基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。     

二甲醚作为燃料应用的生命周期方法框架研究

通过建立二甲醚作为燃料应用的生命周期方法框架,对LCA方法进行了一股性阐述,定性给出研究二甲醚的环境的影响评价的方法论,建立研究模型。     

Integrated assessment method for building life cycle environmental and economic performance

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to identify a building’s environmental impact throughout its life cycle. However, LCA does have limits in practice because it does not consider the economic aspect of project implementation. In order to promote LCA application, a more comprehensive evaluation of building life cycle environmental and economic performance must be performed. To address these issues, we propose life cycle green cost assessment (LCGCA), a method that combines LCA with life cycle costing (LCC). In LCGCA the building’s environmental loads are converted to environmental costs based on the trading price of CO₂ certified emission reductions (CERs). These environmental costs are then included into the building life cycle cost. Subsequently an evaluation index of green net present value (GNPV) for LCGCA can be obtained. A governmental office building in Beijing was studied using LCGCA. Several design options were compared and the sensitivity of the CER price was analyzed. The research also shows that conclusions reached by LCGCA may be different from those of traditional LCC, which does not include environmental costs. The application of LCGCA needs the support of environmental policies. A sound environmental tax mechanism is expected to be established in China soon, which will enable LCGCA to be a useful tool to guide sustainable building design efficiently.     

典型建筑岩棉板的生命周期分析

基于生命周期评价方法量化分析典型企业生产建筑岩棉板“从摇篮到大门”的资源/能源消耗、污染物排放及潜在环境影响,辨识影响岩棉板产品环境负荷的关键过程及企业间差异性的主要因素。结果显示,岩棉板生产过程对全球变暖的环境影响贡献最大;原材料生产过程对矿产资源耗竭、化石能源耗竭及人体毒性的环境影响贡献显著;能源生产过程对颗粒物形成及陆地生态系统酸化的环境影响贡献最大;单位产品的能源消耗强度及玄武岩/树脂用量是造成不同企业岩棉产品环境影响差异的主要因素。     

桥梁生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价

为了量化评价桥梁的综合环境影响,提出了桥梁生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价方法。在分析桥梁的设计、原材料的生产加工、现场的施工、桥梁的运营、桥梁的废弃这生命周期5个阶段环境影响的基础上,按照客观性、科学性、完整性、有效性等原则建立了多级综合评价指标体系。将桥梁生命周期环境影响分为负面影响较大、负面影响较小、基本无影响、正面影响较小、正面影响较大5个等级,采用改进的层次分析法确定权重,并引入模糊数学方法进行综合评价。应用该方法对武汉市南太子湖大桥生命周期环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明,原材料生产和桥梁施工过程对环境影响较大。该方法可作为桥梁生命周期环境影响评价的基本方法,用于桥梁工程环境影响综合评价。     

生命周期评价理论及在建筑领域中的应用综述

生命周期评价通过对建筑产品从原材料挖掘到报废拆除整个生命期的分析,为全面衡量建筑的可持续能力提供了工具。在介绍生命周期评价概念和理论框架的基础上,对生命周期评价三种主要模型（过程生命周期评价模型、投入-产出生命周期评价模型、混合生命周期评价模型）的内容与特点进行了总结。针对目前国内外研究现状,回顾了生命周期评价在建筑材料与部品和整体建筑产品的应用,对生命周期评价在建筑领域中的发展给予展望。研究深入了当前对于生命期评价理论的认识与了解,指明了全生命周期评价模型在建筑可持续能力评估方面的优点与不足,推动了全生命周期评价理论在我国的丰富与发展     

结合BIM 的工程项目全生命周期环境影响评价与决策分析方法研究

工程建设项目的能源消耗和污染物排放给环境带来巨大的影响。从建设项目全生命周期角度出发,运用BIM 技术及工具构建建设项目的多维信息模型,并进一步定义BIM 模型元素和建筑材料的关系,量化建筑物建筑材料的环境影响,运用层次分析法建立建设项目环境影响评价指标库。以南京市某大学在建的科研用楼设计方案为例,建模并进行计算,分析建筑物对环境影响重要因素,为建设项目全生命周期环境影响评价提供新思路,为建筑物设计阶段的方案优化提供理论支持。     

粉煤灰再生混凝土生命周期评价初探

本文使用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对掺与不掺粉煤灰的再生混凝土的环境影响进行评价。研究表明,再生混凝土是一种很好的环境材料(ecomaterial)。粉煤灰的掺入可以提高再生混凝土的绿色度。不掺粉煤灰的再生混凝土可以有效的减少油耗、CO、CxHy以及废弃物的排放,但并不能有效的减少混凝土的煤耗、CO2、NOx以及SO2排放置;而通过掺入粉煤灰可使再生混凝土的各项污染指标均得到有效的降低。     

建筑围护结构保温层厚度的经济性优化

从保温材料的生命周期评价理论出发,建立外墙保温层厚度的经济数学模型,得到保温材料的经济厚度计算公式,使外墙在建筑生命周期中总费用最小.利用该数学模型,以徐州为例,计算某种墙体的保温层经济厚度,并给出不同燃料对保温层厚度的影响.     

Review of multi-criteria decision aid for integrated sustainability assessment of urban water systems

Integrated sustainability assessment is part of a new paradigm for urban water decision making. Multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) is an integrative framework used in urban water sustainability assessment, which has a particular focus on utilising stakeholder participation. Here MCDA is reviewed in the context of urban water management used in a decision making framework. Three other commonly used integrated approaches in urban water management (cost-benefit analysis, triple bottom line and integrated assessment) are compared with MCDA. Generic types of shortcomings associated with MCDA are discussed to provide an understanding of MCDA's limitation in urban water management decision making; including 1) preferential independency, 2) double counting and under-counting, and 3) transparency of MCDA methods and results.     

Multi-criteria decision-making model for whole life costing design

Various decision-making tools have been reviewed. The interview surveys revealed that some typical bad decisions made in building designs may cause problems in building maintenance. Therefore, the importance of decision making involving multiple criteria during whole life costing (WLC) design is highlighted. Several methods have been assessed in interview surveys, aiming to solve WLC decision-making problems. During structured interview surveys, some methods are found unsuitable for decision making in WLC design process. The appropriate methods are selected at each stage of the decision-making process to develop an integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making tool.     

An LCA-based environmental impact assessment model for construction processes

A quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of construction activities can help decision-makers identify major environmental impact factors and make environmentally friendly construction plans in the early stages of construction. This paper presents an integrated life cycle environmental impact assessment model that is applicable to construction phase studies, where impact factors are examined according to two aspects of a typical construction process: construction equipment and ancillary materials. Environmental impacts are categorized into three safeguard subjects: ecosystems, natural resources and human health. A disability adjusted life year (DALY) model for assessing human health damage due to construction dust is developed. In addition, the environmental impact of earthwork construction is assessed as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed model. Results indicate that the proposed model can effectively quantify the environmental impacts of construction processes, and can potentially be used as a tool for contractors to select environmentally friendly construction plans.     

Economical and ecological comparison of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorber refill strategies

Technical constraints can leave a considerable freedom in the design of a technology, production or service strategy. Choosing between economical or ecological decision criteria then characteristically leads to controversial solutions of ideal systems. For the adaptation of granular-activated carbon (GAC) fixed beds, various technical factors determine the adsorber volume required to achieve a desired service life. In considering carbon replacement and recycling, a variety of refill strategies are available that differ in terms of refill interval, respective adsorber volume, and time-dependent use of virgin, as well as recycled GAC. Focusing on the treatment of contaminant groundwater, we compare cost-optimal reactor configurations and refill strategies to the ecologically best alternatives. Costs and consumption of GAC are quantified within a technical-economical framework. The emissions from GAC production out of hard coal, transport and recycling are equally derived through a life cycle impact assessment. It is shown how high discount rates lead to a preference of small fixed-bed volumes, and accordingly, a high number of refills. For fixed discount rates, the investigation reveals that both the economical as well as ecological assessment of refill strategies are especially sensitive to the relative valuation of virgin and recycled GAC. Since recycling results in economic and ecological benefits, optimized systems thus may differ only slightly.     

BEPAS—a life cycle building environmental performance assessment model

This paper presents a building environmental performance analysis system—BEPAS, which was developed based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. In BEPAS, environmental impacts were investigated in three main aspects of a building that were closely related to environmental performance—building facilities, building materials and location. In addition, a set of environmental databases were developed, covering the environmental performance profiles of these environmental aspects. The BEPAS can be used to assess the environmental performance of a new or existing building. This paper also discusses a case project in order to illustrate the assessment procedures and test the effectiveness of the system in application.