一步法混菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺研究

利用酵母菌、米曲霉、乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌一步法混菌固态发酵豆粕。通过正交试验确定酵母菌、米曲霉、乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌最佳接种比例为1∶3∶1∶3。采用响应面试验优化豆粕的最佳发酵条件为:初始温度32.4℃,含水量45.8%,接种量12%。在最佳发酵条件下,发酵豆粕中小分子肽含量由1.22%提高到5.41%,粗蛋白含量由46.0%提高到55.1%。通过SDS-PAGE和发酵豆粕的物理特性分析得出,发酵豆粕中大分子蛋白基本降解为14.4 kDa以下的小分子肽,且具有浓郁的酸香和醇香风味。     

含水量对不同原料发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究含水量对不同饲料原料发酵品质的影响,采用分组对照实验设计,以乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别固态发酵玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕,设30%、40%、50%、60%四个含水量,以感官评价、pH和发酵后益生存留量为发酵品质评定指标。结果表明：随发酵时间延长,pH表现二次曲线的规律（P<0.01）;含水量显著影响玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的发酵（P<0.05）,不影响原料初始pH（P>0.05）;pH达到稳定时,50%含水量的玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌数量高于其它处理（P<0.05）。本试验条件下,乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵玉米,最佳含水量为50%;乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为60%;酵母菌发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为50%。     

含水量对不同饲料原料发酵参数的影响

研究含水量对不同饲料原料发酵品质的影响,采用分组对照试验设计,以乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别固态发酵玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕,设30%、40%、50%、60%4个含水量,以感官评价、p H和发酵后益生存留量为发酵品质评定指标。结果表明:随发酵时间延长,p H表现二次曲线的规律(P0.01);含水量显著影响玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的发酵(P0.05),不影响原料初始p H(P0.05);p H达到稳定时,50%含水量的玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌数量高于其他处理(P0.05)。本试验条件下,乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵玉米,最佳含水量为50%;乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为60%;酵母菌发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为50%。     

混合菌固态发酵豆粕制备大豆活性肽

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis J3)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum JNX)为发酵菌株,以发酵产物中小肽含量和挥发性盐基氮含量为检测参数,优化了混合菌固态发酵豆粕以制备大豆肽的生产工艺参数,并对发酵产生的大豆肽的性质进行了初步研究。确定的固体发酵工艺为:植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌菌种比例为2∶1、料水比1∶0.6、接种量6%、30℃发酵24 h,该条件下发酵产物中小肽含量最高为10.64%,挥发性盐基氮含量最低为50.70 mg/100 g。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,发酵后豆粕提取液中的蛋白类产物的分子质量均为10k Da以下,其抗氧化活性最高可达65.76%。氨基酸组成成分分析表明,混合菌固态发酵豆粕后的提取液中甲硫氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和异亮氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量提高了5倍以上。     

龙葵果汁发酵工艺优化及其抗炎、抑菌活性评价

本文以龙葵果为原料,对益生菌发酵龙葵果汁进行工艺优化,选取初始糖度、初始pH、乳酸菌的发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间、酵母菌的发酵温度、发酵时间和接种量8个因素进行Plackett-Burman试验,确定影响总酚含量的关键因素为乳酸菌发酵温度和酵母菌接种量;用中心组合设计对发酵条件进行优化,得出发酵的最佳条件为初始糖度12%、初始pH 4.5、乳酸菌接种量5%、乳酸菌发酵温度39.5 ℃、乳酸菌发酵时间24 h、酵母菌接种量0.07%、酵母菌发酵温度25 ℃、酵母菌发酵时间20 h,优化后发酵龙葵果汁的总酚含量达到1.18±0.02 mg/mL,与优化前相比提高了21.6%。发酵龙葵果汁的抗炎及抑菌活性与发酵前相比均有显著提高,发酵龙葵果汁的透明质酸酶活性抑制率达到82.98±4.16%,抑制白蛋白变性能力达到81.57±1.24%。对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果好于对埃希氏大肠杆菌的抑制效果。     

发酵条件对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵豆粕中的蛋白酶活力的影响

以每克发酵豆粕中的蛋白酶活力和发酵豆粕的感官为指标,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵豆粕的不同发酵条件对发酵豆粕中蛋白酶活力的影响.实验表明在30℃、发酵72h、料水比1:1(m/V),pH7.0、接种量4%(V/m)条件下对豆粕进行枯草芽孢杆菌发酵,发酵豆粕中的蛋白酶活力最高,每克发酵豆粕的蛋白酶活力达到630U.     

豆粕混菌液体发酵制种技术试验研究

利用热带假丝酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌混菌发酵进行液体制种。结果表明:受接种量、豆粕含量和培养温度的影响,两株菌种菌数的增长速度具有相对一致的变化趋势;受培养时间的影响,热带假丝酵母菌先增后降,枯草芽孢杆菌先降后增;热带假丝酵母在pH3.5时菌数最大,枯草芽孢杆菌在pH4.5～7.5范围内适宜生长。在豆粕质量分数15%、葡萄糖质量分数1%、初始pH4.5的液体培养基上,两菌分别接种10%,在发酵温度28℃、摇床转速160r/min条件下培养5d,热带假丝酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌菌数达到最大,分别为752.5×106和264.2×107 cfu/ml。     

发酵工艺条件对豆粕中过敏蛋白降解的影响

为了降低豆粕的致敏性,探讨生物发酵对豆粕中主要过敏原降解的影响。通过固态法发酵豆粕,采用单因素试验优化发酵工艺条件,并利用SDS-PAGE电泳评估发酵条件对豆粕中过敏蛋白降解的影响。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌:干酪乳杆菌:酵母菌接种比例为2:1:1,接种量为12%,发酵温度为30℃,豆粕含水量为60%,先接种枯草芽孢杆菌发酵24 h,再接种干酪乳杆菌和酵母菌继续发酵48 h后,发酵豆粕中过敏蛋白降解显著,确定该条件为优化的发酵条件。验证试验表明,在优化发酵条件下固态发酵可较好地降解豆粕中主要过敏原。     

提高芝麻粕饲用品质的发酵菌种筛选与发酵条件优化

以普通芝麻粕为原料,选用枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌多个菌种,通过单因素、正交试验,优化微生物发酵条件,以降低芝麻粕中植酸含量,提高粗蛋白、酸溶蛋白等有益成分的含量。单因素试验的优化条件为:料水比1∶0.8(g∶mL)、R-02与KG-109混菌发酵;正交试验优化的发酵条件为:温度30℃、R-02与KG-109接种比例2∶1、接种量8%、时间10d。在此条件下发酵后植酸含量为0.08%,植酸降解率达到86.21%,粗蛋白含量为49.85%,酸溶蛋白为9.07%,挥发性盐基氮为2 075.5 mg/kg。     

枯草芽孢杆菌和中性蛋白酶协同发酵豆粕方法的研究

采用枯草芽孢杆菌和中性蛋白酶协同发酵处理豆粕,利用菌体生长时分泌的酶系及外加酶系共同作用处理豆粕,酶解产生有利于微生物生长的营养,同时也能弥补微生物产生酶的不足,能够进一步稳定发酵工艺和产品质量,将豆粕中的大分子蛋白降解成小分子肽,提高蛋白质水解度,以原料中的肽含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验与响应面分析试验,确定出最佳工艺参数:枯草芽孢杆菌接种量2.7%、中性蛋白酶添加酶量304 U·g~(-1)、料水比1︰1.7(g/mL)、处理温度45℃、处理时间47 h,得到肽含量为182.15 mg·g~(-1)的酶解豆粕。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the