微波有机合成及反应器的新进展

原文节录：微波应用于有机合成的研究，是通过比较常规条件和微波辐射条件下进行酯化、水解、氧化等反应，发现在微波辐射下．反应得到了不同程度的加快，而且有的反应速度加快了几百倍。至今，微波促进有机合成反应已经越来越被化学界人士所看好．而且形成了一门备受关注的领域-HORE化学。     

微波有机合成及反应器的新进展

简述了微波促进有机合成反应的机理 ,讨论了微波密闭合成反应技术、微波常压合成反应技术、微波连续合成反应技术及微波干法合成反应技术在近年来的进展情况。分析了家用微波炉的缺点 ,对目前国内外实验用微波反应器在有机合成应用中的不足之处进行了评价 ,结合本教研室所做的工作 ,介绍了有机合成专用微波炉。展望了微波有机合成的发展前景。     

微波有机合成及反应器研究新进展

综述了近年来微波辐射技术在有机合成应用中的新进展。针对微波有机合成反应技术及专用微波反应器作了重点介绍。     

恩德粉煤气化炉串联高温反应器的可行性分析

在恩德粉煤气化炉分离器后串联1台高温反应器,将煤气中的带出物进行二次反应,可以使煤气中的有效气体积分数由70％提高至80％左右,碳利用率可由87％左右提高至95％以上,冷煤气效率由80．0％提高至88．5％,年增经济效益1149万元,3年可收回成本。通过对模拟计算结果分析,串联高温反应器是可行的．     

高温氯化反应器腐蚀机理分析及改进对策

分析了四氯乙烯装置高温氯化反应器的腐蚀机理,从设备材料、运行数据、结构特点各方面进行论述,通过反应器流场模拟,判断出反应器腐蚀主要由介质流体在反应器内的混合旋涡引起。结合分析内容,有针对性地制订了改进方案并在工程应用中做了实践,实践证明,改造后的反应器腐蚀现象得到了改善。     

微波连续化学过程研究进展

由于微波在其吸收介质中的穿透深度有限,间歇釜式反应器很难扩大规模,从而使微波化学应用于工业生产受到一定限制。发展微波连续化学过程是实现微波更普遍的应用于工业生产的有效途径。微波连续化学过程克服了吸收介质的穿透深度等问题,显著提高了微波辐射效率,并存在易于控制反应参数,优化实验过程,自动化连续操作等优点。主要介绍了典型的微波连续反应装置及其在微波连续化学过程的应用。     

膜生物反应器技术的工业应用及探讨

作为21世纪最具潜力的水处理技术之一,MBR技术在污水资源化领域应用前景广阔。文章介绍了国内外MBR技术的应用现状,探讨了MBR技术在污水资源化应用中的制约因素和当前的研究方向。     

基于电磁热流全耦合的感受器辅助高温微波反应器加热仿真研究

微波加热因其高效、快速和均匀的特性而被广泛应用于工业领域。然而,其选择加热的特性使得微波与弱吸波材料耦合效果不明显,限制了微波在工业领域的应用拓展。因此在微波反应器中引入外部感受器（碳化硅）,基于电磁-热-流耦合理论建立有限元仿真模型,探讨不同感受器配置对微波加热弱吸波材料效果的影响。结果表明：外部感受器的设计不仅要考虑其对物料电场分布的影响,还要考虑物料与感受器间的能量传递,使感受器辅助加热和微波体积加热物料的能量转化平衡达到最优;当感受器布置在物料两侧,并与波导侧面平行时辅助加热效果最好,在500 s时平均温度为918.86℃,COV_T为0.133 6;在高温微波反应器内,热辐射是主要的热传递方式,并且温度越高传热越剧烈。     

大型苯乙烯脱氢反应器国产化分析

脱氢反应器是苯乙烯装置的关键设备。着重对脱氢反应器的国产化过程中遇到的一些难点问题进行了分析,具体说明了解决问题的方案和措施。为我国自行设计、制造高温压力容器提供了一些经验。     

新型微波高温热风系统实验研究

介绍了一种新型的微波高温热风系统,测试分析了微波功率、风机风速、吸波材料等对热风温度及保温箱内温度分布的影响。研究结果表明:设计合理的微波高温热风系统结构紧凑、换热强度大、洁净环保,并能满足各种工业应用对热风温度的要求。     

Downer reactor: From fundamental study to industrial application

Downer reactor, in which gas and solids move downward co-currently, has unique features such as the plug-flow reactor performance and relatively uniform flow structure compared to other gas-solids fluidized bed reactors, e.g., bubbling bed, turbulent bed and riser. Downer is therefore acknowledged as a novel multiphase flow reactor with great potential in high-severity operated processes, such as the high temperature, ultra-short contact time reactions with the intermediates as the desired products. Typical process developments in industry have directed to (1) the new-generation refinery process for cracking of heavier feedstock to gasoline and light olefins (e.g., propylene) as by-products; and (2) coal pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma which opens up a direct means for producing acetylene, i.e., a new route to synthesize chemicals from a clean coal utilization process. This paper is to give a comprehensive review on the development of fundamental researches on downer reactors as well as the particular industrial demonstrations for the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of heavy oils and coal pyrolysis in thermal plasma.     

回路热管反应器传热性能的研究及其工业应用

将热管技术与反应器耦合,开发了高效节能的回路热管反应器.研究了回路热管蒸发段的启动性能、热管内工作介质的汽液两相流流动状态以及热管蒸发段在填充床内的流动传热性能,获得了强化热管传热和改善填充床温度分布的工艺条件,以及填充床对热管外壁对流传热系数的准数关联式.回路热管固定床反应器已经成功应用于合成甲基叔丁基醚生产工艺.     

MBBR废水处理工程应用关键问题探讨

主要介绍了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的工艺原理、特点及国内外研究现状。结合其在废水处理中存在的关键问题提出了相应的对策,并对今后发展的前景进行了展望。     

Analysis of an industrial continuous slurry reactor for ethylene-butene copolymerization

This work presents the analysis of a slurry polymerization stirred tank reactor for the production of high-density polyethylene. A coordination mechanism is adopted including initiation, propagation, first order deactivation, hydrogen transfer, ethylene transfer, transfer to co-catalyst and β-hydride elimination. Two site types are considered each one with its own kinetic constants. A non-uniform solid phase is considered and in the particle there is a radial distribution of chemical species such as the living and dead polymer chains. In this sense, a general local balance is proposed, providing state equations for the moments of chain length distribution and for the active site concentrations that are treated together with all others modeling scales. The multigrain model approach was adopted, combined with a simulation strategy applying orthogonal collocation. The simulation procedure handles all the equations simultaneously and the model is capable of predicting the behavior of operation variables and variables associated with the polymer properties.     

烃类蒸汽预转化催化剂工业应用分析

回顾了国内外烃类蒸汽预转化催化剂技术的发展.从预转化反应机理出发,对新型预转化催化剂Z503在工业装置上的应用进行了分析讨论.结果表明,Z503催化剂既适用于干气为主的气态烃,又适用于干气与轻石脑油的混合原料,具有良好的适应性、低温活性和稳定性.通过高效预转化催化剂的开发,预转化技术在降低基建投资,节约瓦斯消耗,扩大生产能力,保护转化催化剂,稳定转化炉操作,延长开工周期等方面的作用得到体现.     

关于电脑刻花镜若干问题的分析

电脑刻花镜作为一种高档装饰镜,近年来已越来越受到人们的欢迎,其花形的制做也越来越多样化、个性化.由此带来的花形的抛光处理难度也越来越大,而抛光处理的好坏又直接影响着整个花形的制做效果和镜面质量.本人在长期的生产实践中也不时遇到刻花线局部抛不亮的现象,即常说的白道现象,在处理的过程中逐渐发现了一定的规律和方法,同时,对在设计各种花型时,如何巧用坐标系也一并小结.     

The application of simulation vessel flow studies to an industrial chemical reactor mixing problem

A general technique for treating industrial chemical reactor mixing problems is presented. This technique involves mathematical analysis to predict reactor performance in terms of the parameters of a realistic flow model. The variables of the system model are then coupled with the parameters of agitator design and operation through a simulation vessel mixing study. In this way, reactor performance can be expressed in terms of agitator design. The application of this approach to the solution of an industrial chemical reactor design problem is discussed.     

建筑中水工程应用及若干问题讨论

建筑中水对为缓解北方城市水资源短缺提供了一条途径,本文根据工程实例,讨论了建筑中水工艺中的几个技术问题,以供设计、运行和管理参考。     

Startup of an industrial adiabatic tubular reactor

The dynamic behaviour of an adiabatic tubular plant reactor during the startup is demonstrated, together with the impact of a feed-pump failure of one of the reactants. A dynamic model of the reactor system is presented, and the system response is calculated as a function of experimentally-determined, time-dependent, manipulated variables. The values of model parameters are estimated by using the SimuSolv (1991) computer program. The data set collected during the reactor start-up is used for the parameter estimation procedure. An excellent agreement is obtained between the experimental and the calculated system response. Many continuously-operated commercial reactors require a complete conversion of one of the main reactants at the reactor exit. It is shown that for an industrial tubular reactor a much higher initial reactor temperature is required during the startup, compared to the reactor inlet temperature during normal steady-state operation, to ensure a complete reactant conversion. Much more research is necessary to determine whether this is a generally valid rule.     

Reactions of cyclohexane in a microwave discharge reactor

A study has been made of the reactions of cyclohexane in a continuous-flow microwave discharge reactor. Butene-1 and propylene were the major reaction products; ethylene and hydrogen were produced in smaller amounts. The distribution of reaction products was found to depend on the reactor pressure and flow-rate. The results show that the fragmentation of cyclohexane is not the sole source of butene-1. The insertion of nickel wire into the reactor enhanced the production of ethylene and propylene; yields of butene-1 were diminished. In the presence of nickel the production of ethylene and propylene became independent of pressure. When carbon dioxide was added to the cyclohexane feed the major reaction product was acetylene. The carbon dioxide did not react chemically. The yields of acetylene per unit energy input were found to be fairly high.