Electron Microscopic Study on the Filtration Mechanism of the Blood Cells in Rat Spleen

脾脏在整个循环系统中担任去除不正常或老化红血球之角色,长久以来已以是众所皆知,但对于真正之过滤机转却不甚了解。为了解脾脏中红血球的过滤机转,吾人将正常或经神经苷酶处理的大白鼠红血球,注入脾脏循环,然后以穿透式及扫描式电子显微镜来观察。经过神经苷酶处理过的红血球在穿透式电子显微镜下,其细胞膜具有钌红(ruthenium red)之圆环,而在扫描式电子显微镜下,则因其有附著半乳糖特异性小球(0.2～0.5um)而能确认!穿透式电子显微镜的观     

High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Technologies

The conjugated polymer-based solar cell is one of the most promising devices in search Of sustainable, renewable energy sources in last decade. It is the youngest field in organic solar cell research and also is certainly the fastest growing one at the moment. In addition, the key factor for polymer-based solar cells with high-efficiency is to invent new materials. Organic solar cell has attracted significant researches and commercial interest due to its low cost in fabrication and flexibility in applications. However, they suffer from relatively low conversion efficiency. The summarization of the significance and concept of high efficiency polymer solar cell technologies are presented.     

Investigation on Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells

The preparation,current status and trends are investigated for silicon thin film solar cells.The advantages and disadvantages of amorphous silicon thin film,polycrystalline silicon thin film and mono-crystalline silicon thin film cells are compared.The future development trends are pointed out.It is found that polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells will be more promising for application with great potential.     

Hydrogen Passivation in Mc-Si for Solar Cells

The effect of hydrogen passivation on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) used for solar cells is described, and the mechanism of hydrogen diffusion and passivation is also investigated. Then, the hydrogen passivation processes applied in industries and research laboratories are introduced. Finally the existing problems and the prospects of hydrogen passivation are reviewed.     

Structural Tailoring the Phenylenediamine Isomers to Obtain 2D Dion–Jacobson Tin Perovskite Solar Cells with Record Efficiency

2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) tin halide perovskite shows impressive stability by introducing diamine organic spacer. However, due to the dielectric confinement and uncontrollable crystallization process, 2D DJ perovskite usually exhibits large exciton binding energy and poor film quality, resulting in unfavorable charge dissociation, carrier transport and device performance. Here, the ortho-, meta-, and para-isomers of phenylenediamine (PDA) are designed for 2D DJ tin halide perovskites. Theoretical simulation and experimental characterizations demonstrate that compared with p-PDA and m-PDA, o-PDA shows larger dipole moment, which further reduces the exciton binding energy for the 2D perovskites. Besides, there is a strong hydrogen bond interaction between o-PDA cation and inorganic octahedron, which not only improves the structural stability, but also induces larger aggregates in the precursor to form dense and uniform high-quality films, and strengthens the antioxidant barrier. More interestingly, femtosecond transient absorption further proves that o-PDA organic spacers can reduce unfavorable small n-phases, resulting in sufficient and effective charge transfer between different n-value. As a result, the 2D DJ (o-PDA)FA₃Sn₄I₁₃ solar cells achieve a record power conversion efficiency of 7.18%. The study furnishes an effective method to optimize the carrier transport and device performance by tailoring the chemical structure of organic spacers.     

Study of Back Contacts for CdTe Solar Cells

ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu layer is used as a complex back contact.The parmeters of CdTe solar cells with and without the complex back contacts are compared.The effects of un-doped layer thickness,doped concentration and post-deposition annealing temperature of the complex layer on solar cells preformance are investigated.The results show that ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu layer can improve back contacts and largely increase the conversion efficiency of CdTe solar cells.Un-doped layer and post-deposition annealing of high temperature can increase open voltage.Using the complex back contact,a small CdTe cell with fill factor of 73.14% and conversion efficiency of 12.93% is obtained.     

Microcrystalline Silicon Materials and Solar Cells Prepared by VHF-PECVD

A series of samples deposited by VHF - PECVD at different pressures were studied. The measurement results of photosensitivity (photo conductivity/dark conductivity) and activation energy indicaten ear the same rule with the change of the pressure. The results measured by Raman scattering spectra, X-ray diffraction and FTIR all proved the evident crystallization of the materials. Treating the p/i interface by hydrogen has a great improving effect on the performance of the microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) p-i-n solar cells if the treatment time was appropriate. An efficiency of 4.24% for μc-Si p-i-n solar cells deposited by VHF-PECVD was firstly obtained.     

第二讲：太阳电池Part2：Solar Cells

2.1太阳电池的基本发电原理 光伏发电系统中成本最高的部分当数太阳电池，也称为光伏电池。它是光伏发电系统中科技含量最高的部分，是光伏发电系统的核心，也是目前光伏发电系统普及和发展的瓶颈。太阳电池本体研究主要集中在物理学、材料学和微电子学等领域。     

A High-Performance Operational Amplifier for High-Speed High-Accuracy Switch-Capacitor Cells

A highspeed highaccuracy fully differenttial operational amplifier (opamp) is realized based on noMillercapacitor feedforward (NMCF) compensation scheme. In order to achieve a good phase margin, the NMCF compensation scheme uses the positive phase shift of lefthalfplane (LHP) zero caused by the feedforward path to counteract the negative phase shift of the nondominant pole. Compared to traditional Miller compensation method, the opamp obtains high gain and wide band synchronously without the polesplitting effect while saves significant chip area due to the absence of the Miller capacitor. Simulated by the 0.35 μm CMOS RF technology, the result shows that the openloop gain of the opamp is 118 dB with the unity gainbandwidth (UGBW)of 1 GHz, and the phase margin is 61°while the settling time is 5.8 ns when achieving 0.01% accuracy. The opamp is especially suitable for the frontend sample/hold (S/H)cell and the multiplying D/A converter(MDAC) module of the highspeed highresolution pipelined A/D converters(ADCs).     

Highly Stable n–i–p Structured Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Solar Cells through the Stabilization of Surface Sn2+ Cations

Improving the performance, reproducibility, and stability of Sn-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with n–i–p structures is an important challenge. Spiro-OMeTAD [2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene], a hole transporting material (HTM) with n–i–p structure, requires the oxygen exposure after addition of Li-TFSI [Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] as a dopant to increase the hole concentration. In Sn-based PSC, Sn²⁺ is easily oxidized to Sn⁴⁺ under such a condition, resulting in a sharp decrease in efficiency. Herein, a formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI₃)-based PSCs fabricated using DPI-TPFB [4-Isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate] instead of Li-TFSI are reported as a dopant in Spiro-OMeTAD. The DPI-TPFB enables the fabrication of PSCs with an efficiency of up to 10.9%, the highest among FASnI₃-based PSCs with n–i–p structures. Moreover, ≈80% of the initial efficiency is maintained even after 1,597 h under maximum power point tracking conditions. In particular, the encapsulated device does not show any decrease in efficiency even after holding for 50 h in the 85 °C/85% RH condition. The high efficiency and excellent stability of PSCs prepared by doping with DPI-TPFB are attributed to not only increasing electrical conductivity by acting as a Lewis acid, but also stabilizing Sn²⁺ through coordination with Sn²⁺ on the surface of FASnI₃.     

Correlating the Molecular Structure of A-DA′D-A Type Non-Fullerene Acceptors to Its Heat Transfer and Charge Transport Properties in Organic Solar Cells

Efficient heat transfer is beneficial to heat dissipation and the thermal durability of organic solar cell (OSCs). In this regard, heat transfer properties of organic semiconductors within OSCs should play important roles, but their thermal properties are rarely explored. Here, heat diffusion properties of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors processing different DA′D framework, named BZ4F-5, BZ4F-6, and BZ4F-7 are probed; it is found that backbone rings extension from five- to six- and seven-membered-fused rings trigger longer phonon mean free path and higher thermal diffusivities (D) in their pristine solid films and bulk heterojunction blends. Particularly, the correlation between the thermal transport properties in Y-series acceptors and their backbone geometry, molecule stacking, and thin-film crystallinity is demonstrated. More importantly, both organic thin-film transistors and OSCs confirm that thermal durability of organic semiconductor devices correlated with the thermal properties of their active layer. Although BZ5F-6 and BZ4F-7 based devices possess similar device performance at room temperature, superior heat dissipation in BZ4F-7 molecule endows it with enhanced device lifetime. These results contribute to critical design criteria for future molecular optimization in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.     

High-Frequency Link Inverter for Fuel Cells Based on Multiple-Carrier PWM

HIGH-FREQUENCY (I-IF) ac link inverter topologies, with or without soft switching, have important practical advantages compared to more conventional dc link inverters in terms of isolation, size of magnetics, and other properties. It is possible to obtain these basic advantages directly in a conventional PWM inverter with trans former-coupled output, but only if the transformer can handle the low modulating frequency. HF link topologies have not been common for medium power (1 to 20kW), largely because of the number of power stages and control complexity.     

Flash Process-Based Complex Programmable Logical Device with 72 Macro Cells

A complex programmable logical device （CPLD） based on conventional embedded Flash memory process with 72 macro cells is studied in the paper. Compared with the Flash cell array technology employed by foreign companies, this architecture exhibiting insystem reconfiguration and rapid response was manufactured by low cost fabrication process. The device architecture and critical cell design are also analyzed in detail in the paper. The CPLD was designed by full-custom ASIC technology and manufactured by 0.35 pm 3P3M Flash process with 72 macro cells and 5 V voltage supply. The measurement results indicate that the devices are able to operate above the frequency of 66.7 MHz with the pin delay less than 10 ns.     

Nanovaccine Showing Potent Immunotherapy to Tumor by Activating Γδ T Cells

Most vaccines are designed to attack tumor cells by activating CD4⁺/CD8⁺ αβ T cells. Unfortunately, αβ T cells, which only recognize the peptide antigens in the complexes with polymorphic MHCI/II molecules, surrender to the tumor heterogenicity. As another subset of T cells, γδ T cells become salient in antitumor because of their unique immunotherapeutic roles. Herein, a tumor vaccine is developed with multivalent antigens by fusion of tumor cell membranes with lipids and successfully activated γδ T cells via microneedle inoculation. It is certified that the evoked γδ T cells synchronize with αβ T cells revitalizing tumor-induced immunotolerance. In turn, the tumors of mice are significantly inhibited and their median survival time is prolonged considerably. Moreover, the nanovaccine inhibits tumor recurrence after resection. The therapeutic effects are corroborated with the results from TCRδ^−/− mice as well as cytokine expression in tumor.     

Optimization of Multi-layer AR Coatings for GaInP／GaAs Tandem Solar Cells

The AR coatings for GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cell are simulated. Results show that, under the condition of the lack of suitable encapsulation, a very low energy loss could be reached on MgF2/ZnS system;in the case of glass encapsulation,the Al2O3/ZrO2 and Al2O3/TiO2 systems are appropriate choice; for AlInP window layer,the thickness of 30nm is suitable.     

Low Voltage Flash Memory Cells Using SiGe Quantum Dots for Enhancing F-N Tunneling

提出了一种用于半导体闪速存储器单元的新的Si/SiGe量子点/隧穿氧化层/多晶硅栅多层结构,该结构可以实现增强F-N隧穿的编程和擦除机制.模拟结果表明该结构具有高速和高可靠性的优点.测试结果表明该结构的工作电压比传统NAND结构的存储器单元降低了4V.采用该结构能够实现高速、低功耗和高可靠性的半导体闪速存储器.     

Analyses and Simulation of V-I Characteristics for Solar Cells Based on P-N Junction

Through theoretical analyses of the Shockley equation and the difference between a practical P-N junction and its ideal model, the mathematical models of P-N junction and solar cells had been obtained. With Matlab software, the V-I characteristics of diodes and solar cells were simulated, and a computer simulation model of the solar cells based on P-N junction was also established. Based on the simulation model, the influences of solar cell＇s internal resistances on open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current under certain illumination were numerically analyzed and solved. The simulation results showed that the equivalent series resistance and shunt resistance could strongly affect the V-I characteristics of solar cell, but their influence styles were different.     

Ultrathin CdTe Solar Cells with MoO3−x /Au Back Contacts

We report on the fabrication and characterization of CdTe thin-film solar cells with Cu-free MoO_3?x /Au back contacts. CdTe solar cells with sputtered CdTe absorbers of thicknesses from 0.5 to 1.75 μm were fabricated on Pilkington SnO₂:F/SnO₂-coated soda–lime glasses coated with a 60- to 80-nm sputtered CdS layer. The MoO_3?x /Au back contact layers were deposited by thermal evaporation. The incorporation of MoO_3?x layer was found to improve the open circuit voltage (V _OC) but reduce the fill factor of the ultrathin CdTe cells. The V _OC was found to increase as the CdTe thickness increased.     

Metal–Organic Framework-Derived N-Doped Carbon with Controllable Mesopore Sizes for Low-Pt Fuel Cells

Mesoporous structure of carbon materials plays an important role in electrocatalyst design. Constructing carbon supports with tunable mesopores has long been a challenge. Herein, the elaborate regulation of mesopores in N-doped carbon materials is reported by pyrolyzing energetic metal-triazolate (MET) frameworks with different particle sizes and at different ramp rates. Higher thermal transfer rates brought about by smaller particle size and higher ramp rate lead to more violent decomposition with a large number of gases producing, which in turn result in larger mesopores in the derivatives. Consequently, a series of N-doped carbon materials with controllable mesopores are obtained. As a proof-of-concept, ultrafine Pt nanoparticles are enveloped inside these mesopores to acquire high-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. The optimized catalyst achieves high mass activity of 1.52 A mg_Pt⁻¹ at 0.9 V_iR-free and peak power density of 0.8 W cm⁻² (H₂-Air) with an ultralow Pt loading of 0.05 mg_Pt cm⁻² at cathode in fuel cells, highlighting the great advantages of MET-derived carbon materials with controllable mesopores in the preparation of advanced electrocatalysts.