基于热电偶的睡眠呼吸监测传感器的仿真与分析

针对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(OSAHS)这一常见疾病,本文设计了一种基于薄膜热电偶的睡眠呼吸监测传感器,并通过赛贝克效应和传热学原理分析了呼吸过程中温度以及对流换热系数的变化,为传感器呼吸监测能力的可行性提供了理论依据。本文采用COMSOL进行了有限元仿真,研究了基底厚度、热电偶材料、热电偶厚度以及导线排布方式对传感器的影响,同时对结构进行了优化处理。此后,还分析了在不同通气情况下热电偶热端的温度曲线差异,其结果表明传感器具有判别OSAHS患者的能力。     

Meso-Reconstruction of Silk Fibroin based on Molecular and Nano-Templates for Electronic Skin in Medical Applications

A unique strategy of mesoscopic functionalization starting from silk fibroin (SF) materials to the fabrication of meso flexible SF electronic skin (e-skin) is presented. Notably, SF materials of novel and enhanced properties of the materials can be achieved by mesoscopically reconstructing the hierarchical structures of SF materials, based on rerouting the refolding process of SF molecules by meso-nucleation templating. Mesoscopic hybridization/reconstruction endows cocoon silk with a robust mechanical and electric performance by incorporating wool keratin (WK) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the mesostructures of SF via intermolecular templated nucleation. Furthermore, the asymmetrical meso-functional films with biocompatibility and insulation on one side and conductivity on the other (square resistance = 130 Ω sq⁻¹) endow the passive wireless e-skin exhibited a tunable sensitivity from −1.05 to −6.35 kPa⁻¹ with a lossless measurement range of ≈2 kPa. The pulses of human subjects are monitored using the e-skin to evaluate blood vessel hardening and real-time dynamic systolic and diastolic blood pressure.     

Midsagittal Jaw Movements as a Sleep/Wake Marker

The seriousness of the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome is measured by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the number of sleep apneas and hypopneas over the total sleep time (TST). Cardiorespiratory signals are used to detect respiratory events while the TST is usually assessed by the analysis of electroencephalogram traces in polysomnography (PSG) or wrist actigraphy trace in portable monitoring. This paper presents a sleep/wake automatic detector that relies on a wavelet-based complexity measure of the midsagittal jaw movement signal and multilayer perceptrons. In all, 63 recordings were used to train and test the method, while 38 recordings constituted an independent evaluation set for which the sensitivity, the specificity, and the global agreement of sleep recognition, respectively, reached 85.1%, 76.4%, and 82.9%, compared with the PSG data. The AHI computed automatically and only from the jaw movement analysis was significantly improved (p < 0.0001 ) when considering this sleep/wake detector. Moreover, a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 83.6% were found for the diagnosis of the sleep apnea syndrome according to a threshold of 15. Thus, the jaw movement signal is reasonably accurate in separating sleep from wake, and, in addition to its ability to score respiratory events, is a valuable signal for portable monitoring.     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术联合鼻部手术治疗OSAHS疗效分析

目的探讨对合并鼻部和口咽部阻塞的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（Obstructive Sleep Apnea—Hypopnea Syndrome,OSAHS）患者进行同期鼻部手术和悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）的临床疗效。方法诊断和评估根据多导睡眠呼吸监测（Polysomonography,PSG）、体重指数（Body Mass Index,BMI）和主观症状。检查证实同时有口咽狭窄和鼻部异常,在行UPPP手术同期行下鼻甲部分切除术和（或）鼻中隔偏曲黏膜下切除术）,术后随访1-2年。结果截止到2007年11月,所有患者术后满12个月,复查时打鼾、憋气、头痛及嗜睡等症状均明显减轻或消失。结论UPPP联合鼻中隔偏曲矫正、下鼻甲部分切除术治疗OSAHS可取得良好的手术疗效。     

Resonant plethysmography for unconstrained monitoring of respiration

A wireless resonant plethysmography for respiration monitoring and obstructive sleep apnea detection is presented. Inductive coupling is utilised between a respiration sensor and measurement module for unconstrained detection of respiratory motion. The results of this system are compared with those of a conventional wired monitor and better performance is reported.     

Skin-Inspired High-Performance Active-Matrix Circuitry for Multimodal User-Interaction

Artificial electronic skin (e-skin), a network of mechanically flexible sensors which can wrap irregular surfaces conformally and quantify various stimuli sensitively, is potentially useful in healthcare monitoring and human-machine interaction (HMI). Although various approaches have mimicked the structures and functions of the human skin, challenges remain with high-density integration, super sensitivity, and multi-functionality. A multimodal and comfortable skin-inspired active-matrix circuitry is reported here with high pixel density (>100 cm^–2) based on all 2D materials, which exhibits excellent performance to detect both mechanical interactions and humidity variations. The ultra-high sensitivity (>400 and ≈ 10⁴ for strain and humidity sensing, respectively), long-term stability (>1000 cycles), and rapid response time for every pixel can fulfill simultaneous multi-stimulus sensing. Accordingly, a respiratory monitor is constructed to realize healthcare monitoring through observing the human breath frequency, intensity, and humidity in real-time. Moreover, the multimodal e-skin breaks through shackles of the contact sensor medium for HMI. 3D strain and humidity spatial mapping can reflect object location information even without contact, avoiding cross-infection of viruses effectively between users during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reported e-skin will broaden applications for future healthcare and human–machine interactive devices.     

Bioinspired Bimodal Mechanosensors with Real-Time,Visualized Information Display for Intelligent Control

Imitating mechano-sensing luminescence of organisms has long been envisaged to achieve dynamic and real-time visualized information display, however, it remains challenging to recreate the skin-like visual sensation functions in artificial sensors. Here, a bioinspired mechanosensor is presented with mechanoluminescent/triboelectric hierarchical structure that is capable of pressure perception and patterning display in real time. Interestingly, a facilitative effect of interfacial triboelectric field on luminescent output and pressure visualization was found. The developed mechanosensor shows self-powered, bimodal, and real-time patterning sensation behavior with a low force detection limit (0.082 N), high sensitivity (9.69 a.u. N⁻¹), fast response (35 ms), and good reliability (5000 cycles). On this basis, an intelligent control system is further constructed via combining image machine learning approach. This study not only addresses the long-lasting challenge of real-time pressure visualized display, but also boosts the further development of untethered, small-scale, and efficient intelligent systems.     

Mass-Producible 3D Hair Structure-Editable Silk-Based Electronic Skin for Multiscenario Signal Monitoring and Emergency Alarming System

Structurally tunable electronic skin (e-skin) is beneficial for advancing wearable electronics, prosthetics, and human-machine interaction (HMI). However, the regulation of e-skin by traditional nanostructure technology is complex and expensive, moreover, the nanostructure's poor deformability leads to small detection range and low sensitivity. Herein, inspired by the structure of skin-hair and insect burr, a polypyrrole-silk/glycerol plasticized silk fibroin (P-silk/RG) e-skin fabricated by a simple 3D biomimetic structural strategy is reported. Benefitting from the editability (length, position) of this structure, P-silk/RG has a signal selectivity, long-cilia P-silk/RG demonstrates high sensitivity (respond to weak signal-airflow), while the short-cilia P-silk/RG exhibits wide pressure detection range (0.5–200 g) and high cycle stability (8000 compressions). Therefore, different forms of P-silk/RG are used in different scenarios (long-cilia for monitoring breathing and coughing for motion detection and disease diagnosis, short-cilia for pressure-sensitive Morse code). Besides, P-silk/RG exhibits good waterproof, editable conductive points and easy device integration, providing the basis for underwater information transmission, multibit coded command output, and early warning for emergency sports accidents and sedentary. Surprisingly, combining this structure with textile weaving can be mass-produced. Obviously, this 3D biomimetic structure strategy endows e-skin with editability and improved scene adaptability to provide a favorable way for mass production.     

Low-Intensity Sensitive and High Stability Flexible Heart Sound Sensor Enabled by Hybrid Near-Field/Far-Field Electrospinning

Low-cost and wearable heart sound sensors can facilitate early detection and monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Such sensors are currently limited by either the complexity of fabrication processes or low sensitivity and reliability for weak signal detection. Here, a hybrid near-field/far-field electrospinning approach is demonstrated that enables low-cost fabrication and optimization of triboelectric heterostructures for heart sound sensing. Specifically, by combining the far-field produced highly polarized and porous polyvinylidene difluoride network for triboelectric electrification and near-field patterned polyurethane grid spacers for vibration enhancement and charge trapping, the greatly improved sensor output at the heart sound frequency (50–150 Hz) and intensity (<80 dB) range, demonstrating record high sensitivity of 7027 mV Pa⁻¹ and low detection limit of 47 dB. The sensor exhibits excellent stability under both sudden physical disturbance and long-term cycling stress, showing no degradation during 7 h of continuous operation. It is demonstrated that the sensor can be integrated with apparel and capture high-quality heart sound signals at all five diagnostic auscultation points and distinguish characteristic heart sound patterns caused by different cardiovascular diseases.     

行腭帆间隙修整的改良式悬雍垂腭咽成形术的临床应用探讨

目的：探讨行腭帆间隙修整的改良式悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea-hypopneasyndrome OSAHS）临床应用意义。方法：回顾2008年1月至2009年6月OSAHS患者62例,临床资料进行总结分析。结果：术后6个月后疗效判断,治愈10例,址效...     

Piezoionic SnSe Nanosheets-Double Network Hydrogel for Self-Powered Strain Sensing and Energy Harvesting

Flexible strain sensors have enormous potential in wearable devices, robots, and health monitoring equipment. However, the poor stretchability of strain sensors based on semiconductors and the low sensitivity of resistance change-based hydrogel strain sensors hinders the comprehensive application. Herein, a flexible piezoionic SnSe-hydrogel composite with an optimized structure and improved performance is designed. The piezoionic output rises nonlinearly as the applied force increases, with the piezoionic coefficient up to 1780 nV Pa⁻¹ and −7.21 nA Pa⁻¹. The composite can realize the continuous positioning in 1D space based on the piezoionic effect. It also demonstrates self-powered characteristics, an ultrafast response speed of 6–8 ms, and a high gauge factor of 95.89. The sensor is exemplified to monitor fist clenching and finger bending, which has the potential to discriminate different joint movements. Meanwhile, the device can light up a light–emitting diode under pressure and bending. The as-prepared piezoionic SnSe-hydrogel device, having both high stretchability and sensitivity, may shed light on developing high-performance flexible strain sensors and generators.     

Cobalt-Nanoporous Carbon Functionalized Nanocomposite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Contactless and Sustainable Self-Powered Sensor Systems

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which operate in contactless mode and avoid physical contact, are highly attractive for self-powered sensor systems aiming to achieve long-term reliable operation and reduce rubbing friction. Herein, an ultra-flexible and high-performance contactless double-layer TENG (CDL-TENG) is first designed and fabricated using a metal–organic framework-based cobalt nanoporous carbon (Co-NPC)/Ecoflex with MXene/Ecoflex nanocomposite layer for self-powered sensor applications. The porous structure of the Co-NPC provides a high-surface-area of the nanocomposite and the charge storage layer of the MXene/Ecoflex nanocomposite accumulates more negative charge to improve the functionality of the CDL-TENG two and three times, respectively. Compared with Ecoflex film-based TENGs, the fabricated CDL-TENG exhibits an eight-fold slower decay rate owing to charge trapping characteristics, which were confirmed by surface potential measurements. The CDL-TENG shows excellent humidity and acceleration sensitivity of about 0.3 V/% and 2.06 Vs² m⁻¹. The CDL-TENG also offers non-contact position detection performance in the 20 cm range. Furthermore, the CDL-TENG is successfully integrated with mobile-vehicles and an intelligent robot to perform obstacle and human-motion detection. Finally, a contactless door-lock password authentication system was demonstrated. These multifunctional benefits make it useful for numerous applications, including artificial intelligence, human-machine interfaces, and self-powered sensors.     

Template-Assisted Electrospun Ordered Hierarchical Microhump Arrays-Based Multifunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Tactile Sensing and Animal Voice-Emotion Identification

The development of flexible and adaptable multifunctional sensing systems for human–machine interaction, especially for animal voice-emotion identification, is highly desirable yet quite challenging. Herein, a multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on ordered hierarchical microhump arrays is proposed and fabricated by template-assisted electrospinning with a facile, low-cost, and expandable manufacturing process. Performances of a single-electrode TENG based on the patterned nanofiber films with microhump arrays (NFM-TENG) are studied in detail by varying mesh number of the template. Electric field structure of the collector is altered by pore sizes, wire diameters, and protrusions of the receiving templates subjected to different mesh numbers, generating different degrees of microhump arrays on the surface of the nanofiber film. NFM-TENG demonstrates high sensitivity (15.94 mV Pa⁻¹), fast response and recovery time (76 and 58 ms), a large power density of 122 mW m⁻², and excellent ability of structural retention. Integrated with four functions of energy harvesting, pressure sensing, human physiological sensing, and animal voice-emotion identification, NFM-TENG achieves real-time monitoring of human physiological, motion, handwriting, and animal voice-emotion signals without an external power supply. This study shows significant application strategies for self-powered human–machine interaction devices, novel animal voice-emotion identification, biodiversity conservation, and so on.     

A Flexible and Safe Planar Zinc-Ion Micro-Battery with Ultrahigh Energy Density Enabled by Interfacial Engineering for Wearable Sensing Systems

Aqueous zinc-ion micro-batteries (ZIMBs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their reliable safety, low cost, and great potential for wearable devices. However, current ZIMBs still suffer from various critical issues, including short cycle life, poor mechanical stability, and inadequate energy density. Herein, the fabrication of flexible planar ZIMBs with ultrahigh energy density by interfacial engineering in the screen-printing process based on high-performance MnO₂-based cathode materials is reported. The Ce-doped MnO₂ (Ce-MnO₂) exhibits significantly enhanced capacity (389.3 mAh g⁻¹), considerable rate capability and admirable cycling stability than that of the pure MnO₂. Importantly, the fabrication of micro-electrodes with ultrahigh mass loading of Ce-MnO₂ (24.12 mg cm⁻²) and good mechanical stability is achieved through optimizing the interfacial bonding between different printed layers. The fabricated planar ZIMBs achieve a record high capacity (7.21 mAh cm⁻² or 497.31 mAh cm⁻³) and energy density (8.43 mWh cm⁻² or 573.45 mWh cm⁻³), as well as excellent flexibility. Besides, a wearable self-powered sensing system for environmental monitoring is further demonstrated by integrating the planar ZIMBs with flexible solar cells and a multifunctional sensor array. This work sheds light on the development of high-performance planar ZIMBs for future self-powered and eco-friendly smart wearable electronics.     

A novel method for the detection of apnea and hypopnea events in respiration signals

The monitoring of breathing dynamics is an essential diagnostic tool in various clinical environments, such as sleep diagnostics, intensive care and neonatal monitoring. This paper introduces an innovative signal classification method that is capable of on-line detection of the presence or absence of normal breathing. Four different artificial neural networks are presented for the recognition of three different patterns in the respiration signals (normal breathing, hypopnea, and apnea). Two networks process the normalized respiration signals directly, while another two use sophisticatedly preprocessed signals. The development of the networks was based on training sets from the polysomnographic records of nine different patients. The detection performance of the networks was tested and compared by using up to 8000 untrained breathing patterns from 16 different patients. The networks which classified the preprocessed respiration signals produced an average detection performance of over 90%. In the light of the moderate computational power used, the presented method is not only viable in clinical polysomnographs and respiration monitors, but also in portable devices.     

A Self-Powered Body Motion Sensing Network Integrated with Multiple Triboelectric Fabrics for Biometric Gait Recognition and Auxiliary Rehabilitation Training

Gait analysis provides a convenient strategy for the diagnosis and rehabilitation assessment of diseases of skeletal, muscular, and neurological systems. However, challenges remain in current gait recognition methods due to the drawbacks of complex systems, high cost, affecting natural gait, and one-size-fits-all model. Here, a highly integrated gait recognition system composed of a self-powered multi-point body motion sensing network (SMN) based on full textile structure is demonstrated. By combining of newly developed energy harvesting technology of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and traditional textile manufacturing process, SMN not only ensures high pressure response sensitivity up to 1.5 V kPa⁻¹, but also is endowed with several good properties, such as full flexibility, excellent breathability (165 mm s⁻¹), and good moisture permeability (318 g m⁻² h⁻¹). By using machine learning to analyze periodic signals and dynamic parameters of limbs swing, the gait recognition system exhibits a high accuracy of 96.7% of five pathological gaits. In addition, a customizable auxiliary rehabilitation exercise system that monitors the extent of the patient's rehabilitation exercise is developed to observe the patient's condition and instruct timely recovery training. The machine learning-assisted SMN can provide a feasible solution for disease diagnosis and personalized rehabilitation of the patients.     

Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV‑2 by Flexible Metal Oxide Field-Effect Transistors

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reflects the great significance of rapid and accurate detection of pathogens by new sensing technologies. Antibody based biosensors with high sensitivity comparable to golden standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and miniaturized device features allow the detection of pathogens in portable and flexible formats. Herein, flexible metal oxide electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors (EGFETs) are reported to serve as the biosensors for rapid and ultrasensitive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. The semiconducting layer of the EGFETs associates with hybrid material of PEI doped metal oxides that not only improves the transistor performance, but also regulates microstructure forming higher surface-to-volume ratio, which brings more antibodies immobilization, resulting in higher sensitive, and faster response for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Comprehensive studies of materials and interfacing engineering of the EGFETs not only build the strong foundation for the EGFET sensors to show excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection from 0.14 fg ml⁻¹ for SARS-CoV-2 S1 proteins, and 0.09 copies µl⁻¹ for SARS-CoV-2 viruses, but also offer good mechanical properties to enable thin, soft flexible sensing platforms. This work provides a new strategy from materials to devices as innovative schemes for virus/pathogens detection.     

Suppression of Ionic and Electronic Conductivity by Multilayer Heterojunctions Passivation Toward Sensitive and Stable Perovskite X-Ray Detectors

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection and imaging. The relatively high dark current in perovskite single crystals (SCs) is a major limiting factor hindering the pursuit of performance and stability enhancement. In this study, the contribution of dark current is disentangled from electronic (σ_e) and ionic conductivity (σ_i) and shows that the high σ_i dominates the dark current of MAPbBr₃ SCs. A multilayer heterojunctions passivation strategy is developed that suppresses not only the σ_i by two orders of magnitude but also σ_e by a factor of 1.6. The multilayer heterojunctions passivate the halide vacancy defects and increase the electron and hole injection barrier by inducing surface p-type doping of MAPbBr₃. This enables the MAPbBr₃ SC X-ray detectors to obtain a high sensitivity of 19 370 µC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² under a high electric field of 100 V cm⁻¹, a record high sensitivity for bromine self-powered devices, and a low detection limit of 42.3 nGy_air s⁻¹. The unencapsulated detectors demonstrate a stable baseline after storage for 210 days and outstanding operational stability upon irradiation with an accumulated dose of up to 1944 mGy_air.     

Photoexcited Ultraviolet-to-Infrared (II) Pyroelectricity in a 2D Ferroelectric Perovskite Driving Broadband Self-Powered Photoactivities

Photoexcited pyroelectricity in ferroelectrics allows the direct conversion of light radiation into electric signal without external power source, thus paving an avenue to promote optoelectronic device performances. However, it is urgently demanded to exploit new ferroelectrics with this attribute covering ultraviolet (UV)-to-infrared (IR) region for self-powered photodetection. Herein, broadband light-induced pyroelectric effects in a new 2D perovskite-type ferroelectric, (BBA)2(EA)2Pb3Br10 (1; BBA = p-bromobenzylammonium, EA = ethylammonium), showing a high Curie temperature of 425 K and notable pyroelectric coefficient (≈5.4 × 10⁻³ µC cm⁻² K⁻¹) is presented. Especially, photo-induced change of its electric polarization leads to ultraviolet-to-infrared pyroelectricity in a wide spectral region (377–1950 nm). Broadband photoactivities actualized by this property break the limitation of its optical bandgap. Thus, single-crystal detectors of 1 are sensitive to UV-to-IR light with a small temperature fluctuation of 0.3 K, exhibiting a high transient responsivity up to ≈0.28 mA W⁻¹ and specific detectivity of 1.31 × 10¹⁰ Jones under zero bias (at 405 nm); such figure-of-merits are beyond than those self-powered photodetectors using oxide ferroelectrics. It is anticipated that the findings of light-induced pyroelectricity afford a feasible strategy to assemble newly-conceptual smart photoelectric devices, such as self-powered broadband detectors.     

Biomimetic Honeycomb Zn Anode Enabled Multi-Field Regulation toward Highly Stable Flexible Zn-Ion Batteries

Flexible Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) emerge as a promising entrant for flexible and safe energy systems in the post-Li era, while the instability of Zn anode including inferior flexibility, uncontrollable plating, and dendrite growth remains a challenge. Naturally inspired, a topology-optimized biomimetic honeycomb Zn (BH-Zn) anode through mechanical-electrochemical processing is demonstrated. Numerical simulations and experimental observations reveal the BH-Zn engenders smooth current–stress–thermal field distributions, concurrently realizing the multi-field regulation effect and boosted stability. After in situ alloying, the BH-Zn enables half-diminished voltage polarization, superior electrochemical stability of 2000 h cycling, and thermal stability even at 30 mA cm⁻². Moreover, the assembled ZIBs manifest over 20 times enhanced capacity retention and are integrated as a self-powered wearable system for real-time health monitoring. This strategy can be extended to customizable metal anodes and promises to be applied in stable flexible batteries.