海底沉积物岩芯横向声学测量系统的标定

水平轴向测量技术相对成熟,但较难获取海底沉积物的无扰动分层声学特性,采用横向测量技术可以解决这一问题。文章研究了海底沉积物岩芯横向测量技术,将水作为海底沉积物测量的参考标准,进行测量系统的标定。提出了等效换能器的概念,将样品以外的声传播介质整合成等效换能器的一部分,标定测量等效换能器声延时和声传播初始能量。以水为标准介质,分别采用33、80、100 kHz三种频率的声学换能器,以及75、90、110 mm三种管径的聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl Chloride,PVC),测量所得的水中的声速与标准计算水中的声速具有一致性,其中以采用80 kHz频率声学换能器和90 mm管径PVC管测量时的声速误差最小,选用此状态进行标定,得出当隔水耦合测量法换能器相对距离为142.02 mm时,标定的等效换能器声延时为45.88±0.08 μs,等效换能器声传播初始能量(以接收换能器的接收电压表示)为0.86±0.03 V。应用标定的等效换能器声延时和声传播初始能量测量海底沉积物。计算得到声速和声衰减系数符合黏土质粉砂的声学特性。     

海底沉积物声衰减与含水量关系的实验研究

海底沉积物从海底采样之后,要经过保存和运输之后才进行室内的声学物理参数测量,在这个过程中,样品不可避免的受到各种干扰。在实验室里制作了沉积物人工样品,模拟样品受到的干扰,通过测量受扰动的含水量的变化及其与声衰减系数的关系,经过频谱分析,得出随机扰动不易辨别,容易造成错误测试结果。对可能的扰动进行物理分析,并提出沉积物声衰减实验测量的若干建议。     

在轴向应力应变下海底沉积物声速及其响应

对南沙群岛海域海底浅表层沉积物短柱状样所进行的轴向应力-应变/声学测量,结果表明纵波声速有着三种的变化结果,这些结果与海底浅表层沉积物的物理力学性质,颗粒接触状态,颗粒结构微结构等特征有关.本项研究可为深入认识南海南部各种海底沉积物作为承载界面的可靠程度,声遥测遥感海底沉积物的工程力学性质等科学目的作出理论贡献.     

海底沉积物样品声衰减与温度关系的实验研究

不同海区海水温度不同,导致不同海区沉积物温度不同;实验室环境温度变化造成沉积物温度的变化。模拟沉积物的温度变化来研究沉积物声衰减的变化,分别从声衰减系数和本文提出的温变衰减系数描述声衰减。以原状样品和人工样品为例说明了在一定厚度的海底沉积物中,声波的传播能力受到沉积物本身分布的均匀度的影响,会出现不同的衰减趋势;通过定义温变衰减系数得到了海底沉积物对能量的传播能力随温度的升高而降低。     

甲基丙烯酸酯类共聚物的超声衰减与声速

用脉冲回波法测定了甲基丙烯酸酯类共聚物的超声衰减与声速。在2.5和5MHz 两种频率下,考察了共聚物超声衰减的温度关系。所得结果与 DSC 法作了比较,共聚物的玻璃化转变温度 T_g 相近。     

浅谈波导和同轴电缆的衰减测量

本文介绍了一例波导和同轴电缆衰减异常故障的分析与排除方法,总结了在衰减测量中的注意事项。     

甲硫氨酸沉积物和电化学沉积聚噻吩改性阳极对海底微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

使用电沉积的方法制备导电聚噻吩修饰的碳毡及在沉积物中添加甲硫氨酸组成一种新型双改性阳极,以此构建海底沉积物微生物燃料电池,并对阳极的电化学性能和电池性能进行测试。结果表明,双改性阳极表面微生物的数量为空白组的11.30倍,生物膜电容是空白组的1.4倍,说明双改性阳极提高了微生物的数量;双改性阳极循环伏安电容量(302.6 F/cm~2)是空白组(38.20 F/cm~2)的8.0倍,峰电流密度为5.980 A/m~2,交换电流密度(48.29×10~(-3)m A/cm~2)是空白组(0.073 7×10-3m A/cm~2)的651.3倍,说明双改性组的氧化还原电化学活性、抗极化能力和电子转移动力学活性显著提高;双改性电池的输出功率(190.6 m W/m~2)是空白组(71.8 m W/m~2)的2.7倍,说明双改性方法提高了电池阳极的电化学性能和电池性能。     

脉冲式线圈测试仪的电压峰值测量和校准的方法探讨

脉冲式线圈测试仪的电压峰值测量和校准方法。     

海水声速测量方法及其应用

在水声研究和海洋工程中,广泛地需要测量海水声速。纵观水声技术的发展历史,声速及其测量方法和手段一直是水声研究的基本问题。从水下声传播速度的物理特性出发,介绍了典型海洋声速剖面的特征,以声速剖面对声传播的影响为关注对象,示例说明了其对声纳最佳探测深度及声纳探测距离的影响,以及声速测量在大洋测温中的应用。在声速剖面测量方法方面,介绍总结了国内外的声速测量设备的原理、技术发展趋势以及主要产品。最后给出了海洋声速剖面测量的发展展望。     

空气中风和声速剖面对空气声透射入水影响

在研究空气声源激发的水下声场时,通常假定空气为静止、均匀半空间,而没有考虑空气中实际声传播条件(风和声速剖面)的影响。在基于传播矩阵的快速场模型基础上,可得出计算运动介质中声传播的二维快速场模型FFP2DM,和远场近似条件下的一维快速场模型FFP1DM。用这两个模型,对空气中风和声速剖面对空气声透射入水的影响进行研究。结果表明:空气中风速剖面和声速剖面对空气中声传播有很大影响,但对于透射进入水中的声波影响很小。     

Determination of thermodynamic properties from the speed of sound

We describe methods by which all of the observable thermodynamic properties of a compressed gas, including the compressibility factor and the isochoric heat capacity, may be determined from sound speed data by numerical integration of a pair of partial differential equations. The technique may be employed over a wide range of conditions. Initial values are required. but we demonstrate that values specified on an isotherm close to the critical temperature are sufficient for application of the method to the entire homogeneous fluid region at subcritical densities. The method may also be extended to higher densities at temperatures above the critical. The effects of errors in both the initial values and the speed of sound are examined in detail by means of analytic and numerical results. The results indicate that all of the observable thermodynamic properties may be obtained with an uncertainty equal to or less than that achievable by the best available alternative techniques.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24. 1994, Boulder, Colorado. U.S.A.     

基于K-means聚类分析与单经验正交函数回归法的南海声速剖面估计方法研究

基于遥感参数和Argo历史数据对水体声速剖面(Sound Speed Profile, SSP)进行重构,对单经验正交函数回归(single Empirical Orthogonal Function-regression, sEOF-r)法在南海的适用性进行了研究。由于南海动力活动的复杂性,SSP扰动相对复杂,同时海域内SSP样本稀疏,相关的SSP统计学估计方法在南海区域还难以有效应用。文章基于K-means对样本进行聚类分析,讨论南海海域正交经验函数模态的一致性。通过扩大重构实验网格解决样本稀疏的问题。利用经典的sEOF-r对南海SSP进行反演,对重构SSP的误差分析说明了该方法在南海海域应用的有效性。SSP重构的均方根误差为2.341 1 m·s^-1,较大误差主要出现在深度40～200 m,其原因是海域内混合层深度发生变化。实验证明在南海区域内利用遥感参数可以有效地估计SSP。     

基于解析法的旁支管共振消声带宽计算

旁支管是应用广泛的共振消声结构。应用解析方法推导旁支管共振结构的传递损失和共振频率计算公式,考虑三维修正,给出旁支管共振消声带宽与各种参数的定量关系,定义消声带宽与共振频率的比值为带宽参数,研究带宽参数与传递损失以及旁支管其他参数的变化关系,最终给出旁支管共振消声带宽计算公式。最后,通过三维有限元方法(Finite Element Method,FEM)计算旁支管的消声带宽并与文中公式结果进行比较,结果显示,两种结果吻合良好,验证了计算公式的可靠性和准确性。     

Equation of state for gaseous propane determined from the speed of sound

An equation of state in the form of a truncated virial series has been developed for gaseous propane. Second, third, and fourth virial coefficients and their temperature derivatives were calculated from model two- and three-body intermolecular potentials, the parameters of which were fitted to experimental values of the speed of sound in the gas; no other data were used. The resulting model predicts accurately thermal and caloric properties of the gas over a wide range of temperatures at densities up to about one-quarter of the critical. The second and third (but not the fourth) virial coefficients are in very close agreement with directly measured values. To facilitate rapid calculation of thermodynamic properties, a look-up table for the virial coefficients and their temperature derivatives is provided together with a recommended means of interpolation.     

超声水浸法高精度测量玻璃材料声速的研究

材料的声速与其杨氏模量和密度有关,通过测量材料的声速可以评价材料的特性。相关研究表明,超低膨胀玻璃的声速是评价其热膨胀系数的关键参数,通过测量声速可以实现对超低膨胀玻璃热膨胀系数的间接无损测量。针对市售的超声声速测量仪器存在系统复杂且不易集成化的问题,结合高精度的数据采集卡设计了超声信号采集显示软件,并基于超声水浸脉冲反射法搭建了高精度的声速测量系统,系统结构简单,操作方便且较易集成化。采用该测量系统对制备的超低膨胀玻璃样品的声速进行了测量,结果表明该系统具有较高的声速测量分辨率,声速分辨率可达为0.2 m.s^-1,为使用超声声速法高精度测量超低膨胀玻璃的热膨胀系数奠定了研究基础。     

Measurement of the thermal diffusivity and speed of sound of hydrothermal solutions via the laser-induced grating technique

We use the laser-induced grating technique to measure the thermal difusivity and speed of sound of hydrothermal solutions. In this noninvasive optical technique, a transient grating is produced in the hydrothermal solution by optical absorption from two crossed, time-coincident nanosecond laser pulses. The grating is probed by measuring the diffraction efficiency of a third laser beam. The grating relaxes via thermal diffusion, and the thermal diffusivity is determined by measuring the decay of the grating diffraction efficiency as a function of of the pump-probe delay time. In addition, intense pump pulses produce counterpropagating acoustic waves that appear as large undulations in the transient grating decay spectrum. The speed of sound in the sample is simply the grating fringe spacing divided by the undulation period. The cell is made from a commercial high-pressure fitting and is equipped with two diamond windows for optical access. Results are presented for dilute dye/water solutions withT=400° and pressures between 20 and 70 MPa.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Practical determination of gas densities from the speed of sound using square-well potentials

The relationships between the first three density virial coefficients (B, C, and D) and the first four acoustic virial coefficients ( _a , _a , _a and _a are rederived and a published error relatingD to _a is corrected. We observe that even it thenth and higher-density virial coefficients of a hypothetical gas are identifically zero, thenth and higher acoustic virial coefficients are not zero; they depend on the temperature derivatives of the 1st through (n-1)th density virial coefficients. Thus, two density virial coefficients may suffice for a fit to acoustic data with a cubic pressure dependence. These results are exploited by extending the pressure range of fits to preciously published speed-of-sound data without either introducing additional parameters or degrading the fits. We deduce gas densities from fits to speed-of-sound data with acoustic virial coefficients having the temperature dependencies calculated from square-well potentials. The estimated densities differ from independent measurements be a few tenths of a percent in an important range of conditions, These estimates require nop p T data whatsoever.