Geometric model for DSPN satellite reception in the dense scatterermobile environment

A geometric propagation model is developed for simulating the reception of direct sequence pseudonoise (DSPN) satellite signals by a directional or omni directional antenna in the dense scatterer mobile environment. The model is used to predict fading statistics. As expected, the mitigation of fading is closely related to the ratio of DSPN chip duration to delay spread of the scatterer medium for both the omni and directional antennas. The results suggest a general, frequency domain interpretation for the value of DSPN in mitigating multipath fading     

The Impact of Antenna Directivity on the Small-Scale Fading in Indoor Environments

Results obtained from using a geometrically based, single-bounce propagation model are presented to characterize small-scale fading in indoor propagation channels when directional antennas are used. The model is verified by comparing simulated results to measured results. The model is then used to obtain, via simulation, fading statistics for an indoor, line-of-sight channel. The results show that when directive antennas are used, the parameters of the Nakagami- or Rician-distributed small-scale fading vary with separation between the transmit and receive antennas. Furthermore, the strength of the variation depends on antenna directivity. Some physical mechanisms for this effect are discussed     

Improved method for calculating mitigation bandwidth of DSPN signals

In a previous work the author (see ibid., vol.29, no.8, p.661-2, 1993) has defined the mitigation bandwidth of direct sequence pseudonoise (DSPN) as employed to combat fading over the dense scatterer mobile digital link. Now he gives a simple, elegant method for computing mitigation bandwidth. No sacrifice of precision is conceded, and closed-form expressions are given for BPSK and MSK chip modulation.<>     

Land vehicular propagation channel characterization of BGAN system

This paper summarizes the results of a measurement campaign, which set out to characterize Inmarsat's broadband global area network extension (BGAN‐X) L‐band land vehicular (LV) channels as a function of elevation angle and candidate antenna systems. Measurements were conducted with three types of directional antennas on motorway routes around London using Inmarsat's Indian Ocean Region (IOR), Atlantic Ocean Region‐East (AOR‐E) and Atlantic Ocean Region‐West (AOR‐W) satellite transmissions, corresponding to elevation angles of, respectively, ～7.5°, ～13° and ～30°. Simultaneous recordings of data on two types of directive receivers enabled correlation of several channel parameters. Statistics were used to refine a baseline model that derived BGAN‐X LV channel parameters by scaling the statistics obtained from an omni‐directional antenna receiver. The measurements demonstrate that Ricean mean and Ricean factor vary significantly over the chosen routes at elevation angles below ～13°. Further, the Doppler shift of the direct path can be predicted accurately. A qualitative analysis indicates that the multi‐path Doppler spread is generally (not always) caused by uniform scattering around the vehicle over short distances and undergoes spatial filtering due to the receiver antenna. A technique was established to derive statistics of a two‐state Markovian channel model at any specified fading threshold by gathering tracking system state, thereby allowing one to ascertain service expectations and operational parameters such as connection time‐out of a packet‐switched system or reliability threshold of a circuit‐switched system. The technique was used to identify and select appropriate routes, particularly for the IOR and the AOR‐W regions. Data analysis is in progress to establish the reason for the slow variations of signal mean at low‐elevation angles in Ricean conditions and to derive appropriate statistical models. Furthermore, image processing of the video recordings is expected to reveal the extent of optical and RF fades correlation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geometrical-based statistical macrocell channel model for mobileenvironments

We develop a statistical geometric propagation model for a macrocell mobile environment that provides the statistics of angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the multipath components, which are required to test adaptive array algorithms for cellular applications. This channel model assumes that each multipath component of the propagating signal undergoes only one bounce traveling from the transmitter to the receiver and that scattering objects are located uniformly within a circle around the mobile. This geometrically based single bounce macrocell (GBSBM) channel model provides three important parameters that characterize a channel: the power of the multipath components, the time-of-arrival (TOA) of the components, and the AOA of the components. Using the GBSBM model, we analyze the effect of directional antennas at the base station on the fading envelopes. The level crossing rate of the fading envelope is reduced and the envelope correlation increases significantly if a directional antenna is employed at the base station     

Measurement‐based link scheduling for maritime mesh networks with directional antennas

The proliferation of wireless transceivers and the availability of the unlicensed band has given a boost to the deployment of wireless networks, with IEEE802.11/WiFi being the major driver in this arena. In this research, we consider a wireless mesh network designed for long‐distance communication with a typical deployment scenario of a maritime mesh network. This network uses an antenna system made up of multiple fixed‐beamwidth antennas. Compared to most other directional antenna schemes which use directional antenna for transmission and omni‐directional antenna for reception, our system uses directional antennas for both transmission and reception where a pair of transmitter–receiver antennas needs to be aligned and have an acceptable channel quality before transmission can take place. Through efficient use of directional antennas for both transmission and reception, and spatial reuse in transmission, we are able to realize a high‐capacity mesh network. In this paper, we present a practical approach to achieve contention‐free medium access, namely, a measurement‐based link‐scheduling algorithm. We evaluate the performance of the link‐scheduling algorithm using simulations and show that it is able to exploit the spatial diversity provided by the directional antennas to outperform comparable schemes for wireless mesh networks. We also briefly discuss implementation issues to demonstrate the viability of the approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exploiting Macrodiversity with Distributed Antennas in Micro-Cellular CDMA Systems

We consider the use of distributed antennas to increase the capacity and peak data rate achievable in a microcellular CDMA system with limited bandwidth. In additon to the diversity against Rayleigh fading achievable by use of microdiversity among nearly co-located transmit or receive antennas, we exploit macrodiversity against shadow fading that more widely separated antennas permit. We report on antenna configurations for both directional and omni-directional antennas that provide the most uniform signal-to-interference ratio coverage, averaged over a large number of position vectors drawn from a spatially uniform distribution of mobiles. Call capacities and peak transmission rates are determined for an integrated system carrying traffic at different constant rates, where processing gain and the transmission rate are selected to satisfy a common chip rate. For the downlink a 5.5 dB capacity gain can be achieved for 64 kb/s calls using four antennas located on the diagonals of each square cell. A bandwidth of 5 MHz allows two or more calls to be simultaneously supported at data rates up to 512 kb/s, as opposed to only 128 kb/s for three co-located antennas. On the uplink we distinguish between the computationally simpler equal-gain combining of the antenna signals and the possibly more complex maximum-ratio combining. With equal gain combining we achieve a peak data rate of 128 kb/s and a capacity gain of 2.5 dB relative to equal gain combining of three nearly co-located antenna signals. With maximum ratio combining the peak uplink rate can be as high as 512 kb/s and the capacity is increased by 2.0 dB relative to the maximum-ratio combining of three co-located antennas.     

An Approach for Modestly Directional Communications in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Directional antennas are a promising technology for use in mobile ad hoc environments. By consuming smaller volumes than omni directional antennas, directional antennas enable significant increases in network capacity by allowing more simultaneous transmissions to occur within a multihop wireless network. In this paper, we present some of the challenges that face asynchronous directional channel access schemes and describe how these problems can be avoided by taking a synchronous approach. We describe a communications system architecture that enables modestly directional sectored antennas to be effectively exploited in a mobile ad hoc environment. A key part of this architecture is the Directional Synchronous Unscheduled Multiple Access (DSUMA) protocol. By making intelligent decisions regarding the enabling/disabling of sector antennas, DSUMA provides an increased density of transmissions while insuring that collisions do not occur. Our results indicate how the number of sectors per node affects performance in terms of spatial reuse, the likelihood of collisions, and overall network capacity.     

Rayleigh信道多天线系统的酉空时信号识别技术

针对衰落信道中酉空时调制的识别问题,提出两种酉空时信号与传统空时码的识别方案。最大似然识别法利用信道转移概率密度构造平均似然比和广义似然比分类函数,依据不同码字似然比的差异完成分类,在对数域处理从而降低计算复杂度。高阶统计特性识别法利用随机矩阵的矩生成函数产生高阶联合矩和高阶联合累积量,依据酉空时信号特殊的高阶统计特性实现识别。最大似然识别法可在无信道状态信息的条件下完成识别,当已知信道状态信息时识别性能可大幅提高;高阶统计特性识别法需要信道状态信息,同样条件下与最大似然法相比其性能较差,且其准确性会受信道估计的影响,但实现的复杂度低。通过增加接收天线数量在各种方案中均可改善识别性能,4根接收天线相对2根接收天线的增益,无CSI的最大似然法为7-10dB,有CSI的高阶统计特性法可达45dB。仿真结果验证了所提方案的有效性。      

A switched diversity receiving system for mobile radio

A low cost switched diversity receiving system has been developed for use in UHF-FM mobile radio. The input of a single receiver is switched back and forth between two antennas upon command from a signal level sensing logic circuit. The system has been measured on simulated Rayleigh fading channels and has been found to give a significant improvement to both voice and data signals.     

A Switched Diversity Receiving System for Mobile Radio

A low cost switched diversity receiving system has been developed for use in UHF-FM mobile radio. The input of a single receiver is switched back and forth between two antennas upon command from a signal level sensing logic circuit. The system has been measured on simulated Rayleigh fading channels and has been found to give a significant improvement to both voice and data signals.     

Angular MAC: a framework for directional antennas in wireless mesh networks

Capacity of wireless mesh networks can be enhanced through the use of smart directional antennas, which not only enable nodes to have high quality links but also increase network throughput by allowing spatial reuse. This paper proposes a new MAC protocol and framework, called Angular MAC (ANMAC) that enables directional antennas in wireless mesh networks. The protocols and algorithms of the ANMAC framework fit well with the requirements of mesh networks such as neighbor discovery and self-configuration, while providing significant throughput enhancements. The throughput enhancements are proven by comprehensive simulations with realistic antenna patterns, including performance comparisons of ANMAC with directional schemes using a similar node architecture and omni 802.11. Also, the effect of contention window size is analyzed and a dynamic contention window adaptation algorithm is proposed to maximize the throughput of the self-configuring mesh network, by taking instantaneous traffic conditions into account.     

DMesh: Incorporating Practical Directional Antennas in Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have been proposed as an effective solution for ubiquitous last-mile broadband access. Three key factors that affect the usability of WMNs are high throughput, cost-effectiveness, and ease of deployability. In this paper, we propose DMesh, a WMN architecture that combines spatial separation from directional antennas with frequency separation from orthogonal channels to improve the throughput of WMNs. DMesh achieves this improvement without inhibiting cost-effectiveness and ease of deployability by utilizing practical directional antennas that are widely and cheaply available (e.g., patch and yagi) in contrast to costly and bulky smart beamforming directional antennas. Thus, the key challenge in DMesh is to exploit spatial separation from such practical directional antennas despite their lack of electronic steerability and interference nulling, as well as the presence of significant sidelobes and backlobes. In this paper, we study how such practical directional antennas can improve the throughput of a WMN. Central to our architecture is a distributed, directional channel assignment algorithm for mesh routers that effectively exploits the spatial and frequency separation opportunities in a DMesh network. Simulation results show that DMesh improves the throughput of WMNs by up to 231% and reduces packet delay drastically compared to a multiradio multichannel omni antenna network. A DMesh implementation in our 16-node 802.11b WMN testbed using commercially available practical directional antennas provides transmission control protocol throughput gains ranging from 31% to 57%     

Analysis of Differential Orthogonal Space–Time Block Codes Over Semi-Identical MIMO Fading Channels

We study the performance of differential orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) over independent and semi-identically distributed block Rayleigh fading channels. In this semiidentical fading model, the channel gains from different transmit antennas to a common receive antenna are identically distributed, but the gains associated with different receive antennas are nonidentically distributed. Arbitrary fluctuation rates of the fading processes from one transmission block to another are considered. We first derive the optimal symbol-by-symbol differential detector, and show that the conventional differential detector is suboptimal. We then derive expressions of exact bit-error probabilities (BEPs) for both the optimal and suboptimal detectors. The results are applicable for any number of receive antennas, and any number of transmit antennas for which OSTBCs exist. For two transmit antennas, explicit and closed-form BEP expressions are obtained. For an arbitrary number of transmit antennas, a Chernoff bound on the BEP for the optimal detector is also derived. Our results show that the semi-identical channel statistics degrade the error performance of differential OSTBC, compared with the identical case. Also, the proposed optimal detector substantially outperforms the conventional detector when the channel fluctuates rapidly. But in near-static fading channels, the two detectors have similar performances     

多径衰落的数学模型及分析

多径效应是影响低仰角测控系统正常工作的重要因素。介绍了多径效应产生的机理,建立了多径衰落的数学模型。无线电信号在收发天线间传播时,存在直射路径和多条反射路径,当直射信号和反射信号相互抵消时就会产生多径效应。依据建立的数学模型,分析了多径衰落产生的条件和对系统影响的程度。多径衰落产生的位置由地面站天线高度、飞行器飞行高度和二者之间的距离决定,多径衰落深度主要由地面对电波的反射系数决定。在上述分析的基础上,提出了避免和减小多径衰落对系统影响的几种措施。     

Geometry‐based statistical channel model and performance for MIMO antennas

To test an adaptive array algorithm in cellular communications, we developed a geometry‐based statistical channel model for radio propagation environments, which provides the statistics of the angle of arrival and time of arrival of the multipath components. This channel model assumes that each multipath component of the propagating signal undergoes only one bounce traveling from the transmitter to the receiver and that scattering objects are located according to Gaussian and exponential spatial distributions, and a new scatterer distribution is proposed as a trade‐off between the outdoor and the indoor propagation environments. Using the channel model, we analyze the effects of directional antennas at the base station on the Doppler spectrum of a mobile station due to its motion and the performance of its MIMO systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Model Scenarios for Direction-Selective Adaptive Antennas in Cellular Mobile Communication Systems – Scanning the Literature

Intelligent antennas offer the possibility of greatly increasing the capacity of cellular mobile radio systems. We give a comprehensive overview of the literature concerning model scenarios for applications of direction-selective intelligent antennas. Measurement campaigns and simplified models are described that have been derived from these measurements or from physical considerations. Furthermore, directional fading simulators are reviewed which are essential for testing of smart antenna systems.     

On Node Density ? Outage Probability Tradeoff in Wireless Networks

A statistical model of interference in wireless networks is considered, which is based on the traditional propagation channel model and a Poisson model of random spatial distribution of nodes in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D spaces with both uniform and non-uniform densities. The power of nearest interferer is used as a major performance indicator, instead of a traditionally-used total interference power, since at the low outage region, they have the same statistics so that the former is an accurate approximation of the latter. This simplifies the problem significantly and allows one to develop a unified framework for the outage probability analysis, including the impacts of complete/partial interference cancelation, of different types of fading and of linear filtering, either alone or in combination with each other. When a given number of nearest interferers are completely canceled, the outage probability is shown to scale down exponentially in this number. Three different models of partial cancelation are considered and compared via their outage probabilities. The partial cancelation level required to eliminate the impact of an interferer is quantified. The effect of a broad class of fading processes (including all popular fading models) is included in the analysis in a straightforward way, which can be positive or negative depending on a particular model and propagation/ system parameters. The positive effect of linear filtering (e.g. by directional antennas) is quantified via a new statistical selectivity parameter. The analysis results in formulation of a tradeoff relationship between the network density and the outage probability, which is a result of the interplay between random geometry of node locations, the propagation path loss and the distortion effects at the victim receiver.     

Receiver-Oriented Multiple Access in Ad Hoc Networks with Directional Antennas

Directional antennas can adaptively select radio signals of interest in specific directions, while filtering out unwanted interference from other directions. A couple of medium access protocols based on random access schemes have been proposed for networks with directional antennas, using the omnidirectional mode for the transmission or reception of control packets in order to establish directional links. We propose a distributed receiver-oriented multiple access (ROMA) scheduling protocol, capable of utilizing multi-beam forming directional antennas in ad hoc networks. Unlike random access schemes that use on-demand handshakes or signal scanning to resolve communication targets, ROMA computes a link activation schedule in each time slot using two-hop topology information. It is shown that significant improvements on network throughput and delay can be achieved by exploiting the multi-beam forming capability of directional antennas in both transmission and reception. The performance of ROMA is studied by simulation, and compared with a well-know static scheduling scheme that is based on global topology information.     

Investigation of signal variance,bit error rates and pulse dispersion for DSPN signalling in A mobile dense scatterer ray tracing model

The canonical ray tracing model of R. H. Clarke is used to validate the concept of mitigation bandwidth as used to predict DSPN spread spectrum signal variability at a mobile receiving antenna in dense scatterers. Illustrative examples of chip pulse dispersion are presented, and bit error rate performance is explored under the assumption of slow fading. The pulse dispersion is seen to pose potential obstacles to any eventual chip timing extraction and radio-location ranging functions. Serendipitously, the performance of a DSPN embodiment of a 180° DPSK data link is seen to approximate closely that of a corresponding narrowband Rician fading link, even though no specular signal component is available to the DSPN link. The parameters of the equivalent Rician link are easily predicted from those of the DSPN link.