Gold Nanozymes:From Concept to Biomedical Applications

In recent years,gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase,oxidase,catalase,superoxide dismutase or reductase.This,merged with their ease of synthesis,tunability,biocompatibility and low cost,makes them excellent candidates when compared with biological enzymes for applications in biomedicine or biochemical analyses.Herein,over 200 research papers have been systematically reviewed to present the recent progress on the fundamentals of gold nanozymes and their potential applications.The review reveals that the morphology and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles play an important role in their catalytic properties,as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature.Yet,real applications often require specific biorecognition elements to be immobilized onto the nanozymes,leading to unexpected positive or negative effects on their activity.Thus,rational design of efficient nanozymes remains a challenge of paramount importance.Different implementation paths have already been explored,including the application of peroxidase-like nanozymes for the development of clinical diagnostics or the regulation of oxidative stress within cells via their catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.The review also indicates that it is essential to understand how external parameters may boost or inhibit each of these activities,as more than one of them could coexist.Likewise,further toxicity studies are required to ensure the applicability of gold nanozymes in vivo.Current challenges and future prospects of gold nanozymes are discussed in this review,whose significance can be anticipated in a diverse range of fields beyond biomedicine,such as food safety,environmental analyses or the chemical industry.     

生物医用钙磷酸盐微晶玻璃

钙磷酸盐微晶玻璃因其具有生物活性、生物相容性 ,而广泛应用于牙科、骨科的替代及骨组织工程等领域。本文就钙磷酸盐微晶玻璃材料的制备工艺、组成性能、invitro vivo实验及医学应用作了较详细的评述。     

Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Biomedical Applications

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a novel coating technique for the deposition of hydroxylapatite coatings on ceramic substrates. Through the use of sol-gel methods crystalline coatings of hydroxylapatite on substrates of vycor glass, polycrystal line alumina and single crystal magnesia have been successfully produced. The production of sol-gel solutions, coatings and their analysis was examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Results thus far indicate that high quality hydroxylapatite coatings can be produced on ceramic substrates, with coatings deposited in this manner offering a number of benefits over other coating methods.     

A Novel Needle-Type SV-GMR Sensor for Biomedical Applications

Cancer is the most deadly disease in the world today. There is a variety of different treatment methods for cancer, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy with anticancer drugs that have been in use over a long period of time. Hyperthermia is one of the cancer treatment methods that utilizes the property that cancer cells are more sensitive to temperature than normal cells. The control of temperature is an important task in achieving success using this treatment method. This paper reports the development of a novel needle-type nanosensor based on the spin-valve giant magnetoresistive (SV-GMR) technique to measure the magnetic flux density inside the body via pricking the needle. The sensor has been fabricated. The modeling and experimental results of flux density measurement have been reported. From the information of flux density, the temperature rise can be estimated to permit the delivery of controlled heating to precisely defined locations in controlled hyperthermia cancer treatment. The actual experiment with human is under investigation     

有机室温磷光材料在生物医学中的应用

近年来,纯有机室温磷光(RTP)材料由于具有长的激发态寿命、大的Stokes位移、丰富的激发态性质等特点而备受研究者的广泛关注.相较于重金属配合物或无机磷光材料,有机磷光材料的原料来源广、成本低、合成条件温和,兼具质轻、柔性、可大面积制备等诸多优势,室温磷光材料在数据加密、传感、有机电致发光、生物成像等领域展现出良好的应用前景.有机磷光材料具有长寿命发光和三线态发射的特征,利用时间分辨技术能有效扣除生物组织自身的背景荧光干扰,极大地提高生物传感和成像的灵敏度与信噪比,并通过与三线态氧气的TTA过程,有望实现这类材料在光动力抗癌与抗菌等生物领域的应用.而且纯有机磷光材料不存在重金属元素的毒性问题.因此,纯有机磷光材料在生物成像、癌症治疗等生物领域实现很好的应用.本文总结了近年来有机室温磷光在生物应用中的研究进展,包括生物成像、生物传感、光动力抗癌、抗菌等.最后,提出该领域尚待解决的问题并展望未来前景.     

A Compact Source of Flash-Corona Discharge for Biomedical Applications

Technical Physics Letters - A compact source of low-temperature plasma for biological and medical applications is proposed, which operates at kilohertz frequencies in the regime of flash-corona...     

A Tactile Sensor for Biomedical Applications Based on IPMCs

In this paper, a first prototype of a multifunctional tactile sensor using ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) is proposed, designed, and tested. Two IPMC strips are used, one as an actuator and one as a sensor, both positioned in a cantilever configuration; working together they enable the system to detect the presence of a material in contact with it and to measure its stiffness. These sensing capabilities can be exploited in various biomedical applications, such as catheterism, laparoscopy and the surgical resection of tumors. Moreover, the simple structure of the proposed tactile sensor can easily be extended to devices in which a sensing tip for exploration of the surrounding environment is required. Compared with other similar tools, the one proposed works with a very low-power supply (the order of magnitude being a few volts), it needs very simple electronics, it is very lightweight and has a low cost.     

Direct Writing of Polycaprolactone Polymer for Potential Biomedical Engineering Applications

Topography, which in this paper includes the surface features and the features themselves, is a crucial physical cue for cells, influencing cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation and should be considered when designing biomedical architectures. A new technique using electrohydrodynamic (EH) print‐patterning is described that generates ordered topographies using proven biomaterials and composites. Coupling this method with solvent evaporation techniques, desirable scaffold properties can be achieved. To demonstrate this, various solutions of polycaprolactone (PCL) and its composites (using nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHA)) have been selected to generate topographic and 3D structures. Electrically driven patterning of the polymer is achievable and can be used to deposit fine (<5 µm) ordered structures, according to a predetermined architecture via a computer with control on porosity and bioactivity. The results from this study indicate that this method to deposit bioactive structures with morphology control will offer great potential in biomedical engineering.     

医用钛合金表面改性的研究进展

从金属植入体与生物环境的界面反应,以及钛植入体表面现阶段存在的主要问题出发,叙述了近年来钛表面生物活性、生物相容性、血液相容性、抗菌性涂层的制备、结构及性能,重点总结了应用等离子体喷涂技术制备羟基磷灰石涂层、硅酸盐陶瓷涂层、纳米ZrO2涂层、纳米TiO2涂层,以及采用等离子体浸没离子注入/沉积技术对钛合金表面进行离子注入和薄膜沉积的研究结果.最后,基于钛硬组织植入体表面需求,指出钛硬组织植入体表面改性设计与制备应注重改性层的综合生物学性能及力学安全性.     

Acoustical and Poromechanical Characterisation of Titanium Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Abstract:  Biocompatible materials are designed so as to mimic biological materials such as bone as closely as possible. As regards the mechanical aspect of bone replacement materials, a certain stiffness and strength are mandatory to effectively carry the loads imposed on the skeleton. In this paper, porous titanium with different porosities, produced on the basis of metal powder and space holder components, is investigated as bone replacement material. For the determination of mechanical properties, i.e. strength of dense and porous titanium samples, two kinds of experiments were performed – uniaxial and triaxial tests. The triaxial tests were of poromechanical nature, i.e. oil was employed to induce the same pressure both at the lateral surfaces of the cylindrical samples and inside the pores. The stiffness properties were revealed by acoustic (ultrasonic) tests. Different frequencies give access to different stiffness components (stiffness tensor components related to high-frequency-induced bulk waves versus Young's moduli related to low-frequency-induced bar waves), at different observation scales; namely, the observation scale the dense titanium with around 100  μ m characteristic length (characterised through the high frequencies) versus that of the porous material with a few millimetres of characteristic length (characterised through the low frequencies). Finally, the experimental results were used to develop and validate a poro-micromechanical model for porous titanium, which quantifies material stiffness and strength from its porosity and (in the case of the aforementioned triaxial tests) its pore pressurisation state.     

磁性纳米粒子的表面改性及其在生物医学领域的应用

磁性纳米粒子因其独特的超顺磁性质和纳米特性,在生物医学领域得到了日益广泛的应用.系统评述了磁性纳米粒子的制备方法、表面改性及其在生物标记与分离、核磁共振成影、药物载体以及疾病诊断与治疗等生物医学领域中的应用.     

Introduction to the Special Section on Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications

The overview paper in this special issue deals with the unique optical properties and biofunctionalization of quantum dots (QDs), and their use in biosensing and in vivo imaging. The remaining eight papers cover the synthesis and applications of QDs and, in four cases, QD-derived or non-QD nanostructures.     

Magnetic Helical Micro-and Nanorobots:Toward Their Biomedical Applications

Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perfo rm 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub-micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields( 10 m T). Since magnetic fields with low strengths are harmless to cells and tissues, magnetic helical micro/nanorobots are promising tools for biomedical applications, such as minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation and analysis, and targeted therapy. This review provides general information on magnetic helical micro/nanorobots, including their fabrication, motion control, and further functionalization for biomedical applications.     

A Review on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications

The iron oxide nanoparticles have a great attraction in biomedical applications due to their non-toxic role in the biological systems. The iron oxide nanoparticles have both magnetic behaviour and semiconductor property which lead to multifunctional biomedical applications. The iron oxide nanoparticles used in biomedical fields such as antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer were reviewed. The uses of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles, for an inhibition time in biological activities, are listed in this work. Also, this review explains the use of iron oxide nanoparticles in the biomedical fields with particular attention to the application of hematite and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In this review, analysis reveals that the role of iron oxide in biological activity is good due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of synthesis and different magnetic behaviours. The change of properties of iron oxide nanoparticles such as particle size, morphology, surface, agglomeration and electronic properties has specific impact in biomedical application. The review mainly focused in and discussed about antibacterial, anticancer, bone marrow and cell labelling activities. From this review work, the iron oxide nanoparticle may be specialised in particular bacterial and cancer treatments. Also discussed are the iron oxide nanoparticle-specific biomedical applications like human placenta, insulin and retinal locus treatments.     

应用于医学的ECAP处理Ti及Ti合金的研究现状

综述了目前国际上应用于医用生物材料的等通道挤压(Equal-channel angular pressure,ECAP)处理工业纯钛和钛合金的研究进展,介绍了等通道挤压技术的最新进展,ECAP处理工业纯钛的微观组织演变,ECAP处理后Ti的强度、抗疲劳性、耐腐蚀性和生物活性的改善以及ECAP处理Ti-6Al-4V的超塑性和超塑变形后的微观组织,最后展望了未来的研究方向。