The Story of An Intersection,or How Early Chicago Became an Urban Laboratory

This essay unravels the history of Chicago as an urban laboratory and the way crisis was utilised and even staged in order to project alternative scenarios. It centres on a single photograph of an intersection from 1909, which shows the location saturated with a shocking amount of traffic brought to a standstill. To make visible what commonly remained hidden (the flows and intensities of urban movement), city officials had administered an urban experiment that suspended police presence and regulation in an effort to test if the metropolis could still self-regulate. Using the city as a stage for experimentation that at times pushed it to the brink of collapse, Chicago’s officials perceived their town as an urban test-bed. Injecting this reading into our established historiography reconfigures some of its most prominent narratives: from Sullivan’s Kindergarten Chats, and Burnham and Bennett’s Plan for the city, to the Chicago school of sociology.     

后工业时代的芝加哥“南工厂”

在过去的十年间,芝加哥市已成为环境可持续发展性开发的领袖城市。特别是“南工厂”,更是处在绿色运动的最前沿。占地500英亩（约台202.5万平方米）的“南工厂”是密执安湖沿岸的一个混台开发项目。作为美国钢铁公司的大型炼钢厂所在地逾百年,“南工厂”真实地见证了芝加哥历史的沧桑变迁。如今,这片被闲置遗弃的棕地正迅速成为芝加哥未来发展的典范。美国Sasaki设计事务所联合SOM设计事务所芝加哥分公司对“南工厂”进行总体规划,将众多公园,公共空间,公共交通,步行街和诸多可持续发展性策略融人城市网络,使之完全转型为一座紧凑简洁,以行人为本的21世纪新型社区。芝加哥的环境部门已要求Sasaki/SOM顾问团队将相关的创新绿色策略在街区尺度上融八项目。因此,项目开发商和芝加哥市政府达成共识,打算将南工厂项目提交美国绿色建筑协会,作为LEEDND可持续发展社区开发认证的试验项目之一,他们要求项目至少要达到银级认证标准。     

The evolution process of Chicago’s industrial land-use policy

Despite the industrial restructuring process that occurred between 1970s and 1980s in the Western World, the city of Chicago adopted an innovative land-use industrial policy for curbing the structural decline of manufacturing. The main aim was to preserve living wages manufacturing jobs for the Chicago residents that could not access the service sectors. Chicago’s industrial land-use policy experience, both in its historical and future perspectives, is an interesting top-down municipal policy that shows how the relationship between land-use planning and manufacturing shapes the city not only in spatial terms but also in social and economical terms.     

What makes a great city great? An American perspective

This article takes up the question of what makes a great city great? It begins by using historical examples to extrapolate and define city greatness. The concept is synthesized in a simple formulation of the “4Cs”; with each “C” respectively standing for currency, cosmopolitanism, concentration and charisma. Currency conveys the unique attributes of a city’s fundamental values and its ability to form, lead or dictate the temper of the times. Cosmopolitanism entails an ability to embrace international, multicultural or polyethnic features. Concentration is defined by demographic density and productive mass. Charisma is based on a magical appeal that generates mass enthusiasm, admiration or reverence. Four American cities (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco) are examined through a sequence of thumbnail sketches. These sketches are complemented by data that measure the standing of each city relative to each of the 4Cs The article concludes with a discussion of how a city (Chicago) can find a niche for asserting greatness, whether a “post modern city” (Los Angeles) can be a model for future greatness and the limitations of reaching for greatness.     

芝加哥的滨水区建设

根据作者对芝加哥湖滨地区和沿芝加哥河两岸的调查,指出有预见性的城市规划在城市发展和建设中的巨大意义,像1909年的芝加哥规划,1972年的湖滨区规划和1974年的滨河区规划等,在评价城市美化运动的同时,揭示了将湖滨地区保留为面向公众的,城市开敞空间的意义。     

货运导向发展中规划程序模型的发展与测试

为了应对国际集装箱运输不断增长的需要,芝加哥地区作为美国最重要的货物运输枢纽,急需增加联合运输终端容量。本文介绍了“货运导向发展”（FOD）中评估、对比和鉴定潜在场地的三个步骤。FOD的发展方法是将生产和配发业务集中于具备便捷的货运条件、补充性商务和工业生产力的地点。该程序的应用结果是以货物运输设施为载体的经济发展项目落户到两个较老的社区。     

Do high technology agglomerations encourage urban sprawl?

This paper looks at the impact of high technology employment concentrations on urban sprawl. A methodology for translating spatial employment patterns, into place of residence patterns, is presented. On this basis, the consumption of land at the urban fringe due to both residential and non-residential uses, is estimated. The method is tested empirically using data relating to the two main outer suburban agglomerations of high technology activity in the Chicago metropolitan area. Two counter-factual situations are simulated. The first relates to a spatial counter-factual whereby the high tech concentrations develop in the city of Chicago or within the inner suburbs. The second presents an industry counter-factual that estimates the land consumption impacts arising from the development of an alternative industrial concentration in the same location. The results of the actual and hypothetical cases are compared. They point to a considerable saving in acreage in all alternative scenarios. Some policy implications are highlighted. Received: March 2001/Accepted: April 2002 Thanks to three anonymous referees for constructive criticism on an earlier draft, to Joe Persky for advice and to Tim Angell Lake County Department of Planning and Development and Bill Syverson, County Community Development, DuPage County who provided access to firm-level employment data. The work was undertaken when the author was Senior Research Fellow at the Great Cities Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago.     

基于多代理人模拟的上海市域零售业中心体系研究

在上海市域人口向郊区疏解的背景下,零售业空间随之重构。应用基于多代理人模拟技术的零售业空间结构模拟系统,模拟消费者与商业中心之间的互动,并呈现商业中心体系的空间布局,为市域商业体系规划提供新的方法和思路。对2000年上海市域零售业中心体系进行实证,检验了模拟系统对实际、大规模零售业中心体系的解释和再现能力,获得关键模型参数。在此基础上,推演上海未来可能情景下的零售业中心体系。发现市级中心以及地区级中心发展的重点分别位于中心城区和郊区,北外滩、世纪大道具有成为顶级市级中心的潜力,有考虑网购影响的必要性。     

城市扩张情景模拟下绿地生态网络 构建与优化研究——以南京市部分区域 为例

绿地生态网络对维护城市生态结构稳定有极其重要的作用,其网络结构与城市发展、扩张及结构演化在时空层面有动态的耦合关系。现阶段绿地生态网络构建多处于一种静态的构建与优化思路中,忽视了城市化过程中自然与城市间的动态变化。从风景园林学视角出发,以南京市部分区域为例,通过多期遥感数据,基于CA-Markov模型模拟城市未来发展情景,并在过去、现在和未来各时期用地分类基础上,对城市动态扩张演变下的绿地空间与其所形成的生态网络进行研究,以期构建适用现在、面向未来的绿地生态网络,将丰富城市绿地生态网络研究新思路,并为中国风景园林建设和绿地系统规划提供技术支撑。     

Simulating the impacts of future land use and climate changes on surface water quality in the Des Plaines River watershed, Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area, Illinois

Modeling the effects of past and current land use composition and climatic patterns on surface water quality provides valuable information for environmental and land planning. This study predicts the future impacts of urban land use and climate changes on surface water quality within Des Plaines River watershed, Illinois, between 2010 and 2030. Land Change Modeler (LCM) was used to characterize three future land use/planning scenarios. Each scenario encourages low density residential growth, normal urban growth, and commercial growth, respectively. Future climate patterns examined include the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) B1 and A1B groups. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was employed to estimate total suspended solids and phosphorus concentration generated at a 10 year interval. The predicted results indicate that for a large portion of the watershed, the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) would be higher under B1 and A1B climate scenarios during late winter and early spring compared to the same period in 2010; while the summer period largely demonstrates a reverse trend. Model results further suggest that by 2020, phosphorus concentration would be higher during the summer under B1 climate scenario compared to 2010, and is expected to wane by 2030. The projected phosphorus concentrations during the late winter and early spring periods vary across climate and land use scenarios. The analysis also denotes that middle and high density residential development can reduce excess TSS concentration, while the establishment of dense commercial and industrial development might help ameliorate high phosphorus levels. The combined land use and climate change analysis revealed land use development schemes that can be adopted to mitigate potential future water quality impairment. This research provides important insights into possible adverse consequences on surface water quality and resources under certain climate change and land use scenarios.     

THE L.A. SCHOOL AND POLITICS NOIR: BRINGING THE LOCAL STATE BACK IN

ABSTRACT: This essay critically reevaluates two key components of the L.A. School of Urbanism research program. First, we reconsider the L.A. School's alternative to the concentric circles model of urban growth developed by the Chicago School. Second, we reexamine its account of Los Angeles's modern development and transformation into a global city. We conclude that the L.A. School, much like the Chicago School it critiques, pays insufficient attention to politics and political institutions. Understanding how Los Angeles improbably grew from a frontier town to regional imperium and global city requires urban scholars to bring the local state back in. Based on recent scholarship, we argue that the local state played a critical and, frequently, autonomous role in key policy areas, such as city planning and water provision. By bringing the local state back into the L.A. growth story, L.A. scholars can offer a more robust theory of urban growth.     

Cities literary factory: The mobilization of literature in urban planning in Europe

Over the past twenty years or so, cities have been including literature and writers on architectural and urban projects, by more readily asking them to participate in the urban policy creation process. In response to requests, writers have collaborated with architects on planning projects involving tangible depictions of literature in the city. The present article proposes an analysis of this increasing literary presence within urban planning and landscapes: How is literature physically incorporated into the layout and management of today's cities? Results from qualitative surveys conducted across various French and European cities over the past several years help frame this investigation. A number of “literary” urban planning projects built in French cities during the mid-1990′s will serve as a focal point for this endeavor. The projects analyzed herein were executed by members of the OuLiPo movement (a literary group dedicated to enhancing the potential of literature). Intended for both scholars and practitioners alike, this study explores how such new literary practices interact with the modern city, in revealing the professional realignments and changes in operating patterns occurring in both urban planning and urban design. It also critically assesses the models, values and paradoxes underlying today's cityscapes. The integration of literature into urban projects influences modern spaces in a way that contrasts: between striving towards democratization and social inclusion, between an initially subversive project and a shift favoring the mainstream, between a collaborative contextual approach and the dual effects of exclusion and relegation, all of which stem from stamping a “high-minded culture” on the city.     

格罗宁根城市露台

业主:Groningen市议会,NS Vastgoed,KPN地点:荷兰格罗宁根时间:2000年至今Client: Groningen City Council, NS Vastgoed and KPN Location: Groningen, the Netherlands Timescale: 2000 - Present整个车站地段将被开发成为高品质的城市区域,有着极其丰富的功能并作为城市核心     

Shifting the spotlight: suggesting a pragmatic approach to studying the Polish LGBT community

This research, based on a pilot survey distributed among representatives of the LGBT community in Poland, is aimed at initiating an academic debate on the future of the Polish LGBT population in the urban setting; gaining insight into perceptions of LGBT survey respondents about potential clustering preferences of the Polish LGBT population; and thus suggesting a framework for LGBT inclusion in the Polish urban economic and developmental plans, using Poznan, Poland, as an example. The pilot survey, distributed among a small sample group of LGBT individuals mostly from the city of Poznan, provides insight into attitudes that Polish LGBT individuals may have towards forming a dedicated LGBT district in a major city in Poland, and potential consumer preferences in housing arrangements and services that such a district should provide. More importantly, this research aims to spark further research into the relationship between urban environments and the LGBT community in Poland.     

AIP Journal Illustration Policy

The publication of visual material in the AIP Journal has been somewhat erratic in the past, but we hope to make more regular use of illustrations in the future and to publish a greater variety of photographs and drawings. Some policy guidelines may be helpful for potential contributors as well as for our readers.     

城市水岸空间新诠——以宿迁市民便河滨水绿带景观设计项目为例

城市滨水景观建设是近年来越来越受到人们广泛重视的城市建设内容,民便河作为连接宿迁市经济开发区与老城区重要的开敞空间,在景观设计中紧紧围绕创造可亲近的绿化水岸空间建立人与自然的联结的建设目标,通过加强水岸与临近用地的联结,并针对不同使用有不同的联结手法,以建立城市与水岸的联系,重新诠释基地周遭的工业记忆,结合商业、居住用地带来的现代的市民活动,以景观设计叙事的手法建立过去、现在与未来的联结,借由水岸空间的创造重新建立不同文化间的联结,提供宿迁一个兼具工作、生活、娱乐功能的场所典范。     

未来城市及其规划探索的“杭州样本”

城市发展史就是人类对未来城市持续追求的历史,尤其是百年前,为应对快速工业化、城镇化的问题而开始探索"未来城市",随后长期延续着高技术指向性的发展特征。如今面对迅猛的技术进步,技术导向的"未来城市"陷入了误区,我们当重新回归"以人为本"的价值理念,建构人、自然、科技协同的新型未来城市。进入新时代,面向生态文明建设的要求,面对世界城市发展的新趋势,中国亟需改变传统城市的发展模式,有责任、有义务向世界贡献未来城市的"中国方案"。本文以杭州"未来城市实践区"为案例,从发展路径、生活方式、空间营建、技术支撑、文化精神与善治等方面,阐述了对未来城市的理解和规划实践探索,以期对我国城市发展思路、模式、路径的转型提供启示。     

Past and future trends in nutrients export by rivers to the coastal waters of China

We analyzed the past and future trends in river export of dissolved and particulate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) to the coastal waters of China, for sixteen rivers, as calculated by the Global NEWS models (Nutrient Export from WaterSheds). Between 1970 and 2000, the dissolved N and P export increased significantly, while export of other nutrients changed less. We analyzed the future trends (2000-2050) for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) scenarios. In general, the largest increases of dissolved nutrients export are projected for the Global Orchestration scenario, assuming a globalized world and a reactive approach toward environmental management. Future trends in river export of nutrients vary largely among basins, nutrient forms and scenarios. We calculate both increasing and decreasing trends between 2000 and 2050. We also identify the sources contributing to the nutrient export. For selected river basins we present results for alternative scenarios, which are based on the Global Orchestration scenario, but assume more environmental management. This illustrates how the NEWS models can be useful in regional analyses for decision making.     

芝加哥的标志物

全文以芝加哥的地景地图为线索,概述了芝加哥学派、高层建筑的发展和现代建筑史与这座城市的关系,重点介绍了受到保护的城市标志物(包括建筑、遗址、构筑物和有特色的区域),和这些标志物在城市发展中的作用和价值。     

场所和记忆--西班牙麦地那扎哈拉博物馆

文章介绍了涅托与索贝亚诺事务所在西班牙南部麦地那扎哈拉宫殿遗址旁边建造的博物馆，指出建筑师通过对场所内涵的分析与联想，运用几何元素与逻辑将光、空间、材料变成联系历史与现在的元素，让建筑成为记忆的载体。