MFC气凝胶的制备及其精油缓释性能研究

目的 利用孔隙率高、比表面积大和吸附性能好的微纤化纤维素（MFC）气凝胶与百里香精油结合,解决抗菌保鲜包装中精油释放过快的问题,实现精油的缓慢释放。方法 采用不同用量的内切纤维素酶预处理桉木漂白硫酸盐浆,通过高压均质制备MFC,经冷冻干燥制备MFC气凝胶,在基本性能表征的基础上,研究其精油缓释性能。结果 由百里香精油的GC-MS分析得出其主要抑菌成分为麝香草酚。MFC气凝胶均为三维多孔结构,比表面积和平均孔径的变化范围分别为2.0~5.1 m2/g和5.0~22.0 nm;当精油与MFC的质量比为1∶1时,MFC气凝胶的精油初始保留率为4.38 mg/g（每克气凝胶中保留4.38 mg精油）,向密闭容器释放的精油量均呈现出先增大后减小,随后逐渐稳定的趋势,释放速率平均为3.1%。结论 MFC气凝胶为高孔隙率、中孔材料,可延长精油释放时间,具有优异的缓释性能。     

微纤化纤维素/聚乳酸薄膜的制备及性能分析

目的将微纤化纤维素(MFC)和聚乳酸(PLA)共混成膜,以提高薄膜的透湿、透氧、阻光等性能,满足果蔬等食品的包装要求。方法采用酶解法与机械处理的方法制备MFC,使用硅烷偶联剂KH560对MFC进行疏水改性处理,再将改性处理的微纤化纤维素(MFC-S)与PLA共混制成薄膜。结果当MFC-S的质量分数为0.75%时,MFC-S/PLA共混包装膜的拉伸强度比纯PLA膜增加了13.3%,当MFC-S的质量分数为2%时,MFC-S/PLA共混包装膜的透氧系数为纯PLA膜的1.43倍,透湿系数为纯PLA膜的1.26倍,透光率降低了60%,阻光效果较好。结论 MFC-S的质量分数为0.75%时,包装膜的拉伸强度较好;MFC-S的质量分数为2%时,透氧、透湿、阻光性较好。     

导电原位微纤化复合材料的有机液体响应特性

通过熔融预混合-高温挤出热拉伸-淬冷-低温成型方法制备导电原位微纤化CB/PET/PE材料,CB选择性分布在PET微纤中,微纤相互搭接形成导电网络。将试样浸入二甲苯溶液测试其电性能对有机液体的敏感性,结果表明,原位微纤化CB/PET/PE材料的电阻率迅速升高,相对于普通CB/PE导电复合材料有更高的响应强度,这是由其特殊的微观结构和形态决定的;另外,材料电阻率的变化与其厚度相关,当试样厚度由140μm增加至500μm时,材料的电阻率对二甲苯的敏感程度降低。     

微纤化纤维素/线性低密度聚乙烯复合材料

微纤化纤维素（MFC）具有优良的力学性能,常被用作增强体制备复合材料,但MFC容易团聚影响其增强能力。本研究对MFC进行低温冷冻干燥处理（FDMFC）,用微型锥形双螺杆挤出机将FDMFC与线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）熔融复合,并用热压-冷压的方式制备FDMFC/LLDPE复合材料,对其力学性能、动态热力学性能（DMA）、热分解过程及冷冻干燥处理的FDMFC在LLDPE基体中的分散状态进行了测试。结果表明:相对于未冷冻干燥处理的MFC,FDMFC在LLDPE基体中的分散性得到明显改善,添加一定量的FDMFC可有效提高FDMFC/LLDPE复合材料的力学性能。当FDMFC的添加量为10wt%时,相较于纯LLDPE,FDMFC/LLDPE复合材料的拉伸强度提高了60.3%,杨氏模量提高了161.9%。DMA测试结果表明,随着FDMFC含量的增加,FDMFC/LLDPE复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量都有所提高。热重分析结果表明,FDMFC的加入提高了FDMFC/LLDPE复合材料的热解温度,最大热解温度提高了14℃。      

PET与PE混合物的回收——原位微纤化方法及其性能研究

研究了原位微纤化方法在回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)混合物方面的应用。本文通过四次挤出模拟塑料制品在环境中遇到的热氧作用和多次回收过程,研究了原位微纤化PET/HDPE共混物以及普通PET/HDPE共混物的性能变化。结果表明,随着挤出次数的增加,PET/HDPE普通共混物的拉伸性能和加工性能均下降,而PET/HDPE原位微纤化共混物的屈服强度得到了较大提高,同时模量也得到一定的提高。     

MFC增强碳纳米纸的制备及其电磁屏蔽效能

为提高碳纳米纸(BP)力学性能,将微纤化纤维素(MFC)与多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)混合,采用真空抽滤的方法制备MFC/BP。详细研究了MFC/BP的微观形貌、力学性能、电学性能、电磁屏蔽效能。研究表明,MFC均匀分散在碳纳米管中,形成了纤维骨架,碳纳米管相互穿插缠绕分布在纤维骨架周围形成网状结构。随着MFC含量的增加,MFC/BP的力学性能明显提高。当MFC与MWCNT质量比为1/1时,碳纳米纸的拉伸强度为11.76 MPa,比纯碳纳米纸提升了979%;在8.2～12.4 GHz频段内,碳纳米纸(厚度约55μm)的电磁屏蔽效能为24～30 dB。     

微纤化纤维素在彩喷纸表面施胶中的应用

目的研究用微纤化纤维素与氧化木薯淀粉进行复配施胶对喷墨印刷性能的影响。方法通过改变微纤化纤维素与氧化木薯淀粉的配比,制备6组表面施胶剂,并通过对施胶前后纸张的吸水性、动态渗透性、光泽度及印刷质量等进行分析,研究用氧化木薯淀粉与微纤化纤维素进行复配施胶对喷墨印刷性能的影响。结果当氧化木薯淀粉与微纤化纤维素复配绝干质量比为100∶1时,施胶后纸张的光泽度、白度和色密度值较高,较大程度地克服了油墨渗色的缺点,文本质量也得到明显改善。结论相比于微纤化纤维素单独施胶,微纤化纤维素与氧化木薯淀粉复配对彩喷纸的喷墨印刷效果更好。     

气凝胶/硅酸铝纤维保温包装材料导热性能研究

目的利用气凝胶/硅酸铝纤维制备一种保温包装材料,并研究其导热性能。方法利用真空抽滤成型方法及微波加热的干燥方法制备保温包装材料,利用正交试验得到影响该保温包装材料的主要因素。结果导热系数测定结果表明,正交实验最佳配方的导热系数为0.0164 W/(m·K),符合温控包装要求。随着二氧化硅气凝胶加入量的增大,导热系数变小;在最佳体积密度范围51.29~55.09 mg/cm3内,材料的导热系数最低可达到0.013 W/(m·K)。结论文中方法扩大了气凝胶和硅酸铝纤维材料在包装行业中的应用范围,对于农产品包装具有一定现实意义。     

SiO2气凝胶隔热保温包装材料的制备及其性能研究

为了提高包装材料隔热保温性能,以SiO2气凝胶(SA,silica aerogel)为改性剂,对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE,low density polyethylene)进行改性,采用共混流延法制备了具有优异隔热保温性能包装薄膜.研究了不同浓度Si O 2气凝胶对薄膜的力学性能、阻隔性能、亲疏水性能、热稳定性、导热系数...     

iPP/PET原位微纤复合材料的超临界二氧化碳发泡行为EI北大核心CSCD

利用微纳层叠共挤技术中独特的剪切拉伸复合流动场作用实现聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在聚丙烯(i PP)中的原位微纤化,研究了PET的原位微纤化对i PP/PET复合材料发泡行为的影响。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,经过微纳层叠共挤装置挤出后,PET在i PP中形成直径为0.2~1μm的微纤。PET微纤化显著地改善了i PP的结晶性能、流变性能及发泡性能。差示扫描量热测试结果表明,PET微纤对i PP具有明显的异相成核作用,能提高i PP的结晶温度和熔点;拉伸流变行为分析发现,PET微纤的形成使得i PP产生明显的应变硬化现象;通过超临界二氧化碳发泡发现,i PP/PET原位微纤复合材料的泡孔比纯i PP更加稳定,尺寸更小,密度更大,且泡孔内存在三维微纤网络结构。     

Metal coordination assists fabrication of multifunctional aerogel

Interfacial design is one of the most promising ways in improving mechanical properties of nanocomposites.In this work,a multifunctional aerogel with excellent mechanical performances,sensing sensitivity,and fire retardancy is fabricated by taking advantage of metal coordination between biopolymer and Fe3+.Montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets are added to induce a 'brick and mortar' structure.The coordination remarkably reduces structural defects,leading to well-formed lamellas that can effectively distribute stress under sever compression without plastic deformation.The structural merits impart the aerogel highly reversible compressibility even at 99 ％ strain and superior durability.Besides,it demonstrates high sensing performance in wearable health monitoring devices,and shows fire resistance property that can maintain elasticity in a flame.The work offers a facile and effective method to create multifunctional aerogels from various polymers.     

SiO2气凝胶改性瓦楞纸板性能研究

目的应用SiO₂气凝胶疏水隔热水性涂料对瓦楞纸板表面进行改性,探究其对瓦楞纸板力学性能、疏水性能、隔热性能的影响。方法通过机械共混和表面改性相结合的方式制备疏水隔热水性涂料,采用线棒涂布器涂布于瓦楞纸板表面,通过测试纸板表面的接触角检验疏水效果,并测试改性后纸板的边压强度、平压强度、戳穿强度和压痕强度;制备90 mm×90 mm×100 mm的隔热包装箱,通过融冰试验测试其隔热效果。结果经SiO₂气凝胶疏水隔热水性涂料改性后的纸板接触角为91.75°,提高了6.25°。改性后纸板的横向边压强度、平压强度、戳穿强度和纵向压痕强度分别提高了5.6%,0.6%,2.4%和2.7%。当SiO₂气凝胶的质量分数为2%时,改性后的纸板具有最优的隔热性能。当湿膜厚度为60μm时,与未涂布的原瓦楞纸板相比,温度可降低13.6℃结论该方法扩大了SiO₂气凝胶在包装行业的应用范围,能为未来保温包装材料提供参考。     

有机-无机复合气凝胶的制备及其阻燃性能研究进展

以有机高分子材料为基体,复合无机填料制备的气凝胶复合材料具有超轻、绝热、阻燃等优异特性,可广泛应用在建筑节能保温、电子工业、航空航天等领域。本文报道了有机-无机气凝胶复合材料的制备工艺过程和方法,对比了现有气凝胶材料制备方法的优缺点,并综述了当前研究热点的几种常见气凝胶复合材料:聚乙烯醇类、纤维素类、海藻酸盐类、果胶类有机相复合无机组份气凝胶材料的研究进展。总结了气凝胶复合材料的未来发展方向:亟需在气凝胶材料的机械性能优化方面做出改进,还需提高气凝胶复合材料耐水性能,研究无机填料对不同基体气凝胶阻燃等性能的影响规律,拓展生物质可降解高分子基气凝胶复合材料的种类,实现气凝胶材料的工业化应用。      

碳纳米纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合气凝胶的合成与性能EI北大核心CSCD

以4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)、均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)为单体,酸化碳纳米纤维(a-CNF)为增强材料,采用溶胶-凝胶方式成型,运用冷冻干燥技术制备PI复合气凝胶。对复合气凝胶的形貌、隔热、吸波以及压缩性能等进行表征分析。研究结果表明:随着a-CNF含量的增加,PI复合气凝胶的收缩率从45.52%降至35.32%,密度也随之从0.084 g/cm^(3)降至0.069 g/cm^(3),气凝胶孔洞分布呈增大增宽趋势。a-CNF的引入有效抑制了PI复合气凝胶的收缩率,热导率降低;整个体系的导电损耗增加,同时由于气凝胶的多孔结构提供了较好的阻抗匹配,使得PI复合气凝胶的反射损耗(RL)在8.3 GHz达到-9.7 dB。加入质量分数为15%的CNF/PI复合气凝胶压缩强度和压缩模量分别是纯PI气凝胶的近1.5倍和2倍。     

High strain recovery with improved mechanical properties of gelatin–silica aerogel composites post-binding treatment

Silica aerogels are very light and highly porous materials that are intriguingly and complexly networked with large internal surface area, high hydrophobicity with extremely low density and thermal conductivity. These features make them ideal choice for applications as thermal and acoustics insulators or as optical, electrical, and energy storing devices. However, their exploitation for structural applications is primarily inhibited by their brittleness. The brittleness of the silica aerogels makes their processing and handling difficult. Volumetric shrinkage occurs, which becomes more apparent at elevated temperatures. While there are hybrid silica aerogels doped with materials such as polymer, ceramics, metals in the market, the improvements in the mechanical properties are compromised with tremendous increase in density and reduction in the insulation performance. Post-synthesis binding treatment of silica aerogels composites are not extensively explored due to the chemically inert trimethylsilyl (TMS) terminal groups on the surface of the hydrophobic silica aerogels. This paper discusses a unique fabrication method of developing a ductile silica aerogel composite solid via post-synthesis binding treatment. Gelatin–silica aerogel (GSA) and GSA–sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) composite blocks were produced by mixing hydrophobic aerogel granulates in a gelatin–SDS foamed solution by frothing method. The entire fabrication process and grounds for using a controlled % of gelatin as the main binder and SDS as an additive are explained. The compression testing of the blocks is presented. The associated strain recovery—an unusual phenomenon with brittle silica aerogels, observed upon unloading is highlighted and studied. The microstructure and surface characterization of these composites was examined via FESEM/EDX and XPS/ESCA, respectively. The dependency of process variables involved were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. Empirical models that relate the composition of gelatin, aerogel, and SDS to achieve the optimal strain recovery with the associated compressive modulus and strength and density are established. The transition from brittleness to ductility is measured in terms of compressive stress versus strain behavior for various mass fractions of gelatin and SDS. The test data presented indicate analogous behavior of these to creep-like behavior of a material typically identified as the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. The rationale and mechanisms behind such creep-like three stages are explained using schematic diagrams.     

Graphene coating makes carbon nanotube aerogels superelastic and resistant to fatigue

Lightweight materials that are both highly compressible and resilient under large cyclic strains can be used in a variety of applications. Carbon nanotubes offer a combination of elasticity, mechanical resilience and low density, and these properties have been exploited in nanotube-based foams and aerogels. However, all nanotube-based foams and aerogels developed so far undergo structural collapse or significant plastic deformation with a reduction in compressive strength when they are subjected to cyclic strain. Here, we show that an inelastic aerogel made of single-walled carbon nanotubes can be transformed into a superelastic material by coating it with between one and five layers of graphene nanoplates. The graphene-coated aerogel exhibits no change in mechanical properties after more than 1?×?10(6) compressive cycles, and its original shape can be recovered quickly after compression release. Moreover, the coating does not affect the structural integrity of the nanotubes or the compressibility and porosity of the nanotube network. The coating also increases Young's modulus and energy storage modulus by a factor of ～6, and the loss modulus by a factor of ～3. We attribute the superelasticity and complete fatigue resistance to the graphene coating strengthening the existing crosslinking points or 'nodes' in the aerogel.     

温和条件可控制备三维还原氧化石墨烯凝胶及其性能

为了实现石墨烯类三维气凝胶在温和环境条件下的大面积可控制备和高性能化,本文应用水合肼作为还原剂,通过低温预冷冻结合室温自然干燥,实现了室温还原自组装法可控制备直径30 cm的大面积三维还原氧化石墨烯(3D-RGO)气凝胶。该方法制备条件温和,不需任何加热条件和特殊冷冻干燥设备。通过对气凝胶制备过程中还原时间、预冷冻时间、预冷冻温度和反应容器进行控制,可以有效调节气凝胶的形状、表面浸润性、体积收缩率等,实现3D-RGO气凝胶的可控制备。该气凝胶不会出现明显的体积收缩和结构破裂,为具有约500μm的稳定孔径和3.8 mg/cm³的低密度的蜂窝状结构,并能够从90%的压缩应变下快速地恢复到初始状态,其干燥过程体积收缩率<5%;同时该石墨烯气凝胶展现良好稳定的导电性,在压缩应变从0%增加到90%时,其导电率从17.3 S/m增加至115.2 S/m。这种方法经济高效且易于制备出大面积的3D-RGO。     

气凝胶在气体吸附净化中的应用研究进展

气凝胶(Aerogels)是一种以空气为介质的轻质多孔性凝聚态物质,由胶体粒子或高聚物分子相互聚集构成独特的纳米多孔三维网络结构。气凝胶的颗粒相和孔隙尺寸均为纳米量级,具有相当高的比表面积和孔隙率、可调控的开放孔隙结构、易于化学修饰的表面以及多样化的种类和形态,其气体吸附量可比同等条件下活性炭吸附量高两个数量级,因此在气体吸附净化领域逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。目前,气体吸附净化领域研究较多的气凝胶主要是SiO_2气凝胶和炭气凝胶。此外,近年来对金属氧化物气凝胶以及SiC气凝胶、石墨烯气凝胶、生物质基气凝胶等新型气凝胶的气体吸附应用也有相应的研究报道。吸附材料对目标气体需要同时具有较高的吸附容量和良好的选择性吸附能力。气凝胶的高比表面积和多孔性质提供了众多的吸附位点,但仅依靠自身物理吸附作用的吸附量有限,对目标气体的选择性不高,在实际吸附应用中,往往由于共存气体组分的竞争吸附影响对目标气体的吸附性能。因此,为了进一步提升气凝胶的吸附容量,提高对目标气体的选择性,研究人员围绕气凝胶修饰改性进行了大量的研究探索工作,并取得了一定的进展。目前,气凝胶吸附净化研究报道的目标气体主要是温室气体CO_2和大气中主要的污染物挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。针对目标气体的不同可分别通过氨基功能化、氮掺杂等方法引入碱性位点或通过引入非极性官能团对气凝胶进行疏水改性,以提升气凝胶对CO_2或VOCs的吸附量和选择性。所采用的修饰改性方式主要有以下两种:一是在湿凝胶形成后或超临界干燥后通过嫁接、浸渍等手段对气凝胶表面进行功能化改性,通过引入特定的官能团或活性组分提升气凝胶对目标气体的吸附量和选择性;另一种是在溶胶-凝胶反应过程中引入功能化前驱体,在分子或纳米尺度上赋予气凝胶网络特定的性能,进而有效平衡活性组分稳定性和对目标气体的吸附性能。此外,对于炭气凝胶,还可通过活化进一步增大比表面积,改善孔隙结构和表面化学性质,从而实现对目标气体污染物吸附性能的优化。本文归纳了各类气凝胶在CO_2与VOCs吸附净化方面的研究进展,介绍了气凝胶的制备过程和结构特点,讨论并对比了不同气凝胶对目标气体的吸附性能与吸附机理,总结了当前气体吸附净化研究中对气凝胶进行修饰改性的主要方法,最后指出提高气凝胶的结构稳定性和吸附速率、设计可同时吸附多种目标气体的气凝胶、缩短制备周期并降低成本是未来研究工作的重点。     

Aramid fibers reinforced silica aerogel composites with low thermal conductivity and improved mechanical performance

Aramid fibers reinforced silica aerogel composites (AF/aerogels) for thermal insulation were prepared successfully under ambient pressure drying. The microstructure showed that the aramid fibers were inlaid in the aerogel matrix, acting as the supporting skeletons, to strengthen the aerogel matrix. FTIR revealed AF/aerogels was physical combination between aramid fibers and aerogel matrix without chemical bonds. The as prepared AF/aerogels possessed extremely low thermal conductivity of 0.0227 ± 0.0007 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ with the fiber content ranging from 1.5% to 6.6%. Due to the softness, low density and remarkable mechanical strength of aramid fibers and the layered structure of the fiber distribution, the AF/aerogels presented nice elasticity and flexibility. TG–DSC indicated the thermal stability reaching approximately 290 °C, can meet the general usage conditions, which was mainly depended on the pure silica aerogels. From mentioned above, AF/aerogels present huge application prospects in heat preservation field, especially in piping insulation.     

Emerging Hierarchical Aerogels: Self‐Assembly of Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Aerogels assembled from colloidal metal or semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) feature large surface area, ultralow density, and high porosity, thus rendering them attractive in various applications, such as catalysis, sensors, energy storage, and electronic devices. Morphological and structural modification of the aerogel backbones while maintaining the aerogel properties enables a second stage of the aerogel research, which is defined as hierarchical aerogels. Different from the conventional aerogels with nanowire‐like backbones, those hierarchical aerogels are generally comprised of at least two levels of architectures, i.e., an interconnected porous structure on the macroscale and a specially designed configuration at local backbones at the nanoscale. This combination “locks in” the inherent properties of the NCs, so that the beneficial genes obtained by nanoengineering are retained in the resulting monolithic hierarchical aerogels. Herein, groundbreaking advances in the design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of the hierarchical aerogels are reviewed and organized in three sections: i) pure metallic hierarchical aerogels, ii) semiconductor hierarchical aerogels, and iii) metal/semiconductor hybrid hierarchical aerogels. This report aims to define and demonstrate the concept, potential, and challenges of the hierarchical aerogels, thereby providing a perspective on the further development of these materials.