冷却速度对Al-4.5Mg-0.7Mn-0.4Er合金固溶度及组织的影响

分别采用铁模浇注、水冷模浇注和半连续铸造3种方式,通过拉伸试验、金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射及透射电镜对Al-4.5Mg-0.7Mn-0.4Er合金的力学性能、组织进行了研究,结果发现增大冷却速度可以提高Al-4.5Mg-0.7Mn-0.4Er合金的强度;有利于合金凝固时Er、Mn在Al中形成过饱和固溶体,并且在均匀化退火以后析出形成细小、弥散分布的Al3Er和Al6Mn相。以细小弥散的第二相形式析出的Al3Er是铝合金中的有效强化相,对提高合金的性能、改善合金的组织有益。经过激冷浇注成形,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高了14MPa和7MPa,伸长率稍有下降。     

微量Er，Mn对Al-Mg合金组织与性能的影响

探讨了微量的稀土元素Er和过渡族元素Mn对Al—Mg合金铸态、均匀化态、热轧及冷轧态组织和常温力学性能的影响，分析了它们在合金中的存在形式以及相互之间的作用。结果表明，稀土元素Er和过渡族元素Mn对改善合金力学性能是有益的，但是当它们共同加入时，强化效果会削弱，影响单一元素各自单独发挥作用。     

A1_2O_3增强共晶成分铝锰合金复合材料磨损特性

采用搅拌法向共晶成分铝锰合金中加入Al2O3颗粒形成颗粒增强复合材料,将铝锰合金和颗粒增强复合材料在加有磨粒的高矿化度水条件下进行磨损试验,对摩擦系数及摩擦失重量进行对比研究。实验表明,铝锰合金的组织为锰在铝中的固溶体及在其上分布着MnAl6和Al11Mn4的铝锰化合物,而Al2O3颗粒增强铝锰复合材料组织为与铝锰合金相近的基础上均匀分布着δ-Al2O3颗粒;在加有磨粒的高矿化度水摩擦条件下,共晶成分的铝锰合金及其复合材料的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量都是随着载荷的增大而增大,铝锰合金的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量大于复合材料的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量。     

Al2O3增强共晶成分铝锰合金复合材料磨损特性

采用搅拌法向共晶成分铝锰合金中加入Al2O3颗粒形成颗粒增强复合材料,将铝锰合金和颗粒增强复合材料在加有磨粒的高矿化度水条件下进行磨损试验,对摩擦系数及摩擦失重量进行对比研究.实验表明,铝锰舍金的组织为锰在铝中的固溶体及在其上分布着MnAl6和Al11 Mn4的铝锰化合物,而Al2O3颗粒增强铝锰复合材料组织为与铝锰合金相近的基础上均匀分布着δ-Al2O3颗粒;在加有磨粒的高矿化度水摩擦条件下,共晶成分的铝锰合全及其复合材料的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量都是随着裁荷的增大而增大,铝锰合金的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量大于复合材料的摩擦系数和摩擦失重量.     

稀土Er对A356.2合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

通过含量的变化研究了微量稀土元素Er对A356.2合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,添加微量的Er元素不仅可通过在合金熔体中产生大量异质形核核心(Al_3Er)细化初生α-Al晶粒,而且Er元素还可有效细化铝-硅共晶团,从而显著提高合金的力学性能。当Er含量为1%时合金的力学性能最高,抗拉强度为240 MPa,伸长率为9.8%。     

稀土Er对Al-5.3Cu-0.8Mg-0.6Ag合金组织与性能的影响

采用硬度测试、拉伸性能测试、X射线衍射、金相观察、扫描电镜与透射电镜等方法,研究了添加0.2wt%Er对Al-5.3Cu-0.8Mg-0.6Ag合金的组织与性能影响.结果表明,微量稀土Er可显著降低铸态合金的晶粒尺寸,提高铸态合金的室温与高温力学性能;然而,Er降低了挤压态合金的时效硬化与拉伸性能,这是由于Er与合金中的Al、cu形成了Al8Cu4Er稀土化合物,减少了用于固溶时效的Cu元素,最终使强化析出相Ω相的体积分数减少.     

含稀土铒元素Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金微观组织及力学性能的研究

采用金相观察、扫描电镜与能谱分析、显微硬度和力学性能测试等方法,研究了不同含量稀土元素Er对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明,在Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金中添加Er元素后二次枝晶臂间距减小,枝晶网胞变薄。Er元素主要以Al8Cu4Er相形式存在于晶界,少量固溶于铝基体中。此外,Er元素能有效抑制Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金发生再结晶,细化再结晶晶粒,提高合金时效强化效果。当Er含量超过0.3%时,脆性Al8Cu4Er相数量增多,导致合金力学性能变差。     

Er对铸态Mg-Al-Zn-Mn合金组织与力学性能的影响

通过熔炼铸造法制备了不同Er含量的铸态Mg-9．0Al-0．8Zn-0．15Mn合金。采用X射线衍射、金相观察、扫描电镜及拉伸性能测试，研究了Er的添加对合金的显微组织与力学性能影响。结果显示，基体合金中添加Er后，显微组织主要由α-Mg相、Mg17Al12相及Al3Er相组成。添加Er元素能有效细化铸态合金的晶粒，使其平均晶粒尺寸从57μm降低到21μm；同时Er的添加改善了基体合金中Mg17Al12相的形态与分布，最终使基体合金的室温抗拉强度得到提高。     

微量稀土Er对Al-5Mg合金组织与性能的影响

采用铸锭冶金法,制备含不同量稀土元素Er的Al-5Mg合金。利用拉伸力学性能测试、OM、XRD、SEM、TEM及EDS分析等分析测试手段,研究微量Er对Al-5Mg合金微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Er可以明显提高Al-5Mg合金的强度,添加0.4%Er(质量分数)的Al-5Mg合金的冷轧态屈服强度(σ0.2)提高了81MPa,而延伸率变化不大;Er的加入还能减少Al-5Mg合金的枝晶偏析,并可显著细化合金的晶粒组织;Er对晶粒的细化机理与其添加量有关,当Er含量较低时,符合传统的稀土细化机理;当Er含量较高时,由于在熔体中形成了初生Al3Er质点,在结晶形核时可以作为非均质形核核心,从而可显著细化晶粒组织;Er对合金的强化效应主要来自于晶粒细化及在晶内形成的细小二次Al3Er质点。根据实验结果可知,添加0.4%Er可使合金具有较为优异的综合性能。     

机械振动对消失模铸造镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究机械振动对消失模铸造AZ91合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,并分析凝固过程中机械振动细化晶粒的机制。结果表明:机械振动能显著地细化消失模铸造AZ91合金的组织,合金组织由α-Mg固溶体、沉淀Mg17Al12和新相Al13Mn12组成,其铝锰相有别于不施加振动时的Al32Mn25相;机械振动较大幅度改善了合金的力学性能,当激振力为1.5kN时,AZ91合金抗拉强度相对于不振动时提高27%,其合金力学性能最优;而当激振力进一步增加时,由于组织中存在着微观缩松,强度有所降低。机械振动法通过增大过冷度、剪切力碎化枝晶和使枝晶臂熔断来细化晶粒。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.