浆和糊

饮食行业所用糊的种类很多,如水粉糊、蛋清糊、全蛋糊、蛋泡糊、酥炸糊、面包渣糊、干粉糊、拖蛋糊等.其中面包渣糊、水粉糊、全蛋糊和拖蛋糊为家庭经常使用.水粉糊的调法是:把干淀粉用少量清水揉搓至无硬粒时,再加入适量清水调和成粉糊.一般1两干淀粉加清水2.5两,其稀稠度以能挂上主料为宜.挂糊的方法是:先     

超声场中马铃薯淀粉糊剪切稀化及触变规律研究

利用超声技术处理马铃薯淀粉糊,研究超声场下马铃薯淀粉糊剪切稀化及触变性变化规律。采用超声设备对马铃薯淀粉糊进行超声处理,采用超声波设备处理马铃薯淀粉糊样品,分别利用流变仪和Brabender黏度仪测定马铃薯淀粉糊剪切力和表观黏度,观察马铃薯淀粉糊剪切稀化和触变性变化特征和规律。结果表明:超声作用改变了马铃薯淀粉糊的剪切稀化程度,马铃薯淀粉糊的表观黏度与剪切速率呈负相关,而与超声声强、超声作用时间及淀粉糊浓度呈正相关性,呈现假塑性流体所特有的剪切稀化现象。且随着反应进行,超声作用显著改变了淀粉糊的触变性,使马铃薯淀粉糊的触变环面积显著减小,马铃薯淀粉糊的触变性变小。     

根茎类作物淀粉糊的特性

研究糊浓度、温度、回转速度、pH和无机盐等因素对甘薯、木薯和蕉芋淀粉糊黏度的影响,测定甘薯、木薯和蕉芋淀粉糊的透明度、冻融性、凝沉性和抗霉菌能力等性质.结果表明:3种作物中,蕉芋淀粉糊的透明度较高、抗霉菌能力较强.木薯淀粉糊的冻融稳定性较好,甘薯淀粉湖的沉降稳定性较差.甘薯、木薯和蕉芋淀粉糊的黏度均随着浓度的增加而增加;随着糊温度的升高而降低;随着回转速度的增大而减小.在中性和碱性条件下,木薯淀粉糊的黏度较甘薯和蕉芋淀粉糊大.大部分无机盐的存在使淀粉糊的黏度下降,尤其是FeCl3使糊黏度大幅下降;硼砂却使3种淀粉糊的黏度均增加.     

慈菇淀粉糊特性研究

对慈菇淀粉糊与马蹄、绿豆、马铃薯、豌豆、玉米和木薯淀粉糊凝沉性和冻融稳定性进行比较,研究不同条件对慈菇淀粉糊黏度和透明度的影响。结果表明：慈菇淀粉糊凝沉速率较低,介于马蹄与木薯淀粉之间;冻融稳定性与木薯淀粉相似;在微酸和微碱条件下,慈菇淀粉糊的透明度下降,在强酸和强碱条件下,透明度上升;在低pH值时,淀粉糊黏度下降,pH＞7时,淀粉糊黏度上升;蔗糖和葡萄糖能增大淀粉糊的黏度,也能提高其透明度,而NaCl与CaCl2对其淀粉糊黏度和透明度的作用则相反;随剪切时间延长,其表观黏度减小,这表明慈菇淀粉糊属于典型的非牛顿假塑性流体。     

香芋淀粉糊的特性

研究了糊浓度、温度、回转速度、pH和盐等因素对香芋淀粉糊粘度的影响 ,测定了香芋淀粉糊的透光率、冻融性、凝沉性和抗霉菌能力等性质。结果表明 ,香芋淀粉糊具有透明度低 ,冻融稳定性差 ,沉降性好等性质。在酸性条件下 ,淀粉糊粘度迅速下降 ;在中性条件下 ,糊粘度最高。不同的盐对淀粉糊的影响不同 ,其中硼砂和一些过渡金属盐的存在使糊粘度升高。     

羧甲基化对马铃薯淀粉糊性质的影响

羧甲基化对改善马铃薯淀粉糊的性质具有重要作用。本文对马铃薯羧甲基淀粉糊的糊性质进行了详细研究 ,包括糊的冷热粘度稳定性、冻融稳定性、透明度、pH值和介质 (蔗糖、氯化钠 )对糊粘度性质的影响。结果表明 ,马铃薯淀粉经过羧甲基化后 ,糊的热粘度稳定性及冷粘度稳定性均有所降低 ,在pH为 6 5～ 8 5范围内 ,羧甲基淀粉糊有最大的粘度。蔗糖对羧甲基淀粉糊粘度有一定影响 ,氯化钠对羧甲基淀粉糊粘度有显著影响。马铃薯羧甲基淀粉具有易糊化、粘度大、糊凝沉性低、冻融稳定性好和透明度高的优良性质     

高丽糊与酥糊

“糊”在烹调中能使原料的营养和水分在加热过程中少受损失,同时还能保持鲜味。糊的种类有十余种,其中以鸡蛋清为主要原料的有高丽糊(也叫雪衣糊)和酥糊两种。用高丽糊制成的菜肴,有质地松软,口味鲜嫩,色泽洁白等特点,而用酥糊制成的菜肴则以香酥可口著称。用这两种糊制作的菜肴,如“红娘自配”、“高丽虾串”、“酥糊里脊”、“酥糊蛋卷”等,都很受食客喜爱。这些菜大多用于高档筵席,制作难度较大,其原因主要是糊的调制较为复杂,初学者不易掌握。我这里结合自己多年事厨的经验,向大家介绍这两种糊的调制方法。     

交联复合改性对马铃薯淀粉糊黏度性质的影响

本文系统研究了以环氧丙烷羟丙基化以及羟丙基和三偏磷酸钠交联复合改性对马铃薯淀粉糊黏度性质的影响.采用Brabender连续黏度测定仪测定,结果表明,马铃薯淀粉经羟丙基改性后,起糊温度下降,峰值温度显著上升,但峰值黏度有所下降,糊的破裂强度和冻融稳定性得到明显改善,但糊的黏度稳定性(热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性)改善不明显;羟丙基、交联复合改性也降低了马铃薯淀粉的起糊温度,同时也改善了淀粉破裂强度和冻融稳定性等,但较单一羟丙基改性对淀粉糊黏度性质的改善不明显.     

超声处理对马铃薯淀粉糊流体性质和表观黏度的影响

利用超声波处理马铃薯淀粉糊,研究超声场下马铃薯淀粉糊流体性质及表观黏度性质变化规律。采用超声波设备处理马铃薯淀粉糊样品,用流变仪测定马铃薯淀粉糊剪切力和表观黏度,运用幂函数定律建立超声场马铃薯淀粉糊流动模型。结果表明：超声作用改变了马铃薯淀粉糊的流体性质,从假塑性流体趋于符合牛顿流体特征;作用时间和声强对马铃薯淀粉糊表观黏度影响较大,成正相关;随着超声作用时间的延长,马铃薯淀粉糊质量分数对表观黏度的影响呈现先增大后减小的趋势。因此,增加超声时间和声强可以降低马铃薯淀粉糊表观黏度,改变淀粉糊流动性。     

CMC原糊用于棉织物活性染料印花

对比了羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、海藻酸钠原糊的性能及用于棉织物活性染料印花的性能,结果表明:CMC成糊率较高,抱水性能优良,对印花助剂的稳定性较好;用CMC原糊印花织物的表面K/S值与海藻酸钠糊相比稍有差距,耐湿摩擦色牢度略低;CMC原糊印花废水的COD、氨氮、色度值等比海藻酸钠糊小。CMC原糊用量比海藻酸钠糊少,故用CMC原糊代替海藻酸钠糊可有效降低成本,减少污染,弥补海藻酸钠糊资源短缺的不足。     

3D food printing: main components selection by considering rheological properties

Abstract

3D printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing, offers a wide range of new processing possibilities to the food industry. This technology allows a layer by layer (bottom to top) printing of predefined slices of designed and desired objects. 3D printing potentially allows rapid manufacturing of complex objects, which are unhindered by design complexity, thus providing substantial liberty to create new and untested geometric shapes. In terms of food manufacturing, the potential that 3D food printing technologies can bring may revolutionize certain aspects of food manufacturing, providing the convenience of low-cost customized fabrication and even tailored nutrition control. The most common materials suitable for 3D food printing are carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber and functional components. In the present study, the characteristics of raw materials or additives used during 3D printing, and requirements for estimating and improving their printing performance and self-supporting ability in extrusion-based printing regarding rheological characteristics of 3D food printing materials are reviewed. As an innovative process, 3D food printing may induce a revolution in certain areas of food manufacturing.     

Model Building and Slicing in Food 3D Printing Processes: A Review

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to food processing, and widely appreciated by food science researchers. Recently, a lot of researches and review works have been done focusing on the ink's properties, printer design, and printing parameters. However, few articles specifically describe 3D models and slicing methods used in food printing. This work introduced the requirements for 3D printing models in some specific areas, discussed the critical parameter settings in the model slicing processes, and discussed the possible use of numerical techniques in the model building and printing of food 3D printing. The objective of this review is to increase researchers' focus on 3D printing models and slices in order to optimize the printing process and to provide some useful information for future research.     

关子钞版研究之一宋代钞版在印刷史研究中的价值探析

中国是世界公认最早发明和使用纸币的国家,最早的纸币诞生于中国北宋时期.宋代纸币发行延续了250余年,品种繁多,发行量极大.宋代纸币印刷工艺发达,已大量采用金属版,主流纸币的印刷版数多达6～10块,采用彩色套印技术;宋代纸币印刷业规模庞大,也带动了造纸、制墨等行业的发展.从某种意义上讲,纸币印刷是宋代印刷业的主流,纸币印刷工艺代表了当时最先进的印刷工艺.由于目前没有发现宋代纸币实物,仅发现数种印刷版,它们成为探索宋代纸币印刷工艺的最佳实物资料,在印刷史研究中具有较高价值.     

Predicting the extrudability of complex food materials during 3D printing based on image analysis and gray-box data-driven modelling

Material extrudability is a prerequisite for printing 3D structures with extrusion-based food printing. Food materials with different shear-thinning behaviors were printed to develop predictive models for extrudability. A dataset of 131 unique combinations of materials and printing parameters was collected. Image analysis was employed to rapidly quantify extrudability as determined by mode width, line height and width consistency of line filaments. The relation between the printing pressure and the volumetric flow rate followed a power-law relation, which characterizes the extent of shear-thinning of the food materials. Both regression and classification models were trained and tested using the random forest algorithm. The model performance indicated that extrudability can be predicted with moderate to high accuracy by using rheological measurements and printing parameters as inputs. The predictive workflow developed in this study provides a framework to quantitatively assess and predict extrudability for 3D printing of complex food materials.Industrial relevanceExtrusion-based 3D printing has been applied to customize food designs and can potentially enable personalized nutrition. To achieve this, we need to be able to effectively print complex food materials with high accuracy. Variations in composition and rheological properties of complex food materials make achieving proper extrudability not trivial at this moment, and this limits their applicability to extrusion-based food printing. Here, we developed an image analysis tool to measure line filament extrusion of complex food materials that vary in shear-thinning behaviors. We then built predictive models to estimate material extrudability based on material's shear-thinning properties and printing parameters. Data-driven prediction of material's extrudability can help avoid excessive trial-and error experiments in future.     

Extrusion-based 3D printing of food pastes: Correlating rheological properties with printing behaviour

Development of 3D food printing applications requires in-depth knowledge on printing behaviour of food materials. In extrusion-based 3D printing, rheological properties of a recipe are critical to achieve successful printing. The objective of this research is to investigate potential correlations between printability of formulations and simple rheological properties. We used tomato paste as a model system to investigate the correlation between printing stability, dispensability and rheological properties. The results show a linear correlation between ingredient's flow stress, zero shear viscosity and corresponding printing stability. The extrusion pressure necessary to extrude tomato paste increased linearly with increasing flow stress. More experiments with other aqueous-based food formulations indicated that their printability aligned reasonably well with the correlation of tomato paste; however, for fat-based products different printing behaviour was observed. Finally, we propose a rational guideline for developing aqueous food recipes with desired printability based on flow stress measured by shear rheology.     

棉织物活性染料防印印花工艺

介绍三种棉织物活性染料防印印花工艺，即利用活性染料对纤维素纤维的反应性差异，以及活性染料与防染剂反应能力的差异的防印工艺；利用释酸剂中和印花色浆中的碱剂，以阻止活性染料上染的涂料防印活性染料印花工艺；以及利用深色浆叠印浅防浆的浅防印花工艺。给出了这三种工艺的处方及注意事项进行了说明。     

针织布超柔软涂料印花产品的生产实践

涂料印花具有工艺简单,生产成本低廉,正品率高,节能节水等优势,而且可适用于各种纤维,在印花领域有着无法取代的地位.文章介绍了针织布超柔软涂料印花产品生产中印花助剂系统的筛选,分析了前处理煮漂、增白、印前定形、印花以及后整理的具体工艺及操作注意事项.测试结果表明,针织布超柔软涂料印花产品染色牢度略优于普通涂料印花,柔软度接近染料印花水平,其它各项指标均能达到或超过国家标准.     

3D printing technology: The new era for food customization and elaboration

BackgroundDigitalizing food using 3-Dimensional (3D) printing is an incipient sector that has a great potential of producing customized food with complex geometries, tailored texture and nutritional content. Yet, its application is still limited and the process utility is under the investigation of many researchers.Scope and approachThe main objective of this review was to analyze and compare published articles pertaining 3D food printing to ensure how to reach compatibility between the huge varieties of food ingredients and their corresponding best printing parameters. Different from previously published reviews in the same journal by Lipton et al. (2015) and Liu et al. (2017), this review focuses in depth on optimizing extrusion based food printing which supports the widest array of food and maintains numerous shapes and textures. The benefits and limitations of 3D food printing were critically reviewed from a different perspective while providing ample mechanisms to overcome those barriers.Key findings and conclusionsFour main obstacles hamper the printing process: ordinance and guidelines, food shelf life, ingredients restrictions and post processing. Unity and integrity between material properties and process parameters is the key for a best end product. For each group, specific criteria should be monitored: rheological, textural, physiochemical and sensorial properties of the material its self in accordance with the process parameters of nozzle diameter, nozzle height, printing speeds and temperature of printing. It is hoped that this paper will unlock further research on investigating a wider range of food printing ingredients and their influence on customer acceptability.     

建立适应数字化变革的印刷专业人才培养体系的探索

本文分析了数字印刷和印刷数字化的相关概念,探讨了印刷、数字印刷和印刷数字化之间的关系,阐述了数字印刷的内涵.在此基础上,对数字印刷专业设置问题提出了个人的观点,并就建立适于数字化变革的印刷专业人才培养体系做了一些思考和实践探索.最后提出,把握印刷数字化对专业人才培养的新要求,培养和输送数字印刷科技和产业发展急需的人才,是我国印刷教育界必须积极应对和承担的责任.     

超细分散染料的制备及影响转移印花效果的因素

研究了分散剂结构、用量和分散工艺条件等对分散染料红60分散效果的影响,分析了影响超细分散染料转移印花效果的因素。结果表明自制的分散剂PSMA对分散染料红60的分散效果较好,当其用量为分散染料重量的100%,研磨4h制备的超细染料粒径为157nm,此时超细分散染料的离心稳定性为96.3%,60℃下放置24h其粒径变化率仅为3.4%;分析影响转移印花效果因素发现超细分散染料粒径越小,相同条件下印花织物得色更均匀,K/S值越高。超细分散染料较佳的转移印花条件为印花浆粘度60 mPa·s,转移温度210℃,时间40s。