滚揉和腌制液成分对肉块类西式火腿质构的影响

研究了滚揉时间、腌制液中食盐浓度和三聚磷酸钠(STPP)浓度3因素对肉块类西式火腿的质构影响。采用冷鲜的猪里脊肉为原料,每个因素3个水平,按照L27(313)考虑交互作用的正交实验设计,进行滚揉和腌制液的配制,并制作肉块类西式火腿。利用质构仪测定火腿的硬度和弹性。滚揉时间、腌制液中食盐浓度、三聚磷酸钠浓度以及他们的交互作用对火腿的硬度影响显著(p<0.05),增加滚揉时间不能显著提高火腿的弹性,反而增加电能的消耗,食盐浓度和滚揉时间的交互作用对产品弹性的影响显著(p<0.05),并且其交互效益大于食盐浓度和三聚磷酸钠的单独效益。当滚揉时间8h,腌制液中食盐浓度10%,STPP浓度2.0%时硬度品质最优。当滚揉时间4h,腌制液中食盐浓度8%,STPP2.0%时弹性品质最优。     

滚揉腌制对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响

本实验采用牛霖肉为原料,以出品率、质构特性、感官评定、色差、水分质量分数、水分活度、pH值、蒸煮损失率、腌制液吸收率、水分迁移规律、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构相对含量作为考察指标,将静置腌制牛肉作为对照组,探究了不同滚揉腌制(常压滚揉腌制、脉动真空滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响。结果表明,真空滚揉腌制时,牛肉盐水火腿出品率为122.40%,相比对照组提高了11.85%。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿保水性、质构和微观结构得以改善,感官评定总分最高。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿蛋白质二级结构由无规卷曲等无序结构向α-螺旋等有序结构转变,使其凝胶网络结构的稳定性更强,产品的质构特性更好。综上,真空滚揉腌制更适合牛肉盐水火腿的加工。本研究为牛肉盐水火腿的品质保证和工业化生产提供理论依据,同时也为适宜性牛肉滚揉腌制技术的探究提供参考。     

西式火腿配方设计原则及调配方法

西式火腿类产品是以盐水注射、滚揉腌制等工艺手段达到快速腌制目的，采用低温杀菌、低温贮运的盐水火腿，它以其鲜嫩味美而倍受广消费者的喜受。主要介绍西式火腿类产品的配方原则和调配方法。     

不同滚揉腌制工艺处理对猪肉腌制过程中色泽的影响

滚揉是很多肉制品,特别是西式火腿生产过程中必不可少的一道工序,具有促进发色、加快腌制、改善质构等作用。文中通过色差仪、发色率、肌红蛋白含量的测定结合感官评定,对猪肉腌制过程中色泽受不同滚揉工艺处理的影响作了初步研究,发现猪后腿肉各项色泽指标发生了显著的变化。其中加压滚揉腌制时间比传统的真空滚揉腌制时间降低了33.3%,时间由传统的真空滚揉腌制12h缩短至加压滚揉腌制8h,使得猪后腿肉的色泽达到了传统工艺水平。     

现代滚揉腌制工艺对低盐火腿风干成熟中品质变化的影响

本研究以猪后腿为原料,采用现代滚揉腌制及风干成熟工艺加工低盐火腿,并分析滚揉腌制对火腿半膜肌及股二头肌品质的影响。结果表明,现代滚揉腌制对火腿理化品质有显著的影响(p0.05),具体表现为半膜肌中水分含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),股二头肌中实验组水分含量显著低于对照组(p0.05),食盐含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),半膜肌和股二头肌中水分及盐分含量差异较小,在火腿风干成熟过程中,滚揉腌制对火腿色差L*、a*、b*变化趋势影响较小;与对照组相比,滚揉腌制能显著降低半膜肌和股二头肌的硬度(p0.05),显著改善了火腿的质构特性。并且对半膜肌和股二头肌中游离脂肪酸重量、蛋白质水解指数及感官品质无显著影响(p0.05)。因此,现代滚揉腌制能平衡火腿半膜肌及股二头肌的理化品质,促进产品的内外部位品质的稳定性。     

国外西式火腿加工

近十几年来,西式火腿(国内也叫盐水火腿)加工工艺和设备,在国外得到了飞速的发展,是一个深受消费者欢迎的产品.在我国,近年来也开始普及,生产厂家逐渐增多,并有不少厂家已经或正在引进国外先进工艺和设备.这必将促进我国肉制品行业发生新的变化.但由于过去对国外西式火腿加工技术不十分了解,故在引进过程中厂家会遇到一些技术问题.西式火腿生产工艺有哪些?各种不同工艺的特点是什么?哪一种工艺适于本厂采用?哪一个国家哪一种型号的机器可满足工艺要求等等.全文内容有:国外西式火腿加工;腌制液配制;肉的软化;盐水注射;滚揉;充填;压盖/结扎;蒸煮;冷却.本文在收集国外资料,并在归纳分析的基础上为读者提供一份国外西式火腿加工概况,供在引进设备和设计新车间时参考.     

西式火腿加工的技术要点

西式肉制品中火腿是其支柱产品之一,西式火腿根据工艺不同可分为多种产品,如菏兰方腿、盐水方腿、熏园腿等,但其工艺流程大致相同,一般都是：原料选修一盐水注射-滚揉按摩-装模成型-蒸煮、垂制-成品冷却-馐入库,其中的关键工序集中在盐水注射、滚揉按摩和蒸煮熏缺点 ,下面介绍一下西式火腿加工中的技术要点控制。     

西式火腿加工工艺和设备的使用、维护(赴荷兰学习情况的介绍)

现就荷兰火腿加工工艺技术和加工设备作一简介。一、西式火腿加工工艺技术火腿工艺流程为: 原料修整→秤重(盐水制备)→盐水注射→嫩化(蛋白提取)→秤重→滚揉→火腿成型→蒸煮(灭菌)→冷却→脱模→冷却→销售。     

西式肉制品主要加工技术研究

为更好地推动西式肉制品加工技术在肉制品加工中的应用发展,介绍了低温腌制技术、盐水注射技术、真空滚揉技术、嫩化技术、栅栏技术、烟熏技术6种常用的西式肉制品主要加工技术。主要论述了低温腌制技术、盐水注射技术、真空滚揉技术、嫩化技术、栅栏技术、烟熏技术这6种主要加工技术的特点和作用,同时阐述了在各类肉制品加工中的相关研究以及在肉制品加工生产与研究中的相关应用,并浅谈了6种加工技术的研究展望,以期为今后的肉制品加工研究提供一些方向。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉腌制速率及肉质的影响

为缩短腌制时间,降低生产成本,指导腊肉的快速腌制,以常压液腌为对照,探讨了常压滚揉,真空滚揉、脉动真空滚揉3种腌制方式对猪肉p H值、腌制液吸收百分比、蒸煮损失、剪切力和食盐含量的影响。结果显示,4种腌制方式下,猪肉的p H值总体呈上升趋势,但相邻检测点间差异不显著(p>0.05);脉动真空滚揉、真空滚揉与常压滚揉的腌制液吸收百分比高于常压液腌,其中脉动真空滚揉腌制的腌制液吸收百分比最大;脉动真空滚揉腌制后的蒸煮损失与剪切力跟其他3种腌制方式相比最小;在达到相同的食盐含量时,脉动真空滚揉腌制所需要的时间最短。结果表明,脉动真空滚揉腌制猪肉效果较好。     

滚揉腌制条件对猪肉加工特性的影响

研究了滚揉时间和食盐浓度,滚揉时间和焦磷酸盐（PP）浓度以及PP、三聚磷酸盐（TPP）、六偏磷酸盐（HMP）和滚揉时间对肉块腌制液吸收保留和蒸煮得率的影响。以猪里脊肉为研究材料,垂直于肌纤维方向切成2cm肉块和腌制液混合滚揉腌制,研究不同处理条件下,腌制液吸收百分比、腌制液吸收率、腌制液保留量、腌制液保留百分比及蒸煮得率的变化情况。试验结果表明,随着滚揉时间、食盐浓度和PP浓度增加,腌制液吸收百分比逐渐增加,分别达到了38．7％和38．2％,但腌制液吸收率在滚揉2h内是较大的,随着滚揉时间的延长逐渐减小。不同磷酸盐都提高了腌制液的吸收百分比和腌制液保留量,它们对腌制液吸收百分比和保留量的影响效益顺序是：PP〉TPP〉HMP。除了空白处理组外,随着滚揉时间、食盐浓度和PP浓度的增加,蒸煮得率逐渐增加,分别达到了94．6％和113．5％。不同磷酸盐都提高了滚揉腌制肉块的蒸煮得率,它们对蒸煮得率的影响效益顺序是PP〉TPP〉HMP。随着滚揉时间的延长,蒸煮得率分别达到了106．7％、102．5％、88．2％。     

响应面试验优化兔肉滚揉腌制工艺

在单因素试验基础上,研究滚揉里程、液肉百分比、复合磷酸盐添加量对腌制液吸收百分比和出品率的影响。通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法确定兔肉真空滚揉腌制的最佳工艺。结果表明：兔肉最佳滚揉腌制工艺为滚揉里程351 m、液肉百分比38%、复合磷酸盐添加量0.37%,在此条件下得到腌制液吸收百分比为31.97%,出品率为98.83%。     

响应面法优化低钠盐水火腿加工工艺

为研究一种低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺,选取复合磷酸盐添加量、盐水注射量、滚揉时间和低钠盐替代比为考察因素,通过单因素实验探究对低钠盐水火腿得率、保水性、质构和异味(仅低钠盐替代比需测定)的影响,利用响应面法,以得率和保水性作为响应值进行优化,并根据实际可操作性调整,得到低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺。结果表明,低钠盐水火腿的最优加工工艺为:复合磷酸盐添加量0.39%,盐水注射量15%,滚揉时间15 h,低钠盐替代比53%。在此条件下,低钠盐水火腿的得率为(93.88%±2.05%),保水性为(87.37%±1.82%),与预测值非常接近。在该工艺下,得到的低钠盐水火腿具有良好的得率、保水性和质构,并且无异味;此外,与普通盐水火腿相比,钠含量降低了27%,为低钠盐水火腿的加工提供了技术支撑。     

Response Surface Methodology Approach to the Optimization of Boneless Ham Yield

Three ham processing variables (tumbling, tenderization, and temperature) were optimized for cooked yield of both pre- and post-rigor ham muscle (semimembranous). Through response surface methodology (RSM), it was determined that the optimum tenderization (80-100% of knife blade capacity) and processing temperature (14-16°C) conditions were approximately the same for both pre- and post-rigor muscle. However, the optimum level of continuous vacuum tumbling (total revolutions) was much lower for pre-rigor muscle (750 rev) than post-rigor muscle (3500-4000 rev).     

加工工艺对云腿质量的影响

标准化、工厂化和全年均衡化生产对发展云腿产业具有重要的意义。文中就不同工艺、配料对云腿的腌制速度、色香味形等感官指标和理化、卫生质量的影响进行研究。按摩腌制、盐水注射能促进配料的渗透,缩短腌制时间;添加NaNO2 改善了火腿色泽(P <0 0 1) ,且卫生安全;异抗坏血酸钠有利于提高产品抗氧化效果(P <0 0 5 )。     

调理鸡肉制品的加工条件对鸡肉质地的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,通过研究鸡肉的加工条件(切片厚度、食盐添加量、磷酸盐添加量以及腌制、滚揉和热处理三段时间)对鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率的影响,筛选出最佳鸡肉质地的加工条件。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验考察磷酸盐添加量、腌制时间、滚揉时间和热处理时间对鸡肉的协同作用。结果表明:鸡肉的最优加工条件为鸡肉片厚度8 mm、腌制液(啤酒)中食盐添加量0.1%、磷酸盐添加量0.1%、腌制处理时间60 min;滚揉中食盐添加量1.5%、滚揉时间15 min、热处理时间8 min。鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率分别为2230.10g、10 503.88g·s和5.33%。     

Dispersion and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium during the production of marinated beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts

To determine the depth of pathogen dispersion and the ability of pathogens to survive in enhanced beef products and spent marinade, beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled with two commercial marinades. The marinades were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, resulting in an approximate count of 5.2 log CFU/ml. Both inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled for 1 h and sampled immediately after tumbling (day 0), or were vacuum packaged, stored (ca. 4°C), and sampled on days 7 and 14. Samples of the spent marinade were taken after tumbling (day 0) and on days 3 and 7. For both marinades, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were dispersed throughout the inside skirt steaks during vacuum tumbling. Although Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 for the skirt steaks were still detectable after 14 days of storage, the log values were lower than those on days 0 and 7. For the tri-tip roasts, the pathogen distribution varied, depending on the thickness of the roasts, and pathogens were detectable on days 0, 7, and 14. The spent marinade sampled on days 0, 3, and 7 showed that the pathogens survived at refrigerated temperatures. Because pathogens can transfer to the interior of beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts when vacuum tumbled with contaminated marinade and survived during refrigerated storage, establishments should consider the potential food safety risks associated with reuse of marinade during the production of vacuum-tumbled beef products.     

Salt (NaCl) reduction in cooked ham by a combined approach of high pressure treatment and the salt replacer KCl

The food industry must develop effective methods to address the reduction of salt in meat products and contribute to the reduction of salt consumption associated with cardiovascular diseases. This paper investigated the effect of NaCl content (0, 0.95, 1.33 and 1.90%), phosphate content (0 and 0.25%) and the use of high pressure processing (HPP) (100, 300, 600 MPa) at different processing stages (raw material, after injection, tumbling and cooking) on the quality parameters (cooking loss, texture, water holding capacity, color and saltiness perception) in cooked ham. The application of HPP to the raw meat or after its injection was detrimental to the structure and water retention of the salt-reduced cooked ham. Whereas the application of HPP at 100 MPa after tumbling was beneficial. A further salt reduction up to 1.1% NaCl was possible by the salt replacement with KCl (0.2%) in combination with the HP treatment.Industrial relevanceHigh-pressure treatment can help in the production of salt-reduced meat products but efforts are needed to understand the feasible levels of NaCl, phosphates and specific HP treatments to apply in commercial scenarios. The present paper describes a strategy to produce a salt-reduced cooked ham (45% reduction) using a HP treatment at 100 MPa after tumbling stage in combination with KCl (0.2%).     

Effect of Tumbling and Tumbling Temperature on Total Aerobic Plate Counts (Incubated at 25°C) and Quality of Boneless, Cured Hams

The effects of intermittent tumbling (up to 18 hr) and processing temperature (25°C or 3°C) on internal temperature and exudate total aerobic plate counts incubated at 25°C (ATPC) in boneless, cured hams were determined. The design used 80 hams in five replicates involving four treatment groups (tumbled at 25°C tumbled at 0°C, control held at 25°C and control held at 0°C). The significant (P < 0.01) tumbling effect on the rise in internal ham temperature occurred after 3 hr, but only accounted for a difference of 1.26°C-1.32°C, independent of processing temperature. While tumbling significantly improved the cooked yield by 3.45%, processing at 25°C rather than at 0°C resulted in a significant (P<0.05) yield reduction of 2.15% after 9 hr of processing. The exudate ATPC was significantly (P<0.01) reduced after 18 hr of tumbling.