Phospholipids of marine origin—the squid (Loligo vulgaris)

Squid (Loligo vulgaris) was found to contain 25 g kg^?1 lipids of which approximately 75% were phospholipids. The phospholipids were shown to consist of phosphatidylcholine (56% of total phospholipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (29%), phosphatidylserine (2%), phosphatidylinositol (2%). sphingomyelin (5%), lyso-phosphatidylcholine(3%) and the unusual lipid ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid (3%). The major saturated fatty acid in both phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipid was C16:0 (26% and 21%, respectively, of total fatty acids), while the major unsaturated fatty acid in both lipid fractions was C22:6n-3 (34% and 23%, respectively) followed by C20:5n-3 (14% in both lipids).     

大黄鱼鱼油的制备及其理化性质

以新鲜大黄鱼为原料,通过石油醚（沸程30~60 ℃）提取大黄鱼鱼油,并对大黄鱼鱼油的酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值、共轭二烯值、脂肪酸组成、生育酚、胆固醇、角鲨烯、挥发性成分及磷脂组成进行测定。结果表明：大黄鱼鱼油得率为（31.25±3.66）%;大黄鱼鱼油酸值（KOH）为(0.59±005)mg/g,过氧化值为（5.50±0.76）mmol/kg,茴香胺值为0.30±0.06,共轭二烯值为22.32±109;大黄鱼鱼油中共检出17种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达67.27%,其中油酸占（31.03±010）%、亚油酸占（12.21±0.07）%、DHA占（7.21±0.12）%、EPA占（4.48±0.03）%;大黄鱼鱼油中检出4种生育酚,主要是α-生育酚,含量为4.18 mg/100 g,β、γ、δ-生育酚含量均小于0.12 mg/100 g;大黄鱼鱼油中角鲨烯含量为40 mg/100 g,胆固醇含量为380 mg/100 g;大黄鱼鱼油中共鉴定出31种挥发性成分,主要包括醛、酮、醇、烷烃类;大黄鱼鱼油中磷脂含量较高的组分为PG（30∶ 0/16∶ 0）（19.61 mg/g）和PG（28∶ 0/16∶ 1）（10.87 mg/g）。     

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Guizotia Cass (Compositae)

Seeds of Guizotia abyssinica and wild Guizotia were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition by multisequential and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. The oil content of G abyssinica ranged from 416 to 436 g kg^-1 (weight per kg dry matter of seeds) and that of the wild Guizotia taxa from 214 to 328 g kg^-1. Two unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (54·3–72·8, weight percent of total oil) and oleic (5·4–26·8% of oil by wt) and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic (7·8–10%) and stearic (5·5–8·1%)) were about 91–97% of the fatty acids present. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids constituted about 2–3%. An unidentified fatty acid, probably an epoxy form of C: 20 or C: 22, has been found in all the materials and it was 1·1–6·6%. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 74–84% and 15–20%, respectively. Differentiation in fatty acid composition between the taxa is too small to be of taxonomic use. It is inferred that when gene transfer is desired hybridisation between the wild and cultivated taxa may not affect the oil quality of the latter and the oils of the wild taxa are possibly safe for human consumption. © 1997 SCI.     

Effect of combinations of fish meal and feather meal on milk fatty acid content and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows

The effect of supplemental fishmeal in combination with feathermeal at two different proportions in the diet on milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was investigated. Recently, benefits to human health have been attributed to the consumption of this fatty acid, which is normally present in marine lipids. Six Holstein cows past peak lactation were used in a Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fish- and feathermeals were prepared as pellets at 4:1 and 1:4 combinations and offered at 3.75, 11.75, and 27% of the diet. The supplements were top-dressed onto a basal diet based on corn silage that was progressively replaced by supplement. Nitrogen balance measures were made during the experiment because of the wide range in crude protein content of experimental diets. Milk protein content increased with level of supplementation in the diet reflecting the protein quality of the supplements used. There was overall higher milk DHA content when cows consumed the supplement containing more fishmeal than feather meal. Milk DHA content increased in a quadratic fashion, as more of either supplement was included in the diet. Apparent transfer efficiency of DHA from diet to milk declined with increasing amount of DHA in the diet. Results from this experiment suggest that transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from diet to milk may depend on diet composition and quantity present in the diet.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. IV. The abalone (Haliotis midae)

Phospholipids of the abalone were separated into component fractions by chromatography on silicic acid. The phospholipids were remarkable for the presence (6%) of an unusual sphingolipid liberating 2-amino-ethylphosphonic acid on hydrolysis, and for the high proportion of plasmalogens (23%). The presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine plus ethanolamine plasmalogen (32%), phosphatidyl serine (5%), phosphatidyl inositol (5%), phosphatidyl choline (41%) and sphingomyelin (1%) were also demonstrated. The fatty acid distribhion in the phospholipids, the non-phosphorylated lipids and the unusual sphingolipid was determined by gas chromatography. In general these results show a similarity between the phospholipid and the non-phosphorylated lipid fatty acids, the former being richer in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids of the unusual sphingolipid were outstanding for the high palmitic (53%) and stearic acid (15%) content.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. VI. The octopus (Octopus vulgaris)

The composition of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) phospholipids was determined by analysis of hydrolytic breakdown products and by chromatography on silicic acid. The most remarkable feature of octopus phospholipids was the high content (13%) of ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid. In addition the phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine (42%), phosphatidylethanolamine (30%), phosphatidylserine (5%), phosphatidylinositol (4%) and sphingomyelin (3%). The fatty acid distribution of the phospholipids and the non-phosphorylated lipids was determined by gas chromatography. The major saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipids were 16:0 (24 and 23%, respectively) and 18:0 (10 and 15%, respectively). The major highly unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipids were 20:5 (18 and 7%, respectively) and 22:6 (23 and 9% respectively).     

酶法提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油工艺优化及其品质分析

为提高沙丁鱼加工副产物的利用率,以沙丁鱼内脏为原料,研究5种蛋白酶（胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶）对沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率的影响,并优选1种蛋白酶作为鱼油提取酶,以鱼油提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取的最佳工艺条件。对酶法提取的粗鱼油进行精制,对精制鱼油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明：采用中性蛋白酶时,鱼油提取率最高;中性蛋白酶酶解提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶ 1、加酶量1%、酶解时间2 h、酶解pH 7、酶解温度50 ℃,在此条件下沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率可达67.86%;粗鱼油经精制后,达到SC/T 3502—2016精制鱼油的二级标准;精制鱼油中DHA含量为26.57%,EPA含量为2.64%,营养价值较高。     

Fatty acid composition in some selected marine fish species living in Turkish waters

The muscle fatty acid (FA) composition of 12 selected marine fish species living in Turkish waters was determined. FA profiles of muscle were compared in terms of total and individual saturated (SFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids. Total SFA, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 PUFA) and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐6 PUFA) contents as well as n‐3/n‐6 FA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratios differed (P < 0.01) in all fish species. Palmitic acid (16:0) among total SFAs, oleic acid (18:1n‐9) among MUFAs, DHA (22:6n‐3) among n‐3 PUFAs and 18:2n‐6 and 20:4n‐6 among n‐6 PUFAs were the most abundant FAs. The ratio of n‐3/n‐6 PUFA contents, indicating the availability of n‐3 PUFAs that are beneficial for human health, ranged from 2.67 to 12.61. The EPA/DHA ratio was between 0.17 and 0.83 in the marine fish species studied. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of acetic acid preservation of chilean mackerel (Trachurus murphy) on fish meal production

The influence of acetic acid preservation of Chilean mackerel (Trachurus murphy) on its suitability of processing a fish meal quality was studied on a pilot-plant scale and on the industrial level. In particular, the influence of acetic acid preservation of raw material on water-oil separation during cooking-pressing and resulting quality changes in fish meal produced was investigated. The results have shown that preservation of raw fish by acetic acid may improve water-oil separation after cooking, whereas the quality of oil and fish meal measured as acid value and available lysine, respectively, remain constant. A concentration of 1000–3000 μg kg^?1 of acetic acid in the raw material is recommended.     

Total lipid,fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) fed diets containing different lipid sources

BACKGROUND: Seafood is an important constituent of the human diet. In Iran, Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) is the major cultured shrimp species as a result of market demand, local availability and growth rate. It is mainly reared using commercial feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 50% of the fish oil by vegetable oils in shrimp feed on total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of shrimp muscle. RESULTS: No significant differences in total lipid content (6.1–7.3 g kg^?1) were found between edible tissues of shrimp fed different diets. The major fatty acids in shrimp muscle were palmitic, oleic, lionoleic, stearic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Higher levels of EPA and DHA were observed in muscle of shrimp fed a diet containing fish oil. Oxidative rancidity, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, for all shrimps did not exceed 0.2 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1 muscle tissue, which was low and acceptable. CONCLUSION: This study had shown that the fatty acid composition of feed directly affects the fatty acid composition of Indian white shrimp muscle. Farmed Indian white shrimp can be considered as a species of low fat and shrimp muscle was quite stable to oxidation during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phospholipids of marine origin. II. The rock lobster (Jasus lalandii)

The composition of rock lobster roe and hepatopancreas phospholipids was determined by chromatography on silicic acid and by an hydrolytic procedure. Rock lobster roe phospholipids were similar in composition to those of hen egg yolk except for the very low content of lysophosphatides. Rock lobster hepatopancreas phospholipids were similar in composition to hake flesh phospholipids. Fatty acids from the phospholipids and the non-phosphorylated lipids of both roe and hepatopancreas had the same average equivalent weight and unsaturation; the fatty acid composition showed a close resemblance. Large differences, however, were observed in the fatty acid composition of the phosphatidyl choline and cephalin fractions, the latter containing more of the polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

3种经济类海胆的脂质组成差异分析

目的 对比分析国内3种常见经济类海胆的脂质组成。方法 以性腺基本指数、总脂含量、胆固醇含量、磷脂含量、甘油酯含量、脂肪酸组成、磷脂组成等为评价指标,结合统计分析技术比较不同种类海胆脂质组成的差异。结果 光棘球紫海胆、黄海胆和虾夷马粪海胆总脂占干基的(21.83±0.12)%～(27.21±0.10)%;其中磷脂和甘油酯是最主要的脂类组分,分别占(39.62±0.49)%～(49.39±0.73)%和(30.08±0.01)%～(38.65±0.03)%;磷脂中的主要组分为磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰肌醇;总脂中脂肪酸主要为C16:0、C18:0、C20:1。对脂类相关数据进行标准化处理,并结合聚类分析和主成分分析,结果显示3种海胆性腺脂类物质中脂质组成、磷脂组成及脂肪酸组成差异明显。结论 光棘球紫海胆相对于其他两种海胆具有较高的营养价值和脂质优势,可作为C20:5n3、C22:6n3及磷脂等功能性脂质分子的重要膳食来源。     

鱼粉加工副产物中鱼油的精炼及其脂肪酸组成分析

对鱼粉加工副产物中鱼油的精制进行研究,得到鱼粉加工副产物中鱼油精炼的最佳工艺：添加1%磷酸（体积分数60%）脱胶,3% NaOH（质量分数12%）溶液脱酸以及15%活性炭脱色,在85 ℃条件下减压蒸馏脱臭10 min。在精炼过程中,鱼油中饱和脂肪酸含量下降,其他脂肪酸含量变化较小。所制备鱼油的理化指标均达到精制鱼油一级要求,其中多不饱和脂肪酸总含量达到0.69 g/mL,二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸含量分别为0.229 g/mL和0.121 g/mL。     

国产与进口鱼油品质分析比较

以国产及进口鱼油为研究对象,分别对其感官指标、理化指标、不良物质含量及脂肪酸组成进行分析比较。结果表明:国产鱼油鱼腥味明显重于进口鱼油,且分层明显;国产鱼油在酸值和过氧化值指标上也普遍高于进口鱼油,不良物质含量也高于进口鱼油,尤其在苯并芘及二噁英等指标上;脂肪酸组成中,国产鳀鱼油DHA含量大于EPA,而进口鳀鱼油EPA含量大于DHA,且国产鱼油多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于进口鱼油;国产金枪鱼油与进口金枪鱼油在理化指标和脂肪酸组成等方面差异不大。国产鱼油中,杂鱼油与金枪鱼油、鳀鱼油在感官指标、理化指标及不良物质含量方面差异不大,但在脂肪酸组成上差异显著,杂鱼油饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于其他两种鱼油,利用价值最低。     

Phospholipids of marine origin. I. The hake (Merlucius capensis, Castelnau)

The composition of hake flesh and hake liver phospholipids was determined by an hydrolytic procedure and by chromatography on silicic acid. The hydrolytic procedure involved determination of lecithin-choline, sphingornyelin-choline, lyso lecithin-choline, ethanolamine, serine, myo-inositol and the average equivalent weight of the liberated fatty acids. The composition of the flesh and liver phospholipids was very similar, the latter contained more sphingomyelins and cardiolipins at the expense of phosphatidyl choline. Phospholipid fatty acids had a markedly higher equivalent weight and unsaturation than the corresponding non-phosphorylated lipid fatty acids. The cephalin fractions contained more long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, more stearic acid and less palmitic acid than the phosphatidyl choline fractions. Sphingomyelins were particularly rich in lignoceric and nervonic acid.     

DHA营养强化鸡蛋与普通鸡蛋蛋黄脂质组成对比分析

以DHA营养强化鸡蛋及普通鸡蛋为原料,将鸡蛋煮熟后取出蛋黄,以体积比2∶1的氯仿-甲醇提取其中的脂质,分析总脂质含量、磷脂含量、总脂质的脂肪酸组成、磷脂的脂肪酸组成及分布以及中性脂(甘三酯和甘二酯)的脂肪酸组成及分布。结果表明:DHA营养强化鸡蛋蛋黄中的总脂质含量((29.28±1.70)%)与普通鸡蛋((32.46±0.34)%)无显著性差异(P> 0.05),总脂质中磷脂含量((102.13±1.57) mg/g)与普通鸡蛋((96.44±2.44) mg/g)无显著性差异(P> 0.05),DHA营养强化鸡蛋总脂质中DHA含量((11.14±0.18)%)远超普通鸡蛋((0.14±0.00)%),且DHA在磷脂中的含量((13.60±0.64)%)高于总脂质,在甘三酯((5.09±0.18)%)及甘二酯((1.88±1.13)%)等中性脂中含量较少;从空间位置分布来看,DHA在磷脂中各位置的分布无显著性差异,且DHA营养强化鸡蛋具有更佳的ω-3/ω-6比值。     

8种抗寒平欧杂交榛子油脂成分分析及比较

比较8种平欧榛子的差异性,利用索氏提取法测定油脂含量,气相色谱法和比色法进行油脂脂肪酸组成和α-VE含量分析,聚类分析用于区分其类别。结果表明:8种平欧榛子有显著差异,含油量平均为56.36%,范围为52.92%~59.24%;单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸的平均相对含量分别为72.54%、16.11%、7.85%;最丰富的脂肪酸是油酸,平均相对含量为72.29%,亚油酸与油酸总含量超过85%;α-VE含量为113.42~285.16μg/g。用3个主成分PC1(43.384%)、PC2(34.436%)、PC3(12.606%)作为合成变量通过聚类分析可得到4个类群:4#、5#、6#、7#为一类,8#为一类,2#、3#为一类,1#为一类。     

Uterine,ovarian, and production responses of lactating dairy cows to increasing dietary concentrations of menhaden fish meal

The primary objective was to determine whether the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6, n-3), present in fish meal (FM) can attenuate uterine secretion of PGF2alpha in response to a challenge with estradiol and oxytocin in lactating dairy cows. Cycling multiparous cows (n = 32) were fed diets containing 0 (OFM), 2.6 (2.6FM), 5.2 (5.2FM), or 7.8% menhaden FM (7.8FM). The diet consisting of 7.8FM also contained fish oil (0.28% of dietary dry matter) to increase intake of EPA and DHA. Average dry matter intake was 24.9 kg/d and unaffected by diet. Combined intakes of EPA and DHA averaged 0, 12.8, 24.1, and 54.0 g/d from the OFM, 2.6FM, 5.2FM, and 7.8FM diets, respectively. At 30 to 34 d after initiation of dietary treatments, cows received an i.m. injection of 100 microg of GnRH followed by i.m. administration of 25 and 15 mg of PGF2alpha after 7 and 8 d, respectively. Synchronous ovulation was induced by an injection of 3000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) given 24 h later on d 9. Subsequent luteal phase increases in plasma progesterone concentrations did not differ (0.88 ng/ml per day). At 15 d after hCG injection, cows were injected with estradiol-17beta (3 mg, i.v.) at 0900 h and oxytocin (100 IU, i.v.) at 1300 h. Plasma PGF2alpha metabolite concentrations after oxytocin injection were reduced in cows fed diets containing FM compared with those fed OFM. Milk production (39.1 kg/d) and concentrations of fat, protein, or urea nitrogen in milk were not affected by diet. Feeding fish meal and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reduced the proportion of n-6 fatty acids and increased that of n-3 fatty acids in milk in a dose-responsive manner.     

草鱼头磷脂制备工艺优化及抗氧化性能分析

为了得到较高纯度的草鱼头磷脂并分析其抗氧化性能,采用乙醇溶液浸提冷冻干燥草鱼头粉末制备磷脂,正交试验确定其最优工艺后,利用薄层层析(TLC)分析比较草鱼头磷脂种类的组成及含量,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析磷脂的脂肪酸组成,并进行体外抗氧化能力测定。结果表明:磷脂制备最优工艺方案为:乙醇浓度80%,料液比1:6 g/mL,提取温度65℃,提取时间3 h,在此条件下,得到草鱼头磷脂的纯度为84.20%±0.65%,提取率为3.03%±0.06%。草鱼头磷脂主要含有磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、鞘磷脂(SM)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)四种磷脂,其中PC的含量最高(60.00%±0.26%),其次为PE(20.00%±0.17%)。草鱼头磷脂脂肪酸组成以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为主(52.09%±0.59%),其中,C20:5n-3(EPA)和C22:6n-3(DHA)含量较高。体外抗氧化测定试验结果表明,草鱼头磷脂的羟自由基(·OH)清除能力和还原力能力都显著(P<0.05)优于对照的商品大豆磷脂。