 0.5. Quite different results are obtained for _c > 1/3, _2,c being finite and _c lower than 1/2. Conclusions for the estimation of the temperature and the entropy-of-dilution parameter are discussed.     

State and prospects of manufacturing fibres based on graft copolymers of polycaproamide

Conclusions Some questions in the manufacture of modified fibres from polycaproamide graft polymers have been examined in the Volga Khimvolokno PO by a batch method, having a capacity of 300 metric tons per year.Real routes for developing fibres of the type of Megalon, KM-A1, and KM-A2 have been demonstrated in the manufacture of chemically modified fibres by graft polymerization of polycaproamide fibres; these have a valuable set of consumer, service, and special properties. The causes which have held back wide introduction of these into industry have also been discussed.Printed in discussion sequence.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 17–18, November–December, 1987.     

Postinduction Processes During Thermal Explosion in the Systems “Porous Material–Reactive Gas–Solid Product”

A complete solution of the unsteadystate filtration problem of thermal explosion incorporating the postinduction period is given for the first time. The paper describes a study of the temperaturefield dynamics, poregas pressure, and the degree of condensedphase conversion versus the reactivegas deficiency in a reactive porous material. Focus is on the formation and propagation of frontal regimes of exothermic chemical reactions (their number, direction, and velocity of propagation, degree of condensedphase conversion at the front). The study revealed double selfignition phenomena and combustionwave propagation regimes with incomplete conversion at the front. A surface regime of thermal explosion limited by gas filtration from the outside was considered. The regularities in the dynamics of the exothermic chemical reaction found in the present study allow one to qualitatively control hightemperature synthesis under thermal explosion conditions.