合金元素及显微组织对42CrMo钢硬度的影响

针对湘钢合金圆钢产品硬度偏高的问题,对比国内其他钢厂同类产品分析了钢材合金元素质量分数、分布及显微组织的异同及其对产品硬度的影响。分析认为湘钢产品硬度异常的原因是轧后冷却速度过快。这为改善湘钢合金圆钢棒材产品质量、降低硬度提供了理论依据。     

Influence of carbon,silicon and molybdenum on the separating and emulsifying behaviour of steel and slag

The influence of C, Si, and Mo on the surface tension of Armco iron, and on the interfacial tension between Armco iron and a 40%CaO/40%SiO₂/20%Al₂O₃ slag at 1550°C has been investigated. Surface tension was determined according to the drop weight method, and the interfacial tension by the drop detachment method. Based on these measurements, ternary interfacial tension diagrams are set up, which enable the separating and emulsifying tendencies of the related steel/slag/gas systems to be predicted. This is followed by the calculation of the meniscus radius as a function of interfacial tension in continuous casting, together with the assessment of its effect on lubrication.     

合金元素对马氏体时效强化不锈钢力学性能的影响

探讨了合金元素对马氏体时效不锈钢各项力学性能的影响规律,结果表明：影响强度和硬度的最主要合金元素是Ti,Cu是最有效的改善马氏体时效强化不锈钢的断裂韧性的合金元素,合金元素Ni和Mo对强度、硬度以及韧性的影响不是很大。并在此基础上进一步优化了马氏体时效不锈钢的合金成分,该成分的合金钢具有超高强度（Rm=1610MPa）的同时保持了高韧性（KIC=94MPa·m1／2）,达到了超高强度高韧性合金钢的标准。     

Influence of alloying elements on the glass-forming ability of CoFeNbBSi alloys

The influence of minor amounts of gallium, tin, zirconium, and antimony on the glass-forming ability of CoFeNbBSi metallic alloys is studied. The studies are performed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, measuring electric resistivity and magnetic susceptibility in crystalline and liquid states. Gallium and zirconium are shown to improve the glass-forming ability of the alloys whereas tin decreases it. The influence of the additions can be qualitatively described by means of the Curie paramagnetic temperature: if alloying increases it, the glass-forming ability of the alloy also increases.     

合金元素及热处理工艺对高压气瓶钢性能的影响

系统研究了V、Mo、Mn合金元素的添加及热处理工艺参数对Cr-Mo低合金气瓶钢性能的影响。研究发现,540℃回火时添加0.13%的V元素可使合金强度提高60 MPa,材料强度的提高主要来源于晶粒组织的细化。随回火温度的升高,材料强度线性降低,但添加V的合金具有更好的回火稳定性。进一步增加合金Mo元素含量,其抗拉强度在570℃回火时达到峰值1 245 MPa,600℃回火时样品强度达到1 185 MPa,-50℃低温冲击韧性为52 J/cm2,具有良好的强韧性配合。Mn元素虽然也有利于提高材料强度,但样品冲击韧性一直处于较低值。     

合金元素对高强耐候钢耐大气腐蚀行为的影响

为了考察氧含量对钢耐蚀性能的影响,冶炼了不同氧含量（质量分数在20×10⁻⁶～200×10⁻⁶范围）的碳钢和耐候钢. 通过扫描电镜夹杂物分析、极化实验、全浸实验等方法研究了钢中夹杂物类型、形态、数量、尺寸等随氧含量变化而变化的规律,以及对耐蚀性能的影响. 结果表明,随着钢中氧含量逐渐增大,钢中夹杂物由长条状MnS、Al₂O₃向颗粒状硅酸盐转变,夹杂物总数量、平均尺寸逐渐增大,譬如氧质量分数从20×10⁻⁶、60×10⁻⁶增大到195×10⁻⁶时,MnS数量占比从69.9%、23.7%减少到5.8%,硅酸盐数量占比从3.4%、54.9%增大到73.2%,夹杂物总面积分数从0.01%、0.04%增大至0.25%,等效圆直径从0.78 µm、1.15 µm增大至4.65 µm;点蚀电位呈升高趋势,整体升高40 mV左右;腐蚀速率先下降又回升,遵从三次函数变化规律,其中氧质量分数从20×10⁻⁶～30×10⁻⁶增大到60×10⁻⁶,碳钢腐蚀速率降低53%,耐候钢腐蚀速率降低24%,耐蚀性均提高. 分析认为,氧质量分数在20×10⁻⁶～100×10⁻⁶范围,易诱发腐蚀的长条状硫化物减少以及固溶氧增多而引起基体电位升高的共同作用导致在全浸腐蚀环境下钢的耐蚀性增强;氧质量分数在100×10⁻⁶～200×10⁻⁶范围,夹杂物的数量急剧增多使得钢的耐腐蚀性降低. 适当增大氧含量,可开发经济型耐腐蚀钢.

     

钢渣中钙镁离子的选择性浸出行为

钢渣富含大量的碱性氧化物,是CO₂矿化的潜在廉价原料。以乙酸作为浸出剂,探究了钢渣颗粒粒度、浸出温度、时间、固液比和乙酸浓度对钢渣中主要元素钙、镁、铁、硅溶出行为的影响。试验结果表明钢渣颗粒粒径的降低、乙酸浓度的提高均能有效促进钙、镁离子的浸出,同时也发现延长浸出时间反而会带来铁、硅离子浸出率的降低。在乙酸浓度为1 mol/L、浸出温度为80 ℃、浸出时间为90 min、固液比为1∶20的条件下,能够实现钢渣中钙、镁离子的选择性高效浸出,其最高浸出率达到了92%和52%,而铁离子、硅离子为29.5%和15.9%。浸出渣的物相分析表明经乙酸浸出后滤渣中主要的物相为RO相与磁铁相,这意味着乙酸酸浸不仅能够高效浸出钙、镁,其浸出液能够作为CO₂间接矿化的原料,而且浸出后得到的滤渣中富含含铁相,可以作为优质的炼铁原料。     

合金元素及凝固模式对含氮不锈钢氮含量的影响

通过冶炼实验研究Mn、Cr和Ni对不锈钢凝固模式及铸锭氮含量的影响,探讨影响氮含量的关键因素,并分析合金元素对钢液与铸锭中氮含量影响的相互作用系数的区别.实验结果表明,影响氮含量的因素主要为钢液中氮的溶解度和不锈钢的凝固模式.增加钢液中氮的溶解度、改变凝固模式由F→FA→AF→A时,不锈钢的溶氮能力提高,氮气的溢出量减少,氮含量增加.随Mn含量增加,铸锭中氮含量线性增加,而随Cr和Ni含量增加,氮含量的变化均存在三个特征阶段.分析认为：Mn含量变化不改变凝固模式（FA）,相互作用系数E_N^Mn为-0.0286,与钢液中相近;而随Cr和Ni含量增加,凝固模式分别依次经历F→FA→AF→A和FA→AF→A模式,相互作用系数E_N^Cr和E_N^Ni非定值,分别为E_N^Cr=-0.046和-0.011,E_N^Ni=-0.011和0.033.     

The effect of alloying elements and microstructure on the strength and fracture resistance of pearlitic steel

The processes of ductile and brittle fracture in fully pearlitic steel and their relation to both the scale of the microstructure and the presence of substitutional alloy elements have been investigated at room temperature using smooth tensile and over a range of temperatures using V-notched Charpy impact specimens. The results show that the early stages of cracking, revealed in both types of specimen, are largely the result of shear cracking of the pearlite lamellae. These cracks grow and can reach a size when they impinge upon the prior austenite boundary; afterward the character of fracture can be either microvoid coalescence or cleavage, depending on test conditions and metallurgical variables. Further, the carbide plates of the pearlite lamellae can act as barriers to the movement of dislocations as is the case normally with grain boundaries. For pearlite an optimum spacing of approximately 0.2 μm resulting from a balance between carbide plate thickness and interlamellar spacing was found to enhance toughness, although such changes are much smaller than corresponding changes due to varying alloy elements. Specific alloy elements used herein strengthened the lamellar ferrite in pearlite, inhibiting the movement of dislocations while also usually decreasing the lamellar cementite plate thickness for the same spacing. This dual behavior results in enhanced resistance to the initiation and propagation of microcracks leading to an improvement in strength, ductility, and toughness. The most effective alloy elements for the composition ranges studied in fully pearlitic steels are Si and Ni for strength improvement, and Ni and Mn for toughness.     

Effect of alloying elements on the distoritions in the matrix of a complex alloyed steel

BERTOLD VINOKUR, formerly Professor of Materials Science and Director of the Laboratory of High-Alloy Steels at the Institute of Materials Science, Academy of Science of Ukrainian Republic, Kiev, Russia, is presently residing in the United States at 13109 Bustleton Avenue, Somerton Court, Apt. B28, Philadelphia, PA 19116.     

顶渣改质工艺对IF钢夹杂物的影响

为研究顶渣改质工艺对无间隙原子钢 (IF钢) 顶渣氧化性与钢中夹杂物的影响, 在不同改质工艺中的多个位置取渣样和钢样进行分析.结果表明:在氩站加入改质剂的改质效果最好.以渣中全铁和氧化锰质量分数w (T.Fe+MnO) 表示炉渣的氧化性, 改质前后炉渣氧化性下降了8.73%.与真空循环脱气 (RH) 脱氧合金化后和RH精炼结束后加入改质剂改质工艺相比, 氩站改质工艺条件下的中包夹杂物数量密度分别下降了38.5%和36.0%.RH精炼结束后, 钢中夹杂物数量较少, 但在炉渣氧化性高时, 炉渣向钢中传氧, 使中包钢中夹杂物上升.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure and properties of a hot-rolled low-carbon low-alloy bainitic steel

A two-level full factorial statistical experiment consisting of eight alloys was conducted to determine the effect of 2 pct cobalt, 1 pct nickel and 1 pct chromium on the hot-rolled microstructure and properties of a bainitic steel containing 0.2 pct C, 2 pct Mn, 1 pct Si, 0.75 pct Mo and 0.003 pct B. The results indicate that chromium induced the formation of the acicular bainitic structure while cobalt favored massive ferrite formation and resulted in islands of martensite and/or austenite. Nickel, when added singly, did not appear to influence the microstructure but in combination with chromium, enhanced the formation of the lower bainitic structure. The mechanical properties were statistically analyzed and statistical equations were obtained to predict optimized compositions. These equations indicate that chromium increased the toughness of these steels more than nickel. However, it was shown that with similar bainitic structures, nickel enhanced the toughness more than chromium. The results illustrate the short-coming of a pure statistical approach to the design of alloys.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure and properties of a hot-rolled low-carbon low-alloy bainitic steel

A two-level full factorial statistical experiment consisting of eight alloys was conducted to determine the effect of 2 pct cobalt, 1 pct nickel and 1 pct chromium on the hot-rolled microstructure and properties of a bainitic steel containing 0.2 pct C, 2 pct Mn, 1 pct Si, 0.75 pct Mo and 0.003 pct B. The results indicate that chromium induced the formation of the acicular bainitic structure while cobalt favored massive ferrite formation and resulted in islands of martensite and/or austenite. Nickel, when added singly, did not appear to influence the microstructure but in combination with chromium, enhanced the formation of the lower bainitic structure. The mechanical properties were statistically analyzed and statistical equations were obtained to predict optimized compositions. These equations indicate that chromium increased the toughness of these steels more than nickel. However, it was shown that with similar bainitic structures, nickel enhanced the toughness more than chromium. The results illustrate the short-coming of a pure statistical approach to the design of alloys.     

新型含铝奥氏体耐热钢中合金元素作用机制研究现状

为了提高火力发电站的发电效率,有效降低环境污染,需要提高发电机组的工作温度和工作压力。这就对结构用钢提出了更高的要求,令其不仅要在含水蒸气的环境下具有良好的抗腐蚀能力,还要满足高温环境对力学性能的要求。新型含铝奥氏体耐热钢(AFA钢)能在高温下形成连续、致密的Al₂O₃层,具有比Cr₂O₃层更好的保护作用;同时,AFA钢基体中会析出MC、Laves和L1₂-Ni₃Al等多种沉淀相,可有效提高抗蠕变性能,因此AFA钢有望用于火力发电站机组。分析了合金元素添加对AFA钢组织演变、析出相的影响规律,阐述了合金元素在抗蠕变和抗氧化方面的作用机制,并对未来AFA钢合金元素的调整方向作出展望。     

合金元素对Q345B热轧板力学性能的影响

通过逐步回归分析法研究合金元素对武钢Q345B热轧钢板产品力学性能的影响,并得到了针对这一钢种的逐步回归方程式;利用BP神经网络分析了波动较大的合金元素Ni、Mo、V对力学性能的影响,并利用分析结果进行了合理的成分优化设计,使各力学性能达到屈服强度438．66MPa、抗拉强度575．19MPa、延伸率28．22％、冲击功238．12J,从而有效地提高了产品的力学性能．     

水洗洁净处理对钢渣SMA性能影响的研究

介绍了路用钢渣集料洁净技术,利用洁净工艺前后的钢渣集料分别配制了钢渣沥青玛碲脂碎石混合料(SMA),得到用水清洗后钢渣最佳配合比为:1号(钢渣10~16mm)∶2号(钢渣5~10mm)∶3号(玄武岩3~5mm)∶4号(玄武岩3mm)∶5号(石灰岩矿粉)=38∶36∶8∶8∶10,最佳油石比为6.4;没有用水清洗钢渣最佳配合比为:1号∶2号∶3号∶4号∶5号=34∶38∶10∶8∶10,最佳油石比为6.4。研究了钢渣洁净技术对钢渣SMA性能影响,发现洁净技术有利于发挥钢渣SMA性能。     

Influence of alloying elements on the thermal contraction of peritectic steels during initial solidification

Abstract

A modified SSCT (submerged split chill tensile) test was used to measure the contraction forces occurring during the solidification of steels with a carbon content of between 0·05 and 0·2 wt-% at constant Mn (1·55%) and Si (0·3%) contents. Further test series were performed with varying Si, V, Cr, Mn, Ni and Nb contents at a constant C content of 0·1%. Any cracks generated were detected, counted and measured. The total crack length allows conclusions to be drawn about the influence of alloying elements on crack susceptibility. The measured results match very well with results calculated from hot tearing criteria. Besides the steel composition, the superheat of the melt proved to be the most important factor in crack formation caused by contraction.     

Influence of alloying elements on the kinetics of massive transformation in gamma titanium aluminides

The effect of alloying elements, Nb and Mn on massive transformation in Ti-45 Al based alloys was studied. The alloy samples were heat treated at 1350 °C for 30 minutes and subsequently cooled to room temperature by furnace cooling, air cooling, and water quenching. The microstructural evolution in various alloys was investigated by a detailed microstructural characterization of the heat-treated samples by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that the volume fraction of the massively transformed gamma in water-quenched samples increased from nil in the Mn-free alloy to ∼70 pct in the alloy containing 2 at. pct Mn. Nb had a minimal effect on the extent of transformation. The effects of Nb and Mn have been rationalized on the basis of the site occupancy of the alloying elements and their possible influence on the phase boundaries and grain size. An attempt has also been made to elucidate the mechanism of massive transformation in these alloys. Based on the results obtained, the influence of Mn and Nb on the kinetics of massive transformation is presented and discussed and, the CCT diagrams for different alloys used in this study are proposed. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Fundamentals of Structural Intermetallics,” presented at the 2002 TMS Annual Meeting, February 21–27, 2002, in Seattle, Washington, under the auspices of the ASM and TMS Joint Committee on Mechanical Behavior of Materials.