Untersuchungen zur kontinuierlichen Hydrierung von Ölen und Fettsäuren III Kinetik der Härtung freier Fettsäuren des Sojaöls

Investigations of the Continuous Hydrogenation of Oils and Fatty Acids III: Kinetic of Free Fatty Acid Hardening of Soya Bean Oil The kinetic of continuous hardening of free fatty acids of soya bean oil was investigated in a reactor with solid porous catalyst using the trickling procedure. Under the given arrangement and continuous hydrogen excess (continuous phase) hydrogenation of fatty acids follows the kinetic I. order. Temperature influences are much stronger using Ni-catalyst in ihe phase of equalized properties than using fresh catalyst. Pressure influences the reaction rate in both cases in a positive way. Its effect however in connection with temperature rise is much stronger with catalyst in the phase of equalized properties, that is the catalyst with lower activity.     

Veränderungen der Fettsäurezusammensetzung von Lipidfraktionen aus Kartoffeln während der Lagerung

Alterations in Fatty Acid Composition of Lipid Fractions from Potatoes During Storage Fatty acid composition of total lipids of the lecithin and cephalin fractions were determind by gas chromatography in samples of fresh potatoes and those stored for 8 months in cold. Moreover, a method for isolation of the pure cephalin fraction is reported. In all the three fractions the percentage of linolenic acid increased during storage, whereas the content of linoleic acid decreased. Other fatty acids remained practically unchanged during the storage. An additional experiment in which powdered freeze-dried potatoes were stored under undesirable conditions showed, as expected, that the content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased strongly. The results are discussed.     

Sterin- und Fettsäurezusammensetzung in Keimölen

Sterol and Fatty Add Composition in Germ Oil The sterol and fatty acid composition of 10 various wheat samples and one maize sample were investigated as well in the germ as in the endosperm to determine characteristics for identity and purity controls. A constantly low content of stigmasterol and an extremely high total sterol content are criteria for pure wheat germ oil. Another characteristic is the presence of small amounts of 5-dihydrositosterol and 5-dihydrocampesterol from lipids of the endosperm in germ oils obtained by technology.     

Die Veränderung der freien Fettsäuren nach Verabreichung von Orotsäure

Change in Free Fatty acids after Ingestion of Orotic Acid The level of free fatty acids in blood-serum of rats after per os and intraperitoneal ingestion of orotic acid was studied. High doses of perorally administered orotic acid was without any action, whereas parenteral application led to a considerable lowering of the free fatty acid level already after 30 min. The latter was proportional to orotic acid concentration in serum. The smallest amount leading to a statistically significant reduction was about 100 mg orotic acid/kg, which was present in orotic acid containing compounds.     

Einfluß der Fettzufuhr und der Fettsäurezusammensetzung auf Mast- und Schlachtleistung sowie auf Parameter des Protein- und Lipidstoffwechsels beim Schwein

Influence of Fat Intake and Fatty Acid Composition on Fattening, Carcass Performance, and Protein and Lipid Metabolism of the Pig The influence of fat intake and fatty acid composition on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, deposition of protein and fat, in vitro fat synthesis from glucose and on several blood parameters has been studied in four experiments using 108 piglets and in a fattening study. In piglet experiment 1 (5%, 18% and 35% crude fat) and in piglet experiments 2 and 3 (2-7% soybean oil or lard) and 4 (12% sunflower oil or coconut oil) attempt was made to achieve, within each experiment, the same intake of digestible protein (DP) and metabolizable energy (ME). In fattening studies 2 and 3, the feed was given ad libitum. Replacement of carbohydrate energy by fat energy caused in all experiments a reduction in feed requirement, a lower insuline level, a lower fat synthesis from glucose and a higher fat deposition, whereas the type of dietary fat distinctly affected the fatty acid composition of the back fat.     

Zu den Veränderungen von Rapsöl und Leinöl während der Verarbeitung

Changes of rapeseed and linseed oil during processing During processing of crude oil in a large oil mill, three samples each of rapeseed and linseed were investigated at each processing stage, i.e. press oil, solvent-extracted oil, mixed oil, and degummed/caustic refined oil. In the case of rapeseed also bleached and desodorized oils (230°C; 3.0 mbar for 2 h) were investigated. Rapeseed and linseed oil showing the typical major fatty acids contained less than 1% trans-isomeric fatty acids (trans fatty acids = TFA). Linseed oil had a similar TFA-concentration as rapeseed oil, and the concentrations did not change during the processing stages up to degummed/caustic refined oil, and were also unchanged in the bleached rapeseed oil. Desodorization of rapeseed oil, however, trebled the TFA concentration to 0.58%. The detected tocopherol patterns were typical of rapeseed and linseed oils. There was no difference between mixed oil and degummed/caustic refined oil in the total concentration of tocopherols. Neither had bleaching any effect. Rapeseed oil desodorization diminished total tocopherol concentration by 12% from 740 mg/kg to 650 mg/kg. Due to degumming/caustic refining the phosphorus concentration of both oils decreased to less than a tenth compared to mixed oil. Other elements determined in degummed/caustic refined rapeseed oil were not detectable (manganese < 0.02 mg/kg, iron < 0.4 mg/kg, copper < 0.02 mg/kg, lead < 10 μg/kg) or only as traces zink 0.1 mg/kg, cadmium 2 μg/kg). In linseed oil, which initially showed a higher trace compounds concentration, a significant decrease was found by degumming/caustic refining. Iron could not be detected. There were traces of zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and cadmium. There was no difference between the acid values of rapeseed and linseed crude oil. Acid value decreased drastically already during the degumming/caustic refining stage. The crude linseed oils had a higher peroxide value, anisidine value and diene value than the corresponding crude rapeseed oils. With peroxide values of ≤ 0.1 mEq O₂/kg found in almost all investigated rapeseed oils, no effect of refining could be detected. The anisidine value showed an increase after bleaching. Desodorization trebled the diene value.     

Untersuchungen zur kontinuierlichen Hydrierung von Ölen und Fettsäuren II Veränderungen Aktivität des Ni-Katalysators und ihre Beziehung zur Menge des gehärteten Rohstoffes

Investigations of the Continuous Hydrogenation of Oils and Fatly Acids II: Changes of Ni-Catalyst Activity and its Relation to the Amount of Hardened Raw Material It was the aim of the investigations to determine the influence of the raw material, which is to be hardened, on changes of activity of Ni-catalyst in trickle-bed reactor with solid bed. It could be established that the decrease of catalyst activity follows a hyperbolic function. The single parameters of this relation are proportional to reaction time, degree of catalyst reduction, storage period, temperature and pressure of hydrogenation. In the mentioned arrangement each NI-catalyst comes into a phase of equalized properties after a certain working period, which is characterized by fictious life span of 0.3–0.04g Ni/l raw material.     

Zur Fettsäurezusammensetzung von Mandelöl

The Fatty Acid Composition of Almond Oil - A Critical Discussion The range of fatty acid compositions found in various almond oils traded internationally sometimes does not correspond to the published permissible range in pharmacopeias (e.g., DAB 9). In the literature, there have been various reports of adulteration, but also of greater variability of almond fatty acid composition depending on strain and geographical provenience. The problem is discussed and a series of recent analytical data is presented.     

Veränderungen der veresterten Fettsäuren des Serums und der Leber sowie des Cholesterins bei Ratten nach Applikation von Orotsäure und hepatotoxischen Stoffen

Changes in the Esterified Fatty Acids and Cholesterin in Serum and Liver of Rats after Application of Orotic Acid and Hepatotoxic Substances In experiments with female rats, changes in the content of esterified fatty acids and cholesterin in serum and liver were found after the application of ethionin and CCl₄. The therapeutic and preventive application of orotic acid was in some cases able to normalize the relation between the levels of these lipid fractions. The mechanism of action of all the substances involved on the metabolism of the lipids and proteins is discussed.     

Ansätze zur numerischen Berechnung von Brandeinwirkungen auf Bauteile

Within the context of the preparation of fire safety certificates for industrial buildings methods of fire protection engineering are frequently used. Computational fluid dynamics represents instruments for these methods and is used for modeling and calculation of fire scenarios. In this paper a method of fire technological measurement, which is based on computational fluid dynamics and structural mechanics, was used for an industrial building. Unsteady temperature profiles were used as an input value for the building component calculation. The outcomes were finally used for the calculation of the equivalent length of fire, which is an important term to reckon the fire resistance rating of building components.     

Möglichkeiten des Umweltschutzes bei der physikalischen Raffination und Fettsäuredestillation

Feasibilities of Environmental Protection Concerning Physical Refining and Fatty Acid Distillation In the present work the accomplishment of the statutory decrees of today concerning waste water and waste air in the field of physical refining, of edible oil deodorization, of straight distillation and the fatty acid fractionation with respect to the necessary need of working stock and devices is investigated. The resulting environmental loads depend beside the tightness of the plant which can be influenced by the apparatus, on the composition and the physical properties of the components of the occurring vapour which is finally exhausted by the vacuum aggregate. In this context the content of inertgas and water on the one hand and their condensation behaviour on the other hand are of special importance. Their correlations are explained by examples of physical refining and deodorization of oils as well as straight distillation and fractionation of fatty acids. As saturated pure products of the higher fatty acids have the highest solidification points, they tolerate the slightest inert gas load in form of carrier steam and should be distilled - if possible - without open steam. The properties of crystallization as well as solubilities in water of the occurring distillates of physical refining, oil deodorization and straight distillation of fatty acids determine the lowest waste gas temperature after condensation which is still allowed, and by that the quantity of light parts which come into the vacuum system by the inert gases inclusive the used carrier steam to condensate there together with the water vapour.