Organization of copper nanoclusters in Langmuir-Blodgett films

Stable nanoclusters of Cu were synthesized using Langmuir-Blodgett films of octadecylsuccinic acid (ODSA) as template. The Langmuir-Blodgett films of ODSA formed from subphase containing copper ions were first subjected to sulphidation (S) using sodium sulphide and then hydrogenated (H) using hydrogen gas. Diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy (DIR-UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used to characterize these films indicated the formation of Cu(0) metallic clusters ranging in size from 3 ∼ 10 nm.     

激光刻蚀铜的低温二次电子发射特性研究

为降低加速器运行的热负载和提高束流质量,抑制电子云效应成为未来粒子加速器设计和建造过程中的基本要求。二次电子产额(SEY)是电子云现象产生的主要因素之一,它代表材料表面产生二次电子的能力。激光刻蚀技术是一种通过修改材料表面微观形貌从而抑制二次电子发射的方法,它具有操作简单,重复性高等优点。为评估激光刻蚀技术的工程应用潜力,本文搭建一台低温二次电子产额测试系统。以不同图案对无氧铜样品进行激光刻蚀,研究样品在不同温度下的二次电子发射特性曲线。扫描电子显微镜测试结果显示,刻蚀后的样品表面存在规则的沟壑结构和球状结构。低温下材料表面SEY受吸附气体层和基底固有属性的共同作用的影响,同时基底的微观形貌也影响二次电子发射的能力。     

Tracking of copper species in incineration fly ashes

Speciation of copper in the incineration waste heat boiler (HB) and the down stream electrostatic precipitator (EP) fly ashes during the flue gas cooling down (1123-->473 K) has been studied by X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy in the present work. Copper species such as Cu(OH)(2) (59-67%), CuCl(2) (5-12%), CuO (24-26%), and a small amount of CuS (3-4%) in fly ashes were determined by semi-quantitative analyses of the XANES spectra. In the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) tests, about 83 and 20% of copper were leached from the EP and HB fly ashes, respectively. The relatively high leachability of copper for the EP fly ash might be due to the fact that CuCl(2) was enriched on the surfaces as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the contrary, CuCl(2) was mainly encapsulated in the HB fly ashes.     

Spatial distribution of copper vapour from a two-dimensional source using a strip electron beam at aspect ratio greater than 3

We present results on the spatial distribution of copper vapour as a function of temperature, from a 2D evaporating source generated using 130 mm strip electron beam at aspect ratio >3. At this aspect ratio vapour flow is expected to appear approximately as a point source flow. The 2D evaporating source during these studies can be described in terms of inverse Knudsen number (1/K_n) that is proportional to source temperature, ranging from 0.75 to 6.67. These experimental results could be fitted with accuracy of ±5% using a spatial distribution function with different beaming coefficients along the width and the length of a 2D source. It is observed that the beaming exponent along the width of a 2D source saturates at about 2, which is marginally higher than that observed for the aspect ratio in the range of 1 to 2 for the similar range of 1/K_n, whereas, the beaming exponent along the length direction of a 2D source was observed to increase up to 6.34, which is substantially higher than that observed at the aspect ratio in the range of 1-2 for the similar range of 1/K_n. These results clearly indicate that, for given evaporating source conditions, the widthwise atomic collisions, collimation of atomic beam and beaming exponent along the width remains constant. At the same time lengthwise collisions, atomic beam collimation and hence beaming coefficient do not freeze and the wedge-shaped atomic beam does not run out of collisions in the lengthwise direction even at aspect ratio >3. Thus, the atomic vapour from a 2D source does not attain the free molecular regime even at radial distance in excess of 390 mm above the source.     

电子辐照介质材料二次电子发射系数与能谱测量数据库

电子辐照电介质材料的二次电子发射特性是影响各类真空电子器件与设备性能的重要参数,本文对电子束辐照下二十余种常用的典型介质材料的二次电子发射特性进行了实验测量研究.采用收集极负偏压法测量二次电子发射系数(SEY),通过给二次电子收集极加载不同的偏压来引导二次电子的运动,实现对积累电荷的中和,实验获得了介质材料的SEY随着...     

Desorption process of copper chlorides from copper surface

Gaseous copper chlorides can be employed as precursors in a newly developed Cu-CVD method called metal chloride reduction-chemical vapor deposition (MCR-CVD). More than one species exists in the gas phase of copper chloride. We studied the gas phase composition of copper chlorides generated by etching of copper surface by electron impact-mass spectrometry. The composition of gaseous species can change because of gas phase reactions. After desorbing from the copper surface, copper chloride reached equilibrium composition immediately.     

Recapture of secondary electrons by the target in a DC planar magnetron discharge

In this paper we describe a simple two-dimensional model that allows the study of the individual secondary electron orbits in a DC planar magnetron discharge. Emphasis is on the recapture of secondary electrons by the target, which is enabled by their small initial energy, because this reduces the effective secondary electron yield as seen by the discharge. This reduction depends strongly on both the position along the race track and the gas pressure and it can be substantial for typical planar magnetron operating conditions. Our simple model allows to conclude that because of the sensitivity of the discharge on the secondary electron yield, the current-voltage characteristic, the spatial distribution as well as the pressure dependence of the planar magnetron discharge will be influenced by recapture.     

基于扫描电子显微镜的二次电子发射系数测量

二次电子发射特性对许多领域的真空器件有着重要的影响,准确测量二次电子发射系数至关重要。本文介绍了一种基于扫描电子显微镜的二次电子发射系数的测量方法。利用扫描电子显微镜电子束流的高稳定性和电子能量的宽范围可调的特性,引入法拉第杯样品台,通过改变电子束扫描速度,放大倍数及聚焦状态等电镜参数,对平滑Ag的二次电子发射系数进行测量。结果显示,平滑Ag的二次电子发射系数不受电镜参数影响,且与参考文献测量结果相符合。本测试方法对于研究材料宽电子能量范围的二次电子发射特性具有重要的参考意义。     

Effect of electron beam irradiation on structure and properties of SiCN thin films prepared by plasma assisted radio frequency magnetron sputtering

Silicon carbon nitride thin films were deposited on Si (100) substrate at room temperature by plasma assisted radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The bonding structure and properties of SiCN films irradiated by pulsed electron beams were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nano-indentation. The results showed that electron beam irradiation had a great effect on the structure and property of the films. Under sputtering gas pressure of 3.7 Pa, a transition from the (Si,C)N_x bonded structure to the (Si,C)₃N₄ bonded structure was found in the SiCN thin film with electron beam irradiation. At sputtering gas pressure of 6.5 Pa, the enhancement of hardness in the SiCN film after treatment with electron beam irradiation resulted from the promotion of the sp³-hybridization of carbons bonds.     

The contribution of grain boundary scattering versus surface scattering to the resistivity of thin polycrystalline films

Materials with nanometric dimensions exhibit higher electrical resistivity due to additional scattering centers for the conduction electrons, mainly from surfaces and grain boundaries. In this study we focus on the effect of grain boundaries by modeling the expected resistivity due to the observed log-normal distribution of boundaries, unlike the widely used model of Mayadas and Shatzkes that assumes a Gaussian distribution. The results of the model are then experimentally explored by correlating the resistivity of thin copper films with their grain size distribution. Applying a newly suggested analysis method solves the ambiguity in distinction between surface scattering and grain boundaries scattering. It is found that for the explored layers the increase in resistivity is dominated by the effect of grain boundaries.     

Development of copper beam ducts with antechambers for advanced high-current particle storage rings

There has been continuous progress at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in R&D on vacuum beam ducts adaptable to future high-current particle storage rings. Here we proposed copper beam ducts with antechambers to deal with the severe issues attributed to the high beam currents. The proposed antechamber scheme can withstand intense synchrotron radiation (SR), provide a beam duct with low beam impedance, and effectively reduce the electron cloud effect (ECE) in positron/proton rings. Several trial models were manufactured by a pressing or cold-drawn method, and assembled with electron beam welding. Special vacuum components, such as connection flanges, distributed pumps, and gate valves, were customized for the beam ducts. TiN coating on the inner surface of the beam duct was also investigated as a mitigating measure for the ECE. Trial models of the copper beam ducts were installed into the KEK B-factory (KEKB), and their performances were evaluated using real positron and electron beams.     

On the surface analysis of copper oxides: the difficulty in detecting Cu3O2

The existence of Cu₃O₂, a gross defect structure of Cu₂O, has been documented experimentally since the early 1960s. However, discussions of the oxidation of copper often neglect the importance of this phase; in fact, it is often omitted entirely from such discussions. This results from the difficulty in determining the chemical state during sputter depth profiling and relying on techniques that have difficulty providing chemical state information. The occurrence of sputter reduction during the depth profiling of copper oxide layers has been demonstrated with XPS depth profiles on a series of copper samples oxidized, for varying lengths of time, in air at a temperature of either 423 or 523 K. Under these conditions, a thin layer of CuO/Cu(OH)₂ terminates the oxide layers. Beneath this layer, the presence of Cu₃O₂ is expected on the samples prepared at 423 K. However, immediately upon the beginning of sputtering, only Cu¹⁺ is detected in the oxide layers. A zone of constant Cu:O ratio of (approximately ∼1.5) is found throughout most of the oxide layer even though Cu²⁺ is not detected. On the samples prepared at 523 K, the presence of CuO is anticipated. However, Cu²⁺ is not detected after sputtering is initiated and a region of constant Cu:O ratio of ca. 1.5 is detected. The inherent difficulties involved in investigating oxide layer growth and vertical oxide layer structure using sputter depth profiling are discussed in light of this experimental data.     

Effect of filament heating current on electron beam of directly heated strip-type electron gun

The method of Electron Beam-Physical Vapour Deposition (EB-PVD) for handling large substrates is well established in the metallurgical industry, where sweeping axisymmetric electron guns or multiple pencil guns are routinely used to cover a large target area. The non-uniformity in current density in those methods can be overcome, to a large extent, by using the strip-type electron gun. In this paper, we propose to use an AC-heated strip-type electron gun to cover large target areas. The magnetic field generated by the alternating filament current oscillates the beam in a direction parallel to the filament length, thereby eliminating the need for applying an external electric or magnetic field for sweeping the beam. The non-uniformity in the current density within the strip electron beam, arising due to finite length of the filament, is reduced by the use of dummy filaments on both ends of the active filament. These results are supported by electron trajectory simulations.     

Electron beam surface treatment. Part I: surface hardening of AISI D3 tool steel

The effects of electron beam surface hardening treatment on the microstructure and hardness of AISI D3 tool steel have been investigated in this paper. The results showed that the microstructure of the hardened layer consisted of martensite, a dispersion of fine carbides and retained austensite while the transition area mainly consisted of tempered sorbite. Also, the microhardness of the hardened layer on the surface increased dramatically compared to that of base material. Finally, the hardening response of AISI D3 tool steel to electron beam surface treatment is closely related to the scanning speed of the electron beam.     

Transmission electron microscopy investigation into the recrystallization of carbon resulting from laser processing of carbon-implanted copper

The present paper is a contribution to the discussion about the laser-pulse-assisted synthesis of carbon from copper implanted with carbon atoms. In this study, in contrast to others, the phase composition of the products of such synthesis was examined, observing the electron diffraction from the carbon film formed on a copper substrate without removing it from this substrate. The phase identification performed in this experiment has shown that the carbon phase generated by the laser-assisted synthesis from carbon-implanted copper is chaoite.     

Structural,spectroscopic and biological investigation of copper oxides nanoparticles with various capping agents

Powder composed of copper oxides nanoparticles with various capping agents has been synthesized and characterized with the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycol propylene, glycerin and glycerin plus ammonia were used as capping agents. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that nanoparticles form agglomerates with the size from 80 to 120 nm while particles size determined from the XRD experiment was in the range from 7 to 21 nm. XPS and XRD experiments revealed that depending on capping and reducing agents used in the synthesis nanoparticles are composed of Cu₂O, CuO or a mixture of them. The biological activity test performed for a selected sample where the capping agent was glycerin plus ammonia has shown promising killing/inhibiting behavior, very effective especially for Gram negatives bacteria.     

激光刻蚀不锈钢材料的二次电子发射特性研究

激光刻蚀是一种现代材料表面处理技术,近年来人们发现它可以有效地降低粒子加速器真空室材料表面的二次电子产额。欧洲核子研究中心已经将此方法应用到LHC对撞机亮度升级实验中。不锈钢是加速器真空室常用的结构材料,利用激光刻蚀不锈钢材料表面,通过扫描电子显微镜对样品表征,结果显示刻蚀之后材料表面存在则的沟壑结构。利用高精度二次电子特性参数测试仪测量刻蚀表面二次电子产额。发现刻蚀前后样品最大二次电子产额从2.71降低至0.89。     

Local thermal property analysis by scanning thermal microscopy of an ultrafine-grained copper surface layer produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment

Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) was used to map thermal conductivity images in an ultrafine-grained copper surface layer produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). It is found that the deformed surface layer shows different thermal conductivities that strongly depend on the grain size of the microstructure: the thermal conductivity of the nanostructured surface layer decreases obviously when compared with that of the coarse-grained matrix of the sample. The role of the grain boundaries in thermal conduction is analyzed in correlation with the heat conduction mechanism in pure metal. A theoretical approach, based on this investigation, was used to calculate the heat flow from the probe tip to the sample and then estimate the thermal conductivities at different scanning positions. Experimental results and theoretical calculation demonstrate that SThM can be used as a tool for the thermal property and microstructural analysis of ultrafine-grained microstructures.     

Electron beam surface treatment. Part II: microstructure evolution of stainless steel and aluminum alloy during electron beam rapid solidification

Surface rapid solidification microstructures of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel and 2024 aluminum alloy have been investigated by electron beam remelting process and optical microscopy observation. It is indicated that the morphologies of the melted layer of both stainless steel and aluminum alloy change dramatically compared to the original materials. Also, the microstructures were greatly refined after the electron beam irradiation.     

Green strategy of scaleably synthesizing copper nanocomposites with remarkable catalytic activity for wastewater treatment

The functional copper nanocomposites (Cu NCs) have received increasing attention in the environmen-tal catalysis application for wastewater treatment due to their superior catalytic activity and reactivity.However,overcoming the pH limitations towards the neutral and alkaline wastewater remains a tricky challenge.In this work,we demonstrate a green strategy to synthesize Cu NCs with coexistence of active Cu,Cu2O and ZrO2 by self-propagating combustion of metallic glassy ribbons,which exhibit the extremely superior catalytic performance for degradation reaction,providing full conversion of organic dyes com-pletely to the environmental friendly small species (efficiency ＞ 99％) under acidic,neutral and alkaline conditions.Compared with all other catalysts developed thus far,the novel Cu NCs catalysts with more active sites present much enhanced catalytic capability of degradation efficiency without the use of any chemical reagents for neutral and alkaline organic dye solutions.The possible decomposition pathways of organic dyes for different pH systems were systematically investigated.More importantly,the two kinds of catalytic mechanism related to high reactivity of nanoscale Cu/Cu2O and strong oxidizing capability of activated.OH/·O2-radicals can also be successfully confirmed under different pH conditions.The green synthetic approach can be extended to design the various M-based nanocomposites (M =Fe,Co,Ni,Ag,Pd) as efficient catalysts for the functional applications of many chemical reactions.