Texture segmentation using wavelet transform

Texture analysis such as segmentation and classification plays a vital role in computer vision and pattern recognition and is widely applied to many areas such as industrial automation, bio-medical image processing and remote sensing. This paper describes a novel technique of feature extraction for characterization and segmentation of texture at multiple scales based on block by block comparison of wavelet co-occurrence features. The performance of this segmentation algorithm is superior to traditional single resolution techniques such as texture spectrum, co-occurrences, local linear transforms, etc. The results of the proposed algorithm are found to be satisfactory.     

Texture segmentation using hierarchical wavelet decomposition

This paper presents a texture segmentation algorithm based on a hierarchical wavelet decomposition. Using Daubechies four-tap filter, an original image is decomposed into three detail images and one approximate image. The decomposition can be recursively applied to the approximate image to generate a lower resolution of the pyramid. The segmentation starts at the lowest resolution using the K-means clustering scheme and textural features obtained from various sub-bands. The result of segmentation is propagated through the pyramid to a higher resolution with continuously improving the segmentation. The lower resolution levels help to build the contour of the segmented texture, while higher levels refine the process, and correct possible errors.     

融合高斯混合模型和小波变换的运动目标检测

当前景目标与背景在颜色上接近时,仅采用高斯混合模型进行目标检测容易导致误判。为了提高模型分割算法的鲁棒性,提出一种融合高斯混合模型和小波变换的运动目标检测算法。通过小波变换提取图像的纹理特征信息,利用高斯混合模型拟合背景信息。将两者融合起来,把纹理信息作为颜色信息的补偿,保证了模型在线更新背景信息时模型的稳定性和收敛性,同时弥补了目标分割中前景与背景颜色信息接近时容易导致误判的不足。实验结果表明,本文方法比经典高斯混合模型方法具有较高的分割精度。     

Texture segmentation using independent-scale component-wise Riemannian-covariance Gaussian mixture model in KL measure based multi-scale nonlinear structure tensor space

This paper proposes a novel texture segmentation approach using independent-scale component-wise Riemannian-covariance Gaussian mixture model (ICRGMM) in Kullback-Leibler (KL) measure based multi-scale nonlinear structure tensor (MSNST) space. We use the independent-scale distribution and full-covariance structure to replace the covariant-scale distribution and 1D-variance structure used in our previous research. To construct the optimal full-covariance structure, we define the full-covariance on KL, Euclidean, log-Euclidean, and Riemannian gradient mappings, and compare their performances. The comparison experiments demonstrate that the Riemannian gradient mapping leads to its optimum properties over other choices when constructing the full-covariance. To estimate and update the statistical parameters more accurately, the component-wise expectation-maximization for mixtures (CEM²) algorithm is proposed instead of the originally used K-means algorithm. The superiority of the proposed ICRGMM has been demonstrated based on texture clustering and Graph Cuts based texture segmentation using a large number of synthesis texture images and real natural scene textured images, and further analyzed in terms of error ratio and modified F-measure, respectively.     

基于混合高斯模型和帧差法的吸烟检测算法

提出一种快速有效的基于混合高斯模型和帧差法的视频吸烟检测技术。利用混合高斯模型获取准确的背景,通过帧差分法对连续两帧的灰度图像序列进行绝对差运算,与背景相减获得运动目标区域;根据改进的转换模型将稀薄烟雾图像从RGB颜色空间转换到HSV颜色空间,对其颜色特征提取并进行分析,进一步将稀薄烟雾区域从运动目标区域中分离出来。实验结果表明,该技术不易受到周围环境的限制,灵敏度高、适用范围广。     

Combination of wavelet and SIFT features for image classification using trained Gaussian mixture model

This paper presents an effective combination of Wavelet-based features and SIFT features. For the combined feature patches extracted from images we then adopt the PCA transformation to reduce the dimensionality of their feature vectors. And the reduced vectors are used to train Gaussian Mixture Models （GMMs） in which the mixture weights and Gaussian parameters are updated iteratively. We performed the method on Caltech datasets and compared the results with several other methods. It shown that the combination of salient feature vectors and GMM gives a much better improvement in image classification.     

Bayesian classification of hyperspectral images using spatially-varying Gaussian mixture model

We propose a spatially-varying Gaussian mixture model for joint spectral and spatial classification of hyperspectral images. The model provides a robust estimation framework for small sample size training sets. Defining prior distributions for the mean vector and the covariance matrix enables us to regularize the parameter estimation problem. More specifically, we can obtain invertible positive definite covariance matrices by the help of this regularization. Moreover, the proposed model also takes into account the spatial alignments of the pixels by using spatially-varying mixture proportions. The spatially-varying mixture model is based on spatial multinomial logistic regression. The classification results obtained on Indian Pines, Pavia Centre, Pavia University, and Salinas data sets show that the proposed methods perform better especially for small-sized training sets compared to the state-of-the-art classifiers.     

基于多阶抽样的高斯混合模型彩色图像分割

针对传统高斯混合模型应用于彩色图像分割时计算复杂度高等问题, 提出一种多阶抽样的高斯混合模型的彩色图像分割算法。首先,给出采样数定理及其证明,并推导出与聚类类别数和最小聚类相关的最小采样数目;其次,设计一罚函数判断抽样优劣,消除抽样对聚类模型影响,根据最小采样数数目,对像素点进行均匀采样,并利用高斯混合模型对采样像素点进行聚类;最后,定义像素点和类之间的距离,对剩余的像素点按距离最近原则进行划分。实验结果表明算法具有有效性。     

基于混合高斯模型的运动目标检测算法

针对智能交通系统中运动目标检测阶段存在的不足,提出了一种基于自适应混合高斯模型(GMM)的改进算法。将隔帧差分的方法引入背景建模的初始判别阶段,从而迅速地检测出运动变化区域,提高了算法的灵敏度,同时也增强了对缓慢运行车辆的检测的适用性;将划分出的背景及运动区域赋予不同的更新率,使得背景显露区域得到迅速恢复,消去了运动车辆留下的"影子"。在此较为精确的背景模型下,结合灰度和canny边缘特征进行背景差分,有效地保留了与背景灰度相似的运动目标的轮廓。通过实验证明该检测算法取得了较好的效果。     

A multi-manifold semi-supervised Gaussian mixture model for pattern classification

Semi-supervised Gaussian mixture model (SGMM) has been successfully applied to a wide range of engineering and scientific fields, including text classification, image retrieval, and biometric identification. Recently, many studies have shown that naturally occurring data may reside on or near manifold structures in ambient space. In this paper, we study the use of SGMM for data sets containing multiple separated or intersecting manifold structures. We propose a new multi-manifold regularized, semi-supervised Gaussian mixture model (M2SGMM) for classifying multiple manifolds. Specifically, we model the data manifold using a similarity graph with local and geometrical consistency properties. The geometrical similarity is measured by a novel application of local tangent space. We regularize the model parameters of the SGMM by incorporating the enhanced Laplacian of the graph. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

新型背景混合高斯模型

针对背景减除法中经典混合高斯模型计算量过大的问题,提出一种新的背景混合高斯模型。该方法利用偏差均值作为判断模型是否与当前像素值匹配的阈值参数,有效减少了经典模型中由于开平方及指数运算带来的庞大计算量;同时引入持续平稳时间的概念,采用非线性权值更新方法,能够使较长时间停留在场景中的物体迅速成为背景。实验结果表明,该方法显著提高了背景模型的计算效率。     

基于EM算法的高斯混合型的织物疵点检测研究

为准确检测织物在生产过程产生的疵点,提出了一种基于EM算法的高斯混合模型的算法来实现织物疵点的自动检测。由于织物背景纹理信息对织物疵点检测影响较大,采用均值采样对其进行预处理来消除背景纹理的影响,用高斯混合模型对新得到的图像进行处理。在进行高斯混合模型计算时分为E步骤、M步骤。E步骤初始化参数,计算样本像素的后验概率,M步骤更新高斯混合模型中的各参数。根据计算各像素的后验概率判断各像素点应该属于疵点部分还是非疵点部分。实验结果证明该算法能检测、分割出较多种类的织物疵点,具有较好的有效性和可靠性。     

自适应混合高斯背景模型的改进

对自适应混合高斯背景模型进行了改进，将背景重构和前景消融时间控制机制整合到传统自适应混合高斯背景模型中，以提高运动分割的质量。背景重构算法从含有运动物体的动态场景视频序列中重构静态背景图像，然后用重构的静态背景图像初始化自适应混合高斯背景模型；而前景消融时间控制机制则使运动物体停止时的前景消融时间独立于背景模型的学习速率，从而可以根据需要调节前景消融的持续时间。实验结果表明了算法的有效性。     

基于IGA与GMM的图像多阈值分割方法*

为了实现图像的有效分割,提出了一种自适应多阈值图像分割方法,能够自动获得最佳分割阈值数目和阈值。该方法对灰度直方图进行合适尺度的连续小波变换,将小波变换曲线中幅值为负的波谷点构成阈值候选集;再应用免疫遗传算法从阈值候选集中选取准阈值,准阈值的个数对应为最佳分割类数;根据准阈值构建灰度直方图的高斯混合模型,由最小误差准则求得分割阈值。仿真实验表明,该方法能够实现图像的自动多阈值分割,能够得到很好的分割结果且分割效率高,在多目标图像分割中能够得到很好的应用。     

基于边缘前景的混合高斯模型目标检测

混合高斯模型已经广泛应用于背景建模中。但是检测结果受到噪音的干扰和突变光照的影响。为了解决这个问题,将Stauffer的混合高斯模型进行改进并与边缘信息相结合。当三帧差分判断出场景变化时,像素点的学习率会自适应变化。用这种改进的混合高斯模型来获取运动物体的边缘图像和前景图像。对边缘图像进行图像膨胀,再与前景图像进行与运算,通过光流信息来填补空洞部分,得到最后的结果。实验结果表明,可以很好地去除噪音和解决光照突变的影响,提高了目标检测的效果,比传统方法更加有效。     

Automatic segmentation of corpus collasum using Gaussian mixture modeling and Fuzzy C means methods

This paper presents a comparative study of the success and performance of the Gaussian mixture modeling and Fuzzy C means methods to determine the volume and cross-sectionals areas of the corpus callosum (CC) using simulated and real MR brain images. The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) utilizes weighted sum of Gaussian distributions by applying statistical decision procedures to define image classes. In the Fuzzy C means (FCM), the image classes are represented by certain membership function according to fuzziness information expressing the distance from the cluster centers. In this study, automatic segmentation for midsagittal section of the CC was achieved from simulated and real brain images. The volume of CC was obtained using sagittal sections areas. To compare the success of the methods, segmentation accuracy, Jaccard similarity and time consuming for segmentation were calculated. The results show that the GMM method resulted by a small margin in more accurate segmentation (midsagittal section segmentation accuracy 98.3% and 97.01% for GMM and FCM); however the FCM method resulted in faster segmentation than GMM. With this study, an accurate and automatic segmentation system that allows opportunity for quantitative comparison to doctors in the planning of treatment and the diagnosis of diseases affecting the size of the CC was developed. This study can be adapted to perform segmentation on other regions of the brain, thus, it can be operated as practical use in the clinic.     

基于小波包变换和蚁群算法的纹理分类

提出了一种小波包变换和蚁群算法相结合的纹理分类新方法。首先采用小波包变换提取纹理图像的纹理特征向量,然后用蚁群算法进行训练和分类。实验表明小波包变换和蚁群算法应用到纹理分类领域,是一次有效的尝试。     

MRF-based texture segmentation using wavelet decomposed images

In recent textured image segmentation, Bayesian approaches capitalizing on computational efficiency of multiresolution representations have received much attention. Most of the previous researches have been based on multiresolution stochastic models which use the Gaussian pyramid image decomposition. In this paper, motivated by nonredundant directional selectivity and highly discriminative nature of the wavelet representation, we present an unsupervised textured image segmentation algorithm based on a multiscale stochastic modeling over the wavelet decomposition of image. The model, using doubly stochastic Markov random fields, captures intrascale statistical dependencies over the wavelet decomposed image and intrascale and interscale dependencies over the corresponding multiresolution region image.     

混合高斯模型背景法的一种改进算法

针对混合高斯模型背景法的不足,提出了一种将混合高斯模型背景法与三帧差分法相结合的运动目标检测算法。利用三帧法快速检测出变化区域,提高了算法的灵敏度;引入目标是否存在的判决阈值,减低了算法的运算量;对目标区域和背景区域进行不同的混合高斯背景模型的更新策略,提高了模型的收敛速度。实验结果表明,改进的方法与混合高斯模型背景法相比其处理速度快,效果更好,适用于实时视频监控系统。     

融入邻域作用的高斯混合分割模型及简化求解

目的 基于高斯混合模型（GMM）的图像分割方法易受噪声影响,为此采用马尔可夫随机场（MRF）将像素邻域关系引入GMM,提高算法抗噪性。针对融入邻域作用的高斯混合分割模型结构复杂、参数估计困难,难以获得全局最优分割解等问题,提出一种融入邻域作用的高斯混合分割模型及其简化求解方法。方法 首先,构建融入邻域作用的GMM。为了提高GMM的抗噪性,采用MRF建模混合模型权重系数的先验分布。然后,利用贝叶斯理论建立图像分割模型,即品质函数;由于品质函数中参数较多（包括权重系数,均值,协方差）、函数结构复杂,导致参数求解困难。因此,将品质函数中的均值和协方差定义为权重系数的函数,由此简化模型结构并方便其求解;虽然品质函数中仅包含参数权重系数,但结构比较复杂,难以求得参数的解析式。最后,采用非线性共轭梯度法（CGM）求解参数,该方法仅需利用品质函数值和参数梯度值,降低了参数求解的复杂性,并且收敛快,可以得到全局最优解。结果 为了有效而准确地验证提出的分割方法,分别采用本文算法和对比算法对合成图像和高分辨率遥感图像进行分割实验,并定性和定量地评价和分析了实验结果。实验结果表明本文方法的有效抗噪性,并得到很好的分割结果。从参数估计结果可以看出,本文算法有效简化了模型参数,并获得全局最优解。结论 提出一种融入邻域作用的高斯混合分割模型及其简化求解方法,实验结果表明,本文算法提高了算法的抗噪性,有效地简化了模型参数,并得到全局最优参数解。本文算法对具有噪声的高分辨率遥感影像广泛适用。