Cholesterol Oxides in Foods of Animal Origin

The earliest discovery of an oxidation product of cholesterol from a natural source was reported in 1940. Additional discoveries of cholesterol oxidation products (COPS) in edible food products accelerated in the 1980s as gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography detection methods were improved. COPS have been found in several foods including liquid eggs and dried egg products, milk and milk products, meat and meat products, marine food products, and other processed foods. Compelling evidence demonstrates that several cholesterol oxides are cytotoxic, atherogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Therefore, the presence of COPS in foods raises questions about the safety of consumption of some products.     

动物性食品中持久性有机氯农药的残留分析

目的了解动物性食品中持久性有机氯农药的残留状况,为国家履行斯德哥尔摩公约提供背景资料。方法在全国13个不同地区随机采集市售的肉、蛋、奶、水产等样品,依照国标方法GB/T5009.19—2008的要求,采用丙酮振荡提取,石油醚液液萃取,凝胶渗透色谱法净化,以电子捕获检测器的气相色谱法进行六六六、滴滴涕、艾氏剂、氯丹、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、六氯苯和灭蚁灵共9种持久性有机氯农药20个组分的检测。结果在检测的猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉、鱼肉、鸡蛋、牛奶等食品样品中,9种持久性有机氯农药均为痕量检出,其中仅有β-六六六、pp′-DDE、六氯苯和七氯检测残留量大于3倍检出限,其他组分残留量则为检出限水平。结论随着六六六、滴滴涕等持久性有机氯农药的禁用或严格限用,我国动物性食品中持久性有机氯农药的残留水平明显降低。     

动物源性食品中药物多残留分析的研究进展

近年来食品安全检测领域的多残留分析方法在分析通量、成本和适用性方面显示了突出优势。动物源性样品基质复杂、兽药和迁移的农药残留的浓度很低,以多残留方式分析需要发展高效的样品前处理方法和高选择性的检测技术。由于色谱-质谱联用技术在多残留分析中有超过90%的应用,本文综述了近5 a来色谱-质谱检测的动物源性食品的多残留分析。     

浅谈动物源性产品中氨基脲的来源及控制

近年来不少研究表明呋喃西林的特征性代谢物氨基脲(Semicarbazide,SEM)来源广泛,通过对动物源性产品中SEM来源进行分析,提出针对性的控制措施,为最大限度地消除或降低SEM的残留和污染提供有益的探索。     

动物源性食品中青霉素类药物残留检测

建立动物源食品中同时检测4?种青霉素类药物残留的高效液相色谱法。以水合氨苄青霉素为内标,样品经乙腈-水（10∶1,V/V）提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化。采用C18色谱柱,以0.02?mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱分离目标化合物进行定量分析。青霉素G、苯唑西林、乙氧萘青霉素、双氯青霉素在0.01～2?μg/mL范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限和定量限分别为3?μg/kg和10?μg/kg;回收率在69.9%～100.3%之间,精密度的相对标准偏差在1.58%～9.15%之间。该方法前处理简单、快速、准确、灵敏,可以满足实际检测分析的需要。用于猪、牛、羊、鸡、鱼等不同基质中青霉素类药物残留的检测,取得了满意的结果。     

动物源性食品中65种兽药残留的快速检测方法

建立了动物源性食品中65种兽药残留的快速提取、净化及超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。采用乙腈-甲酸溶液为提取溶剂。通过固相萃取柱(ProElut PLS-A)对提取液进行净化,采用多反应监测模式检测。65种目标化合物呈现良好的线性关系,定量限为0.1～1.6μg/kg,大部分兽药残留的回收率在67. 1%～100. 2%之间,相对标准偏差小于7.8%(n=3)。建立的方法适用于动物源性食品中65种兽药残留快速检测分析。     

动物性食品中莱克多巴胺检测方法研究进展

莱克多巴胺作为激素类添加剂,对动物机体产生副作用,同时影响消费者的健康.近年我国进出境口岸屡次在进口动物性食品中检出莱克多巴胺.本文对近几年来动物性食品中莱克多巴胺的检测方法新进展和新兴技术做了大量调查和整理,旨在为出入境口岸动物性食品中莱克多巴胺的检测提供一定的参考,为进出口动物性食品的安全控制提供理论依据.     

利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测食品中鹌鹑源性成分

为建立基于TaqMan实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术在食品中的鹌鹑源性成分的定量检测方法,根据现行检验检疫标准(SN/T 2727-2010)合成引物及探针。首先对13种不同动物鲜肉组织的DNA进行鹌鹑源性成分特异性检测,然后对鹌鹑源性DNA模板原液进行梯度稀释,检测方法灵敏度,最后在加工制品中检测方法的适用性。研究结果表明:建立的方法特异性强,除鹌鹑肉外,牛、羊、猪、马、驴、狗、兔子、鸡、鸭、鸽子、火鸡、鱼12种动物鲜肉组织均无特异性扩增;方法的灵敏度较高,鹌鹑组分DNA的检出限可达10 fg/mL,灵敏度可达0.001%;方法的适用性较广,可以用于加工制品中鹌鹑源性成分的检测。     

Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Carbohydrates and Organic Acids in Foods of Animal Origin

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous and range from simple monosaccharides to large complex polysaccharides. Organic acids are compounds with acidic properties. Both occur naturally in many foods and in fermented products. Organic acids are usually derived from the hydrolysis of carbohydrates by microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria convert carbohydrates into energy required for growth, since they are not equipped with the enzymes necessary for respiration and are unable to perform oxidative phosphorylation. Determination of carbohydrates and organic acids in foods of animal origin is important, since they contribute to flavor and texture. Their presence and proportions can affect the chemical and sensory characteristics of a food matrix and they can provide information on nutritional properties of food and the means to optimize selected technological processes. Furthermore, the levels of carbohydrate and organic acid are important to monitor bacterial growth and activity. Actually, these compounds can be quantified by several methods including high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). High‐performance liquid chromatography has been widely used to analyze carbohydrates and nonvolatile organic acids, while gas chromatography has been used to determine the volatile organic acids in complex matrices. This contribution provides an overview of chromatographic methods (HPLC and GC) used to analyze carbohydrates and organic acids in foods of animal origin.     

液相-原子荧光法测定动物食品中3种有机砷

建立一种同时测定动物源性食品中阿散酸、洛克沙砷、硝苯砷酸3种有机砷的液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(liquid chromatography hydrodide atomic flurescence spetrometry,LC-AFS)。研究液相色谱和原子荧光光谱条件并对提取剂进行优化。在0～120μg/L范围内阿散酸、洛克沙砷、硝苯砷酸的线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999;阿散酸、洛克沙砷、硝苯砷酸检测低限分别为0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg。6种市售样品中3个添加水平的平均回收率为阿散酸81.0%～102.5%,洛克沙砷80.0%～104.9%,硝苯砷酸81.0%～101.8%;相应的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)分别为1.61%～6.95%、1.32%～7.52%、0.97%～8.12%。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定动植物源性食品中氯苯胺灵残留量

建立气相色谱-串联质谱测定动植物源食品中氯苯胺灵残留量的分析方法.样品采用优化QuEChERS及固相萃取法前处理,HP-5MS气相色谱柱进行分离,采用外标法进行定量.结果显示,本方法测定的香蕉样品在0.01～0.5?μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,测定的动物食品样品在0.03～1?μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R...     

Molecular Detection,Typing, and Quantification of Campylobacter spp. in Foods of Animal Origin

The most frequently reported zoonosis and the main bacterial foodborne disease infection in humans is caused by Campylobacter spp., and C. jejuni and C. coli are the most common types. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of cattle, dogs, cats, sheep, poultry and pigs. The isolation of this microorganism is laborious because it requires specific media and a low oxygen concentration for growth. Additionally, differentiation between species through conventional bacteriology is difficult, as there are few different biochemical characteristics among the various species. Molecular microbiological techniques have become more important and are now broadly applied to help overcome difficulties in the identification, differentiation, and quantification of this pathogen. To date, there have been advances in the development and use of molecular techniques for the identification of microorganisms in foodstuffs. Tools such as pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing are the most commonly used for typing. For the identification and confirmation of species, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is crucial. Quantification by real‐time PCR has wide applicability. To identify strains and antimicrobial resistance genes, sequencing technologies have been applied. This review builds on the discussion about the main and most widely used molecular methods for Campylobacter, as well as methods showing better potential for the classification, identification, and quantification of this important pathogen.     

Meta‐Analysis for Correlating Structure of Bioactive Peptides in Foods of Animal Origin with Regard to Effect and Stability

Amino acid (AA) sequences of 807 bioactive peptides from foods of animal origin were examined in order to correlate peptide structure with activity (antihypertensive, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, and opioid) and stability in vivo. Food sources, such as milk, meat, eggs, and marine products, show different frequencies of bioactive peptides exhibiting specific effects. There is a correlation of peptide structure and effect, depending on type and position of AA. Opioid peptides contain a high percentage of aromatic AA residues, while antimicrobial peptides show an excess of positively charged AAs. AA residue position is significant, with those in the first and penultimate positions having the biggest effects on peptide activity. Peptides that have activity in vivo contain a high percentage (67%) of proline residues, but the positions of proline in the sequence depend on the length of the peptide. We also discuss the influence of processing on activity of these peptides, as well as methods for predicting release from the source protein and activity of peptides.     

Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040) Implementation in Foods of Animal and Plant Origin: Review

The importance of environmental protection has been recently upgraded due to the continuously increasing environmental pollution load. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), wellknown as ISO 14040, has been repeatedly shown to be a useful and powerful tool for assessing the environmental performance of industrial processes, both in the European and American continents as well as in many Asian countries (such as Japan and China). To the best of our knowledge, almost no information is provided in relation to LCA implementation in Africa apart from an article related to Egypt. Although food industries are not considered to be among the most heavily polluting ones, for some like olive oil, wine, dairy, and meat processing, their impact on the environment is a heavy burden. The introduction of LCA aimed at identifying both inputs and outputs to find out which are the most detrimental to the environment in terms of water/energy consumption and solid/liquid and gas releases. In this review, a thorough coverage of literature was made in an attempt to compare the implementation of LCA to a variety of products of both plant and animal origin. It was concluded that there is a high number of subsystems suggested for the same product, thereby, occasionally leading to confusion. An idea toward solving the problem is to proceed to some sort of standardization by means of several generic case studies of LCA implementation, similarly to what had happened in the case of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) implementation in the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and other countries.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测动物源性食品中9种抗病毒药物残留

本研究建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定肉、蛋、奶等动物源性食品中奈韦拉平、泛昔洛韦、阿比多、阿昔洛韦、咪喹莫德、美金刚、金刚烷胺、奥司他韦和吗啉胍9种抗病毒药物残留的方法。样品前处理采用1%乙酸-乙腈提取,经PRiME HLB小柱净化后检测。采用乙腈?10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.1%甲酸）流动相体系,在梯度洗脱的模式下,经Sielc Obelisc R柱分离,电喷雾离子源模式电离、多反应监测（MRM）模式进行检测,可以实现9种目标物的分离。结果表明9种抗病毒药物组分在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,决定系数R2为0.9991～0.9998,检出限范围为0.1~0.5 μg/kg,定量限范围为0.3~1.5 μg/kg,加标回收率达到82.3%～95.7%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~5.9%（n=5）。利用本方法对10份样品进行检测,并与标准方法进行对比。本方法准确度和灵敏度均较高,可以满足动物源性食品中9种抗病毒药物残留的检测需求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中甲基睾丸酮残留量

基于降低样品的基质效应、提高回收率和方法效率,建立采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)法测定动物源性食品中甲基睾丸酮残留量的方法。分别对样品的提取溶剂和净化方法进行优化,然后用UPLC-MS/MS仪进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明:采用乙腈作为提取溶剂、C_(18)固相萃取柱经甲醇活化后直接上样,且上样量为5 mL时的净化效果最佳。在此条件下,甲基睾丸酮在1~50 ng/mL范围内的线性关系良好,R~2≥0.998,方法检出限为0.3μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg;以甲基睾丸酮的添加量分别为1.0、2.0、10.0、40.0μg/kg的水平进行方法学验证,回收率在70.60%~112.41%之间,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations,RSD)为4.33%~9.26%。本方法操作简便、成本低、灵敏度高,适用于批量动物源性食品中甲基睾丸酮的残留量检测。     

HACCP体系中应用噬菌体控制动物性食品中的食源性致病菌

食源性细菌疾病是当今世界上最广泛的公共卫生问题之一.在动物性食品生产过程中,屠宰前、后许多加工环节,动物性食品都可能被致病菌污染,这些环节成为HACCP体系中的关键控制点.近年来,有关噬菌体作为生物抗菌制剂的研究受到普遍关注.本文针对动物性食品生产过程中,应用噬菌体控制HACCP体系关键控制点中食源性致病微生物的研究进展进行综述,以期为噬菌体制剂在保障动物性食品安全领域中的深入研究提供参考.     

食品黑色素毛细管电泳分析新方法的建立

本实验利用毛细管电泳(CE)化学衍生荧光检测技术建立了食品黑色素的分析新方法.分别研究了诸项因素对化学衍生效率及色谱分离效果的影响.结果表明,在优化条件下,样品分析总时间小于15min,保留时间和峰面积的日间、日内精密度和准确度的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4.7%.说明所建立的方法稳定、可靠.与传统的HPLC电化学检测方法相比,本方法的检测灵敏度至少提高了100倍.利用该方法定量分析了四种食品黑色素的含量,样品回收率为92%～97%,结果令人满意.     

基于中波近红外光谱定量分析生鲜牛肉胆固醇

胆固醇是人体必需的一种具有重要生理功能的动物源性甾醇类物质,摄入不均衡会引发严重的心脑血管疾病。利用近红外光谱技术,在中波波段建立一种对动物源性胆固醇含量进行快速无损定量分析的新方法并验证其可行性。采集市售生鲜牛肉原始光谱,结合马氏距离、学生残差及二审剔除判别法甄别并剔除疑似异常样本,经光谱预处理和模型优化后,建立最佳牛肉胆固醇偏最小二乘法定量分析模型。结果表明,基于近红外光谱中波波段所构建的胆固醇定量分析模型对独立检验集的预测效果较好（P＞0.05）,整体预测准确率满足国标要求（精密度≤10%）。