Energy balance and diurnal variation in methane production as affected by feeding frequency in Jersey cows in late lactation

Methane (CH₄) production of ruminants typically increases with increased dry matter intake (DMI). However, few studies have observed the effects of feeding multiple times a day and its effects on diurnal variation in CH₄ production and energy balance in late-lactation dairy cattle. A study using headbox-style indirect calorimetry and 12 multiparous (225 ± 16.2 d in milk; mean ± SD) lactating Jersey cows was conducted to determine the effects of feeding twice daily on diurnal variation in CH₄ production and total energy balance. A crossover design with 14-d periods (10 d of adaption and 4 d of collection) was used to compare 2 treatments. Treatments consisted of either once a day feeding (1×; 100% of feed given at 1000 h) or twice a day feeding (2×; 50% of feed given at 1000 h and the final 50% at 2000 h) with a common diet fed in both treatments. Dry matter intake was not different between treatments, with a mean of 16.9 ± 0.88 kg/d. Once a day feeding tended to have greater milk yield compared with twice a day feeding (21.2 vs. 20.4 ± 1.59 kg/d, respectively). Milk fat and milk protein percentage were not different, with means of 6.18 ± 0.20% and 3.98 ± 0.08%, respectively. Total CH₄ production did not differ between treatments, with a mean of 402.1 ± 20.8 L/d. Similarly, CH₄ per unit of milk yield and DMI was not different between treatments, with means of 20.5 ± 1.81 and 23.8 ± 1.21 L/kg, respectively. Feeding frequency did not affect diurnal variation of hourly CH₄ production, with a mean of 17.1 ± 0.74 L/h. A trend was observed for a treatment × hour interaction. Methane production per hour increased after the second feeding for cattle fed twice versus once daily. Gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and balance (milk plus tissue) per kilogram of DMI did not differ by feeding frequency, with means of 4.41 ± 0.01, 3.05 ± 0.03, 2.63 ± 0.03, and 1.32 ± 0.08 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. Metabolizable energy for maintenance was 146 kcal/kg of metabolic body weight, with an efficiency of converting metabolizable energy to net energy balance (milk plus tissue) of 76%. Nitrogen balance did not differ among treatments, with a mean balance of 17.3 ± 13.0 g/d. Therefore, total CH₄ production and energy maintenance were not affected by feeding frequency. However, CH₄ was variable throughout the day, and caution should be exercised when collecting CH₄ samples at a limited number of time points because this may under- or overestimate total production.     

Analytical recovery of chromium from diet and faeces determined by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry

The present study examined whether differences in mineral content of the diet or faecal samples contribute to variation in analytical recovery of marker chromium from these samples. Three corn/soya bean diets containing various levels of Ca, P and Mg, and the corresponding faeces of swine fed these diets were used. Diet and faecal samples were analysed by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with increments of Cr added to samples either preceding or following the acid digestion procedure. Results indicated significant differences (P <0·05) in analytical recovery of Cr between diets and corresponding faeces, between individual diets and faeces, and between methods of determination. The acid digestion step leads to the lower recovery of Cr (diets, P <0·05; faeces, P <0·01) whereas no significant differences were found in post-digestion procedure by either method of determination, indicating that marker-chromium loss due to the acid digestion procedure was not higher than the apparent loss due to the acid analytical method. Results suggest that the analytical recovery factors should be considered when estimating faecal recovery of marker chromium or digestibility of nutrients.     

The diurnal patterns of ruminal enzymatic activity and in vitro digestibility of starch,neutral detergent fiber,and protein

The objective of this study was to determine whether diurnal patterns in starch, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and protein digestibilities and amylolytic, fibrolytic, and proteolytic activities exist in dairy cows. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 ruminally cannulated Holstein dairy cows before the morning feeding and subsequently every 4 h for a 24-h period. Two of the cows were restricted from feed for 8 h overnight, and the other 2 continued to receive their feed ad libitum, to isolate and quantify the effects of changes in feeding behavior at night. After 2 runs the cows were crossed over between night feeding treatments. Rumen fluid was analyzed for enzymatic activity and in vitro starch, NDF, and nitrogen digestibility. Circadian rhythm analyses of enzymatic activity and in vitro digestibility were conducted by fitting the linear form of a cosine function with a 24-h period. Patterns were observed in activity for amylase, lichenase, endoglucanase, and xylanase, with the highest activities observed at the time points subsequent to milking and feed delivery. Protease activity was unaffected by either feeding treatment or possible feeding behavior. When fitted to a cosine function, all the parameters tested followed a daily pattern that was sensitive to the overnight availability of feed, although the parameters responded differently to the feeding treatment. The patterns displayed by in vitro digestibility results of starch, NDF, and nitrogen, across the various fluid collection time points, were highly variable. The time at peak (acrophase) observed in the enzymatic analysis did not correspond to those observed in the in vitro analysis. These results suggest that different interpretations should be given to enzymatic activities and in vitro digestibility values, and the time of rumen fluid collection relative to feeding time should be considered and reported when rumen fluid is used for research or commercial purposes. Maximum digestibility appears in fact to be reached around 4 to 5 h after the main ration delivery for NDF and starch and around ration delivery for protein.     

Diurnal variation in ruminal pH on the digestibility of highly digestible perennial ryegrass during continuous culture fermentation

Dairy cows grazing high-digestibility pastures exhibit pronounced diurnal variation in ruminal pH, with pH being below values considered optimal for digestion. Using a dual-flow continuous culture system, the hypothesis that minimizing diurnal variation in pH would improve digestion of pasture when pH was low, but not at a higher pH, was tested. Four treatments were imposed, with pH either allowed to exhibit normal diurnal variation around an average pH of 6.1 or 5.6, or maintained at constant pH. Digesta samples were collected during the last 3 d of each of four, 9-d experimental periods. A constant pH at 5.6 compared with a constant pH of 6.1 reduced the digestibility of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 7, 14, and 21%, respectively. When pH was allowed to vary (averaging 5.6), digestion of OM, NDF, and ADF were reduced by 15, 30, and 36%, respectively, compared with pH varying at 6.1. There was little difference in digestion parameters when pH was either constant or varied with an average pH of 6.1. However, when average pH was 5.6, maintaining a constant pH significantly increased digestion of OM, NDF, and ADF by 5, 25, and 24% compared with a pH that exhibited normal diurnal variation. These in vitro results show that gains in digestibility and potential milk production can be made by minimizing diurnal variation in ruminal pH, but only when ruminal pH is low (5.6). However, larger gains in productivity can be achieved by increasing average daily ruminal pH from 5.6 to 6.1.     

QuEChERS-液相色谱串联质谱法测定猪肝中烯丙孕素残留量

目的建立QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS)检测猪肝中烯丙孕素残留量的分析方法。方法猪肝样品经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶酶解后,用乙腈提取,提取液用以PSA和C_(18)为吸附剂的QuEChERS法净化,净化液经氮吹至干用5 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液:乙腈(6:4,V:V)溶液复溶后进行LC-MS/MS分析测定。采用Acquity BEH C_(18)色谱柱,以5 mmol/L甲酸溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果方法的检出限(limit of detection,LOD)和定量限(limit of quantitation,LOQ)分别为0.03μg/kg和0.10μg/kg。在烯丙孕素浓度为0.01~5.0μg/L的范围内,线性相关系数(r)为0.9997,3个浓度水平加标回收率在73.0%~87.5%之间,批内相对标准偏差为2.6%~4.8%,批间相对标准偏差为4.1%~4.6%。结论该方法简单快捷、灵敏度高、准确可靠,适用于猪肝中痕量烯丙孕素残留量的分析。     

保健食品标准中重(装)量差异指标的分析及应用

近年来, 保健食品注册和备案技术指引要求保健食品制剂制订重量差异或装量差异指标, 如片剂等剂型应制订重量差异指标, 胶囊剂等剂型应制订装量差异指标, 以替代原先对包装食品通用的净含量与负偏差指标。在执行过程中, 检测机构众多检验结果显示有不少生产企业可能未能完全理解重量差异和装量差指标的具体分析算法和应用细节要求, 导致抽检结果与生产企业出厂检验结果不一致的情况。本文着重对重量差异和装量差异测定方法的质控目的、限度设定、计算与判定方法等进行详细解读, 以帮助相关企业更好地理解重量差异和装量差异的指标特性和分析应用要点, 阐明重量差异和装量差异指标与包装食品通用的净含量与负偏差指标的不同, 使规范制订保健食品标准并正确执行分析检验。     

Development of high-throughput multi-residue method for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monitoring in swine muscle by LC-MS/MS

A reliable and simple method for the detection and quantification of residues of 14 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a metamizole metabolite in swine muscle was developed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile (ACN) in solid–liquid extraction followed by a low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) process at –20 ± 2°C. After evaporation to dryness, the residue was reconstituted with hexane and a mixture of water:acetonitrile (1:1). LC separation was achieved on a reversed-phase (RP₁₈) column with gradient elution using water (phase A) and ACN (phase B) both containing 1 mmol l^–1 ammonium acetate (NH₄COO) with 0.025% acetic acid. Analysis was carried out on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray interface in negative and positive mode in a single run. Method validation was performed according to the criteria of Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. The matrix effect and linearity were evaluated. Decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), accuracy and repeatability of the method are also reported. The proposed method proved to be simple, easy and adequate for high-throughput analysis and was applied to routine analysis by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply.     

Monitoring of ractopamine concentration in the mixture of this feed additive with vitamin mineral complex and with swine feed by HPLC

Ractopamine (RAC) analysis at all stages in the feed chain until its final mixing into swine feed is necessary to ensure the safety of all meat consumers and to decrease waste and the cost of supplementation of feed. Two suitable HPLC methods were developed and validated for RAC determination in vitamin mineral complex (VMC) and in swine feed. Both methods employed reverse-phase (C18 column at 40°C) and isocratic elution, but with some modifications to the methods. Validation parameters, such as selectivity, linearity, precision, trueness and robustness, were shown to be within the acceptable range. Therefore, the developed methods can be successfully applied for the monitoring of RAC concentrations in samples of VMC and swine feed ensuring economy to producers and security to consumers of swine meat.     

膳食混合胶粒在胆固醇等脂类转运吸收中的作用的研究进展

因摄食过多脂类而导致的心血管类疾病已严重威胁到现代人身体健康,而食物中的胆固醇等脂类在机体内是通过\     

攀西干热河谷烟田烤烟成熟初期水碳通量日间变化的非对称响应

为研究关键环境因子与烟田生态系统水、碳通量日间变化之间的响应关系。基于2016年攀西干热河谷典型烟田生态系统烤烟成熟初期涡度相关通量观测数据,分析了典型晴天内烟田冠层导度及水、碳通量的日间变化规律及其对气温、VPD和净辐射日间变化的非对称响应特征。结果表明:研究区烟田生态系统CO₂通量和蒸散量（ET）均存在明显的午休现象,冠层导度的变化是影响烟田水、碳通量日间变化的直接因素;研究区烤烟成熟初期水、碳通量呈现显著的非对称响应特征,相同的净辐射强度下,下午的CO₂通量和ET值均明显高于上午;WUE对净辐射的响应特征与净辐射强度有关,当净辐射强度小于230W·m-2时,下午烟田WUE大于上午,反之,上午烟田WUE大于下午;气温、饱和水气压差（VPD）与净辐射在日间的非同步变化是导致烟田冠层导度和ET在日间非对称响应的主要气象因素,从而间接影响烟田水、碳通量及WUE的日间动态特征。本研究为进一步分析攀西干热河谷烟田水、碳通量季节与年际变化特征及相关变异机理提供了理论依据与数据支持。      

Diurnal Variation in the Composition of Ileal Digesta and the Ileal Digestibilities of Nutrients in Growing Pigs

Diurnal variation in the chemical composition of digesta and its effect on nutrient digestibilities of diets varying in dietary fibre content was examined in pigs fitted with a PVTC-cannula at the terminal ileum. The pigs were fed three times a day (08:00, 16:00 and 24:00 h). A barley control diet and four barley-based diets containing two levels (100 or 200 g kg^-1 diet) of alfalfa meal or white clover meal and Cr₂O₃ as an indigestible marker were fed according to a 5×5 Latin square design. In each experimental period, digesta were collected for 1 h every third hour on each of two separate sampling days, covering in total a 24 h period. The concentration of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash and chromium (Cr) in the ileal digesta varied in relation to time of feeding. However, the patterns were similar after all three meals (08:00, 16:00 and 24:00 h) and independent of diet. The maximum DM, CP and ash contents were reached 4–5 h post-feeding. The highest (P < 0·05) DM concentration was found in the ileal digesta of pigs fed the barley control diet. The DM concentration decreased (P < 0·05) as the inclusion level of alfalfa meal and white clover meal was increased. The lowest DM concentration was found for the highest inclusion level of alfalfa meal. The ileal digestibilities of both organic matter and CP were lower 1–2 h post-feeding compared with those recorded 3–5 h later, indicating that the less digestible components of a diet have shorter transit times. The pooled ileal digestibilities of organic matter and CP from the three 8 h periods (08:00–16:00 h, 16:00–24:00 h, 24:00–08:00 h) did not differ (P < 0·05) from each other. Therefore, the estimate of digestibility can be based on digesta samples collected from any interval between two consecutive meals. However, care must be taken to obtain representative samples of digesta between meals. © 1997 SCI.     

Modified halloysite nanotubes and the alleviation of kidney damage induced by dietary zearalenone in swine

The aims of this study were, first, to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) through the analysis of biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, pathological changes and inflammatory response in the kidney of gestation sows and offspring; and, second, to evaluate the efficacy of modified halloysite nanotubes (MHNTs) for the alleviation to the adverse effects induced by ZEN. This study focused on the period of organogenesis between days 35 and 70 of gestation, and treatments included (1) a control diet; (2) contaminated grain (50% control corn and 50% mouldy corn); and (3) contaminated grain (50% control corn and 50% mouldy corn) + 1% MHNTs. ZEN treatment significantly increased most of the biochemical parameters and inflammatory cytokines and degenerative changes in the kidney and induced oxidative damage in plasma, whereas the addition of MHNTs in combination with ZEN induced a re-establishment of the biochemical parameters, the plasma oxidative stress enzyme activities and the normal histology of the kidney. Thus, the data strongly suggest that the deleterious effects of ZEN can be significantly diminished by MHNTs.     

Factors affecting variation of different measures of cheese yield and milk nutrient recovery from an individual model cheese-manufacturing process

Cheese yield (CY) is the most important technological trait of milk, because cheese-making uses a very high proportion of the milk produced worldwide. Few studies have been carried out at the level of individual milk-producing animals due to a scarcity of appropriate procedures for model-cheese production, the complexity of cheese-making, and the frequent use of the fat and protein (or casein) contents of milk as a proxy for cheese yield. Here, we report a high-throughput cheese manufacturing process that mimics all phases of cheese-making, uses 1.5-L samples of milk from individual animals, and allows the simultaneous processing of 15 samples per run. Milk samples were heated (35°C for 40 min), inoculated with starter culture (90 min), mixed with rennet (51.2 international milk-clotting units/L of milk), and recorded for gelation time. Curds were cut twice (10 and 15 min after gelation), separated from the whey, drained (for 30 min), pressed (3 times, 20 min each, with the wheel turned each time), salted in brine (for 60 min), weighed, and sampled. Whey was collected, weighed, and sampled. Milk, curd, and whey samples were analyzed for pH, total solids, fat content, and protein content, and energy content was estimated. Three measures of percentage cheese yield (%CY) were calculated: %CY_CURD, %CY_SOLIDS, and %CY_WATER, representing the ratios between the weight of fresh curd, the total solids of the curd, and the water content of the curd, respectively, and the weight of the milk processed. In addition, 3 measures of daily cheese yield (dCY, kg/d) were defined, considering the daily milk yield. Three measures of nutrient recovery (REC) were computed: REC_FAT, REC_PROTEIN, and REC_SOLIDS, which represented the ratio between the weights of the fat, protein, and total solids in the curd, respectively, and the corresponding components in the milk. Energy recovery, REC_ENERGY, represented the energy content of the cheese compared with that in the milk. This procedure was used to process individual milk samples obtained from 1,167 Brown Swiss cows reared in 85 herds of the province of Trento (Italy). The assessed traits exhibited almost normal distributions, with the exception of REC_FAT. The average values (± SD) were as follows: %CY_CURD = 14.97 ± 1.86, %CY_SOLIDS = 7.18 ± 0.92, %CY_WATER = 7.77 ± 1.27, dCY_CURD = 3.63 ± 1.17, dCY_SOLIDS = 1.74 ± 0.57, dCY_WATER = 1.88 ± 0.63, REC_FAT = 89.79 ± 3.55, REC_PROTEIN = 78.08 ± 2.43, REC_SOLIDS = 51.88 ± 3.52, and REC_ENERGY = 67.19 ± 3.29. All traits were highly influenced by herd-test-date and days in milk of the cow, moderately influenced by parity, and weakly influenced by the utilized vat. Both %CY_CURD and dCY_CURD depended not only on the fat and protein (casein) contents of the milk, but also on their proportions retained in the curd; the water trapped in curd presented an higher variability than that of %CY_SOLIDS. All REC traits were variable and affected by days in milk and parity of the cows. The described model cheese-making procedure and the results obtained provided new insight into the phenotypic variation of cheese yield and recovery traits at the individual level.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肝中4种四环素类药物残留

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定猪肝中4种四环素类药物残留量的分析方法.方法 样品经弱酸性的Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取,硫酸溶液与钨酸钠溶液沉淀蛋白,HLB固相萃取柱净化,Waters ACQUITY HSS T3色谱柱分离,0.1％甲酸水溶液与乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱,多反应监测正离子模...     

A survey of ochratoxin A contamination in feeds and sera from organic and standard swine farms in northwest Italy

BACKGROUND: A survey was carried out on conventional (n = 11) and organic (n = 4) swine farms in northwest Italy in order to investigate the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed and serum samples collected from September 2006 to March 2009. Each farm was sampled twice and a total of 30 feed samples and 285 serum samples were collected. OTA levels were determined through extraction, immunoaffinity column purification and high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis coupled with fluorimetric detection. RESULTS: All feed samples resulted to be contaminated with OTA at levels ranging from 0.22 to 38.4 µg kg^?1. The OTA concentrations found in organic feed samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those found in conventional feed samples. All serum samples resulted to be contaminated with OTA at levels ranging from 0.03 to 6.24 ng mL^?1. The OTA concentrations found in organic serum samples were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those found in conventional serum samples. CONCLUSION: None of the feed samples contained more than the maximum level (50 µg OTA kg^?1, considering a feed moisture content of 120 g kg^?1) recommended by the European Commission for OTA in complementary and complete swine feedstuffs. The OTA contamination of organic feed and serum samples was found to be significantly higher than that of conventional feed and serum samples. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

自制膳食营养处方护理对老年慢性心衰病情恢复及营养状态的影响

目的分析自制膳食营养处方护理对老年慢性心衰病情恢复及营养状态的影响。方法随机将2017年5月至2018年5月就诊于本院的100例老年慢性心衰患者分为2组,均实施常规护理。对照组50例,采取自主饮食方式;研究组50例,实施自制膳食营养处方护理。随访6个月,对比2组病情恢复效果、营养不良发生率、营养状态、生存质量及预后。结果研究组病情恢复总有效率(86.00%)比对照组(68.00%)高,营养不良发生率(6.00%)比对照组(22.00%)低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);护理后6个月后研究组血清白蛋白(serum albumin, Alb)、转铁蛋白(treansferrin, TF)、前白蛋白(prealbumin, PA)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)均比对照组高,改良定量主观综合营养整体评估表(modified quantitative subjective global assessment, MQSGA)、明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量问卷(Minnesota living the heart failure questionnaire, MLHFQ)评分比对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组住院时间比对照组短,再入院率(22.00%)、病死率(4.00%)比对照组(40.00%、18.00%)低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05); 2组主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events, MACE)发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论自制膳食营养处方护理用于老年慢性心衰中利于促进患者病情恢复,预防营养不良发生,改善营养状态,提高生存质量,降低再入院及病死风险,利于预后。     

浓缩果蔬汁生产中香精回收装置和技术

设计了一种改进的天然香精回收装置，该装置可用于果蔬汁生产中挥发性芳香性物质的回收。对该装置的设计原理、操作方法、回收天然香精的工艺条件和回收率分别进行了探讨。结果表明：在合适的工艺条件下，以丁酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯为内标物，其回收串分别为90．1％和98．7％，脱香果汁按香精原来含量复香，感官评定与新鲜果汁比较无显著差异。     

Production, recovery and applications of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris

Xanthan gum is a water-soluble exo-polysaccharide. It is produced industrially from carbon sources by fermentation using the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. There have been various attempts to produce xanthan gum by fermentation method using bacteria and yeast by using various cheap raw materials. This review explains the recent methods of production, recovery and applications of various industries such as food, agriculture, oil, paint and cosmetics.     

西峰区降水特征及变化规律--测试文章

利用1960—2010年的逐月降水资料分析了西峰区降水的变化趋势以及突变情况,采用M-K检验法和滑动t检验法分析了西峰区降水量的突变情况。结果表明：降水量总体上呈下降趋势,下降趋势主要由秋季降水量减少引起;年降水、春季降水以及秋季降水分别在1984、1993、1976年发生了一个由多到少的突变,冬季降水在1970年和2000年发生由少到多的转变,汛期降水分别在1986年和1988年出现了由多到少和由少到多的突变。