Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166     

Electrical breakdown characteristics of nitrogen and air at cryogenic temperature in a quasi‐uniform electric field

The breakdown voltages of the longer‐gap configurations in gaseous nitrogen and air that are necessary in designing superconducting electrical power apparatuses are measured at temperatures of 293 and 93 K. The quasi‐uniform electric field made by a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode with a diameter of 150 mm and a gap length of about 10 to 100 mm is used in the measurement of the breakdown voltages. When 50‐Hz ac and dc voltages are applied to the sphere‐to‐sphere gap, the breakdown voltages in nitrogen and air obey Paschen's law even at cryogenic temperatures (93 K). When a 1.4/50‐μs lightning impulse voltage is applied to the gap, the 50% breakdown voltage of nitrogen also obeys Paschen's law under UV irradiation of the cathode electrode. However, the breakdown voltage in air at 93 K is higher in the case of lightning impulse voltage applications, and the delay from impulse voltage application to breakdown occurrence is apparently longer at 93 K than at 293 K. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 28–33, 2000     

交联聚乙烯中的滞长型丛林状电树枝特性研究

为了弄清楚电树枝生长机理以利于研究耐电树高聚物材料，采用实时显微数字摄像监测技术监测交联聚乙烯中电树枝引发与生长过程。结果发现，在低频下电树枝长成丛枝状后不再生长。原因是绝缘体中被注入分布均匀的空间电荷，构成电场屏蔽，使电树枝尖端处的电场强度降至介质的击穿场强以下，使树枝停止生长。而局部放电、树枝尖端微击穿和电极向介质中注入电荷这三种作用同时加速电树枝的迅速生长。     

On-axis field approximations for a (semi-)spheroid in a uniform field

I have recently been analyzing various problems in the area of breakdown of solids and gases using a highly prolate, conducting spheroid in a uniform electric field as a model for a breakdown channel. The electric field distribution for a prolate spheroid in a uniform field can be solved in spheroidal hyperbolic coordinates. The solution is exact for a conducting prolate spheroid in an infinite, uniform field or a semiprolate conducting spheroid on the surface of a plane electrode with the opposite electrode infinitely far away. In working with these equations, I have developed several approximations, including a very simple equation for the field at the tip of the spheroid and an equation for the field on axis of the spheroid, which may be useful to others.     

On the calculation of breakdown voltages for uniform electricfields in compressed air and SF6

A novel method is described for calculating the breakdown voltage of uniform field gaps in compressed air and SF₆ without the need for experiments. This method is based on the criterion of self-recurring single-electron avalanches developed in the gap. It is shown that the results computed by this method for pd values to the right of Paschen's minimum (up to 15 kPa·m in air and up to 5 kPa·M in SF₆) are in good agreement with those measured experimentally. It is also shown that the use of the streamer criterion overestimates the breakdown voltage when applied for pd values where Townsend's mechanism is valid. In addition, it is shown that the size of the avalanche (and hence the parameter K) at breakdown is not constant as adopted in the literature; it depends upon the gap length and gas pressure     

Calculation of the uniform breakdown field strength of SF6 gas

We calculated the uniform dielectric breakdown field strength of SF₆ gas over the temperature range of 300 to 3000 K. The local thermal equilibrium (ITE) composition of the dissociated gas is connected to the electron impact collision cross sections of the species SF₆, F₂, F and S. The critical reduced electric field strength of the composition is determined by a balancing electron generation and loss modeled by chemical reactions evaluated by the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) derived from the Boltzmann transport equation. At room temperature, pure SF₆ has a critical reduced electric field strength of 362 Td. With increasing temperature and decreasing density we found a small decrease of this value, whereas at temperatures higher than 1500 K, dissociation starts to decrease the dielectric strength of the composition. Furthermore, we found that generation of electrons by (associative) detachment from F ^- starts to play an important role at temperatures >2500 K, where the critical field strength still has a value of 118 Td. This value is found to decrease rapidly afterwards with increasing temperature to the value of 38 Td at 3000 K. The calculated results agree very well with independently predicted values and measured data     

基于低频变频原理的互感器综合特性测试仪研制

由于电流互感器拐点电压不断升高,常规的电流互感器特性试验方法难以满足试验要求.研制了一台互感器综合特性测试仪样机,其基于低频电源法,并采用低频补偿算法,能够在较低电压下完成试验,扩大了仪器的适应性和测量能力,有效减轻工作强度,提高试验效率.样机采用了SPWM、功率因数补偿(PFC)、软开关等先进技术,功能完善,综合性能优异.对样机的软件、硬件原理和功能进行了阐述,并经过相应的性能测试和比对验证试验,样机的总体性能达到应用要求.     

Discharge characteristics under non-uniform electric field in He,Ar and air at low pressures

We measured dc discharge inception voltage V_i for various electrode configurations in He, Ar and air in vacuum range from 10⁵ to 10^-1 Pa to determine discharge characteristics under a space vacuum environment. By quantitative consideration of the E_i/p distribution in the gap space at the discharge inception, the discharge inception mechanism under non-uniform electric field was investigated in vacuum. At the same time, we observed the discharge profile variation with residual gas pressure and quantitatively analyzed its characteristics, using an image processing technique. Based on the analysis, we found that the dependency of the discharge inception voltage and the length of the discharge path on the residual gas pressure under non-uniform field conditions agreed well with that previously obtained for uniform field conditions     

空调低频传递音问题的分析与改善

传递音是空调室内机异常噪声中的一种典型噪声.若传递音由管路的结构振动引起,除了使用在管路上安装消声器的方法以外,还可以采用避免管路共振的思路进行处理.针对空调室内机出现的传递音问题,通过更改管路结构,避免其与压缩机激励发生共振,消除了室内机出现的传递音,达到了整改的目的,为解决室内机传递音问题提供了一种有效的方法.     

基于超低频介损的XLPE电缆绝缘受潮检测判据研究

电缆超低频介损测试技术在国内刚刚起步,所采用的IEEE Std 400.2-2013超低频介损判据并不完全适用于我国本土化XLPE电缆,开展电缆超低频介损检测的研究迫在眉睫。因此,本文通过加速水树老化实验验证超低频介损检测对于水树劣化检测的有效性,并开展现场测量,对所测252组数据进行状态分级,发现介损变化率为负的电缆线路处于注意或异常状态,多处于异常状态；且介损的波动值可更加清晰直观反映电缆运行状态。因此,在现有的电缆超低频介损三大判据之外,提出了新的特征量反向介损变化率和介损极差,吸纳韩国Skirt介损判据,最终形成更为完善的超低频介损检测判据体系,为我国配网电缆超低频介损老化状态评价规程的制定提供了参考。#$NL关键词：XLPE电缆；超低频介损；电缆水树；检测判据；反向介损变化率；介损极差#$NL中图分类号：TM854     

掺杂SiO2对PEMFC低湿度性能的影响

采用磺化SiO2/Nafion自增湿膜作为质子交换膜,采用掺杂了纳米SiO2或经过磺化处理的SiO2的催化层作为阴极催化层,考察了饱和增湿条件下由自制质子交换膜和阴极催化层组成样品的接触角和质子电导率。在饱和增湿进气条件下考察了其对电池性能,电化学特性的影响,同时降低进气湿度,考察电池性能变化。结果表明,掺杂SiO2提高了催化层的亲水性;掺入纳米SiO2降低了阴极催化层的质子电导率,而掺入磺化SiO2提高了其质子电导率。在饱和增湿进气时,采用磺化SiO2/Nafion自增湿膜大幅地降低了电池的欧姆电阻。采用自增湿膜同时阴极催化层内掺入纳米SiO2降低了电池性能,而掺杂磺化SiO2电池性能有所提高。在干气进气条件下,不论是单独采用磺化SiO2/Nafion复合膜还是在阴极催化层加入纳米SiO2或者磺化处理过的SiO2,电池性能均有所提高。     

Partial vacuum breakdown characteristics of helium at 20 kHz for inhomogeneous field gap

In general, power devices and systems operating in vacuum or space environment are more susceptible to partial discharges, corona, or volume discharges due to the partial vacuum conditions. Additionally, high frequency operation of a power system is a contributing factor in lowering the breakdown voltage of insulation. In this paper we present our studies on the breakdown characteristics of helium operating in DC and 20 kHz AC field in partial vacuum, for a point-to-point and point-to-plane electrode configurations. Breakdown voltage as a function of pressure in the range of 27 to 400 Pa (0.2 to 3 torr) for both the DC and 20 kHz AC cases is presented. Voltage and current waveforms along with the optical emission waveform of the breakdown events are also presented. A variable DC power supply for DC and an in-house built variable DC-offset-AC power supply for the high frequency breakdown experiments are used. A high voltage probe and a Pearson current sensor are used for the voltage and current detection, and a photo-multiplier-tube with a digital pico-ammeter and a video camera are used for the optical signal detection of this set-up. The breakdown voltage as a function of pressure for both the AC and DC experiments, along with voltage breakdown waveforms for both electrodes are presented.     

负荷特性对跨区大电网低频振荡的影响研究

研究了动静态负荷特性对跨区域互联电网低频振荡阻尼特性的影响.介绍了电力系统研究中常用到的静态和动态负荷模型,其中动态负荷模型为考虑感应电动机机械暂态过程的电动机和恒定阻抗的组合.以研究电力系统低频振荡常用的单机无穷大系统(Phillips-Heffron模型)为例,运用阻尼转矩分析法.对模型中分别采用动静态负荷模型时,系统振荡模式的阻尼转矩系数进行了分析计算.并列写出其详细表达式.在4机2区域系统中对采用不同负荷模型及其相关参数发生变化时区域振荡模式的阻尼和频率特性进行了计算仿真,得到了系统阻尼比随负荷特性增大或减少的变化趋势.并且在跨区域大电网及华中电网2008年枯小运行方式下对相关结论进行了验证.计算结果与理论分析和仿真结果一致.     

Effect of electrode surface roughness on breakdown conditioning under non-uniform electric field in vacuum

Breakdown (BD) characteristics in vacuum are strongly dependent on the electrode surface conditions, such as surface roughness. However, there is little known concerning the details of the relationship between the surface roughness and BD conditioning effect. In practical application, it is important to clarify how the surface roughness affects the breakdown conditioning characteristics, especially for the non-uniform field configuration. This paper discusses the effect of surface roughness on breakdown conditioning characteristics under non-uniform electric field in vacuum under applications of negative standard lightning impulse voltage. For this purpose, we examined the BD conditioning of a rod-to-plane electrode made of SUS304 and Cu-Cr. The surface roughness of R_a is controlled from 0.3 to 2.5 mum. Experimental results revealed that the enhancement of surface roughness of electrodes increases the number of BD to complete the conditioning effect. We explained the results from the observed results of the electrode surface. Consequently, we could clarify the effect of surface roughness on the conditioning effect under non-uniform electric field in vacuum quantitatively.     

An approach for the calculation of magnetic field within square spiral inductors at low frequency

The magnetic field distribution within a square spiral inductor is investigated in this paper by summing closed‐form expressions for the fields from each segment. Plots illustrating the variation of the normally directed B ‐field penetrating the surface of the spiral traces are then developed for a variety of perspectives. The expressions and insight gained represent an essential step in developing a detailed model of effects such as current crowding, which significantly limit the spiral's performance in practical circuits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of load characteristics on frequency control in power systems

The load-frequency control (LFC) problem is investigated on assumptions considered realistic for most power systems. Voltage and frequency dependence of system loads, and load inertia effects, are taken into account. Results include system dynamic response to changes in load, and effects of LFC parameter settings. Using a performance index based on squared tie-line flow error plus squared area frequency error, the effect of load representation on optimum integrator gain is examined.