2,4-二氨基苯基胆甾醚的合成

以溴苯为原料,经硝化后,在四丁基溴化铵相转移催化剂作用下与胆固醇成醚、硝基还原反应得到2,4-二氨基苯基胆甾醚,并对成醚反应的条件进行了优化。较佳合成反应条件是:以甲苯为溶剂,n(2,4-二硝基溴苯)∶n(胆固醇)=1.55∶1,反应温度25℃,w(NaOH)=50%,反应时间3.5 h,产率为72%。所得中间体和目标化合物经过红外光谱和核磁波谱的表征。     

间-乙酰氨基硝基苯与溴苯缩合反应的研究

间-乙酰氨基硝基苯与溴苯发生Ullmann缩合反应是制备3-硝基二苯胺最常用的方法。在氮气保护下,从反应时间、反应温度、催化剂以及它们的物料比方面对此反应作了研究。优惠反应条件为:反应时间24h,反应温度163℃,催化剂为铜粉,物料比n(间-乙酰氨基硝基苯)∶n(溴苯)=1∶1.5。在上述条件下N-乙酰基-3-硝基二苯胺的收率为98%。     

N-(5-氨基-2,4-二乙氧基苯基)苯甲酰胺的合成

以2,4-二乙氧基-5-硝基苯胺(DEANB)为原料,先经酰化反应得到N-(2,4-二乙氧基-5-硝基苯基)苯甲酰胺(DEBNB),最后经还原得到蓝色基BB的同分异构体N-(5-氨基-2,4-二乙氧基苯基)苯甲酰胺(DEBAB)。DEBNB的较佳合成条件:n(DEANB):n(苯甲酰氯)=1∶1.25,丙酮和水作溶剂,K2CO3作缚酸剂,反应温度0℃,反应时间1 h,收率90.95%,HPLC纯度98.35%;产品DEBAB的较佳合成条件:Fe粉为还原剂,n(DEBNB):n(铁粉)=1∶4,水和乙醇作溶剂,反应时间5 h,反应温度80℃,收率89.93%,HPLC纯度98.96%。     

2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯基异丙基醚清洁合成工艺研究

2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯酚在不同季铵盐催化剂作用下合成2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯基异丙基醚反应研究,发现在二乙基十二烷基苄基溴化铵作用下,2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯酚转化率最高。考察了二乙基十二烷基苄基溴化铵催化剂的用量,反应温度,NaOH加入量以及加入方式对2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯酚转化率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的工艺条件为催化剂用量1%(mass),95℃,NaOH与2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯酚的物质的量之比为1.5∶1,采用分批加入的方式。在此条件下,合成得到2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯基异丙基醚纯度为94.5%,收率达93%以上。     

1-甲基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(MTNI)的合成

以4-硝基咪唑为原料,经硝化、热重排、甲基化等反应合成1-甲基-2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(MTNI),总收率19.4%,纯度>98%,经红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法表征其结构。研究了反应温度、反应时间等因素对1-甲基-2,4-二硝基咪唑(MDNI)合成及收率的影响,得到了较优的工艺条件:n(2,4-二硝基咪唑)∶n(碘甲烷)=5∶9,反应温度40~45℃,反应时间8h。对硝化反应条件进行了研究,确定了适宜反应时间为1h,反应温度为95℃。     

间溴苯氧丙酸与7-溴苯并二氢吡喃-4-酮的合成

以间溴苯酚和3-溴丙酸为原料,合成了间溴苯氧丙酸,并以间溴苯氧丙酸为原料,进一步合成了7-溴苯并二氢吡喃-4-酮。探讨了投料比、反应时间、反应温度、氢氧化钠的质量分数和加料顺序等因素对间溴苯氧丙酸收率的影响。适宜的反应条件为:n(间溴苯酚)∶n(氢氧化钠)∶n(3-溴丙酸)=1∶1∶1.3,反应温度95℃,氢氧化钠的质量分数8%,反应时间7 h,间溴苯氧丙酸收率71.4%。以间溴苯氧丙酸为原料,以85%的收率合成了7-溴苯并二氢唑喃-4-酮。     

2,4-二硝基苯苄醚合成改进及表征

以2,4-二硝基酚、苄基氯等为原料,合成了2,4-二硝基苯苄醚。从反应机理角度并用正交实验研究了Williamson醚合成中反应溶剂、反应温度、反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响,最终优化了反应条件,反应收率由75％提高到91．2％。     

2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺连续重氮化的工艺研究

采用具有脉冲变径结构的微通道反应器,以2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺为原料,质量分数40%NOHSO_4为重氮化试剂,连续合成了2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺重氮盐。考察了2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺摩尔比、反应温度、98%H_2SO_4用量、停留时间等因素对重氮化反应的影响。通过实验确定较优工艺条件为:2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺与40%NOHSO_4摩尔比为1∶1.01,98%H_2SO_4用量为2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺2倍,反应温度为70℃,停留时间为250 s。该条件下,2,4-二硝基-6-溴苯胺转化率达99.4%,重氮盐选择性达96.9%。与已报道的间歇工艺相比,连续流工艺大幅缩短了反应时间,提高了重氮盐的纯度,具有一定的工业化应用前景。     

相转移催化合成2,4-二硝基氟苯的研究

以2,4-二硝基氯苯为原料,采用相转移催化合成了2,4-二硝基氟苯。考察了不同摩尔比、温度、反应时间、相转移催化剂、氟化钾的干燥方式、水量对反应的影响。结果表明,四甲基氯化铵为最优催化剂,通过喷雾干燥的KF活性最高,反应体系的水分控制在0.2%为最佳,在投料比为n(2,4-二硝基氯苯)∶n(KF)∶n(催化剂)=1∶1.1∶0.01,回流状态下反应6h,氟代产物的收率为95.1%。     

1-(4-溴苯基)丙烯酮的新方法合成

摘要：以溴苯为起始原料,经酰化、消去反应得到纯度95%以上的精细化工中间体1-(4-溴苯基)丙烯酮,目标化合物经1HNMR、IR及GC-MS表征。探讨了酰化及消去反应的最佳反应条件。条件实验表明,当n(3-氯丙酰氯):n(溴苯):n(三氯化铝)=1.3:1:1.5,反应温度20～25 ℃时,酰化反应效果最佳;当以醋酸钾做碱,n[4-(3-氯丙酰基)溴苯]:n(醋酸钾)=1:1.5,反应温度20～25 ℃时,消去反应效果最佳。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。