考虑形位公差的装配公差分析

目前关于装配公差分析的研究主要集中于尺寸公差分析,很少考虑到形位公差.鉴于形位公差对装配精度有影响,研究了考虑形位公差的装配公差分析.应用公差原则来处理形位公差与尺寸公差的关系,并采用蒙特卡罗法进行了计算机模拟.     

计算机辅助公差设计中方形轴孔的公差协调性分析

尺寸公差与形位公差的一致性验证是计算机辅助公差设计中不可缺少的重要环节。依据公差国家标准中的包容要求、最大实体要求、最小实体要求分别确定了槽、方孔及棱柱的尺寸公差与形位公差一致性的评判原则，给出了判定一致性的等效不等式，并举例说明了该一致性验证方法的实用性，为计算机辅助公差设计的一致性评价提供了可行的方法。     

考虑形位公差的二维装配公差分析

形位公差是零件形状、位置特征变动的结果.虽然形位特征变动也可对装配的性能产生很大的影响,但是目前装配公差分析的研究主要集中于尺寸公差而很少考虑形位特征变动,迄今为止尚无一种较完善的包括尺寸公差和形位公差的分析方法.本文提出了一种新的基于矢量环装配模型的包括几乎所有形位特征变动的二雏装配公差分析的方法.研究的重点是如何在矢量环装配公差分析模型中实现形位特征变动的描述,这种描述有助于考虑所有变动对于装配的影响从而实现包含形位公差在内的二维装配公差分析.最后给出一个工程应用实例,说明所提出的方法的有效性.     

公差原则的分析和形位公差的计算

介绍了公差原则的定义、特征及其应用实例.基本尺寸相同的轴,按不同的公差原则标注形位公差时,其轴线允许的直线度误差各不相同.为产品设计时确定尺寸公差和形位公差作技术准备,为产品的加工和检验提供理论依据.     

方孔公差一致性验证技术的研究

尺寸公差与形位公差的一致性验证是计算机辅助公差设计中不可缺少的重要环节。在包容要求、最大实体要求及最小实体要求条件下，分析了方形零件尺寸公差和形位公差一致性准则，给出了相应的数学等效式，举例说明了该一致性验证准则的使用方法，为方形零件计算机辅助公差设计一致性验证提供了理论支持。     

浅议形位公差的公差带概念

1　形位公差带概念的形成公差带是公差类标准中常用的概念之一 ,在形位公差标准产生以前 ,公差带还仅用于尺寸公差方面。由于尺寸公差或偏差的数值大小与基本尺寸的数值大小相比 ,相差太大 ,不便用同一个比例画出来表示。但为了清楚说明孔和轴的配合关系 ,就采用一种抽象化的图解方法 ,以便表达尺寸公差、偏差及配合之间的关系 ,图中的上下两条直线之间的区域便是尺寸公差带。因此 ,尺寸公差带实际上是一种用来分析零件制造过程中误差变动情况的图形 ,用它来表明零件极限尺寸的变动范围和孔轴之间的配合关系 ,非常形象直观。形位公差标准把…     

基于实际工况的装配体公差优化分配

合理的分配装配体中各零件的公差是保证产品性能和降低企业开销的基本方法之一。目前的公差优化分配以尺寸公差为主,较少涉及形位公差,且假设零件为刚体,忽略了实际工况对装配性能的影响。为解决上述问题,以修正的雅可比旋量模型为基础,同时考虑旋量参数之间的约束关系,并结合公差成本函数,建立了实际工况下装配公差优化分配模型。最后,利用遗传算法(GA)对机床尾座进行公差优化分配,对理想情况和实际工况下的分配结果比较分析,结果表明所提方法适用范围广更符合工程实际。     

形位公差和尺寸公差互换补偿的合理应用

形位公差和尺寸公差有时相互关联,在一定条件下,形位公差和尺寸公差可以互相影响、互换补偿。因此,根据形位公差是否可以从尺寸公差中得到补偿,在形位公差国家标准中规定了两大类公差原则:独立原则和相关要求。图1是按照独立原则给出的公差标注形式,其零件的轴线直线度公差与尺     

最大实体原则的扩大应用——尺寸公差与形位公差的相互补偿

遵守最大实体原则的被测要素的形位公差和该部位的尺寸公差,其中任何一项公差在未占去全部给定公差值时,其剩余部分允许补偿给另一公差,即允许尺寸公差与彤位公差相互补偿.     

基于变动几何约束网络的公差设计研究

在阐述和完善变动几何约束的定义和分类,变动几何约束网络的生成及其运动学模型的基础上,研究了计算机辅助公差类型的生成规则、方法,公差网络的表示方法,以及公差大小的最优分配方法。给出了基于三维CAD系统的计算机辅助尺寸公差和形位公差综合设计的总体框架和原型系统。实例分析验证了此系统的有效性。     

Composite Planar Tolerance Allocation with Dimensional and Geometric Specifications

A new optimal approach for planar tolerance allocation is proposed in which dimensional and orientation geometric specifications are included. To deal with the increased complexity of planar tolerance analysis, a special relevance graph (SRG) is used to represent the relationships between manufactured elements and their size and tolerance information. In addition, the SRG is also applied for the geometric dimensions and tolerances. Using a suitable algorithm, planar tolerance chains that include geometric specifications can be generated automatically during process planning. Through a graph based analysis, stacks of tolerance zones are obtained. The resultant tolerance zone contains all of the composite links of the tolerance zones. The links are assigned according to the process capacities, which can be considered as constraints. A linear optimal model is established to solve the tolerance allocation problem. A practical example is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于工序加工能力的并行公差优化设计

提出一种基于工序加工能力的并行工序公差优化设计方法。在产品的初步结构设计阶段，通过相配零件的加工工艺规划把装配功能公差表示为零件的工序公差，建立以加权制造总成本最小为目标，以并行公差链、标准化的工序公差系数、机床最大经济极限公差为约束的非线性并行公差优化设计模型，求解该模型得到最佳的工序公差。最后给出了并行公差优化设计的一个工程实例，结果表明，所提的方法具有比传统串行等精度方法更合理、工序公差数值更大的优点。     

Fuzzy-small degrees of freedom representation of linear and angular variations in mechanical assemblies for tolerance analysis and allocation

Tolerances naturally generate an uncertain environment for design and manufacturing. In this paper, a novel fuzzy based tolerance representation approach for modeling the variations of geometric features due to dimensional tolerances is presented. The two concepts of fuzzy theory and small degrees of freedom are combined to introduce the fuzzy-small degrees of freedom model (F-SDOF). This model is suitable for tolerance analysis of mechanical assemblies with linear and angular tolerances. Based on the fuzzy concept, a new index (called the assemblability index) is introduced which signifies the fitting quality of parts in the assembly. Graphical and numerical representations of tolerance allocation by this method are presented. The goal of tolerance allocation is to adjust the tolerances assigned at the design stage so as to meet a functional requirement at the assembly stage. The presented method is compatible with the current dimensioning and tolerancing standards. The application of the proposed methodology is illustrated through presenting an example problem.     

Dimensional and geometrical tolerance balancing in concurrent design

In conventional design, tolerancing is divided into two separated sequential stages, i.e., product tolerancing and process tolerancing. In product tolerancing stage, the assembly functional tolerances are allocated to BP component tolerances. In the process tolerancing stage, the obtained BP tolerances are further allocated to the process tolerances in terms of the given process planning. As a result, tolerance design often results in conflict and redesign. An optimal design methodology for both dimensional and geometrical tolerances (DGTs) is presented and validated in a concurrent design environment. We directly allocate the required functional assembly DGTs to the pertinent process DGTs by using the given process planning of the related components. Geometrical tolerances are treated as the equivalent bilateral dimensional tolerances or the additional tolerance constraints according to their functional roles and engineering semantics in manufacturing. When the process sequences of the related components have been determined in the assembly structure design stage, we formulate the concurrent tolerance chains to express the relations between the assembly DGTs and the related component process DGTs by using the integrated tolerance charts. Concurrent tolerancing which simultaneously optimizes the process tolerance based on the constraints of concurrent DGTs and the process accuracy is implemented by a linear programming approach. In the optimization model the objective is to maximize the total weight process DGTs while weight factor is used to evaluate the different manufacturing costs between different means of manufacturing operations corresponding to the same tolerance value. Economical tolerance bounds of related operations are given as constraints. Finally, an example is included to demonstrate the proposed methodology.     

CAD系统中并行公差的建模方法

提出一种基于产品设计与制造、支持公差工程语义和并行公差的几何公差计算机辅助建模表示新方法。在CAD系统中，进行装配公差和零件制造公差建模，利用特征的几何公差结构块，求出各种公差带的空间表示函数，计算有关公差带在三维空间中相应自由度的允许变动量，为公差分析和综合提供实用的模型。用工程实例验证了所提出的方法。     

Optimal tolerance design for mechanical assembly considering thermal impact

In this paper, a cost–tolerance model based on neural network methods is proposed in order to provide product designers and process planners with an accurate basis for estimating the manufacturing cost. Tolerance allocation among the assembly components is carried out to ensure that the functionality and design quality are satisfied considering the effect of dimensional and geometric tolerance of various components of the assembly by developing a parametric computer aided design (CAD) model. In addition, deformations of various components of mechanical assembly due to inertia and temperature effects are determined and the same is integrated with tolerance design. The benefits of integrating the results of finite element simulation in the early stages of tolerance design are discussed. The proposed method is explained with an application example of motor assembly, where variations due to both dimensional and geometric tolerances are studied. The results show that the proposed methods are much effective, cost, and time saving than the ones considered in literature.     

基于UG的三维装配尺寸面链表组自动生成方法研究

针对目前装配尺寸链不能实现真正意义上的自动生成及在装配尺寸链中很少考虑几何要素的几何公差的问题,提出了一种基于几何要素控制点理论公差表示模型的三维装配尺寸面链表组自动生成方法。在分析装配公差建模的信息组成的基础上,建立了装配公差信息的计算机储存储数据混合图结构。以UG NX7.5为二次开发平台,提取了三维装配体内零件上尺寸公差、几何公差、装配基准以及装配目标等信息。首先,确定了封闭环;然后,根据建立装配尺寸链的最短路径的原则搜索装配公差信息图,建立了三维装配尺寸面链表;最后,根据装配顺序及设计基准将其按零件拆分为三维装配尺寸面链表组。以三正交平面作为装配基准的轴孔装配为例,对该方法进行了验证。研究结果表明,该方法能够综合考虑几何要素的尺寸和几何公差,为后续的公差分析工作打下坚实的基础。     

Selection of machining datum and allocation of tolerance through tolerance charting technique

Tolerance charting is an effective tool to determine the optimal allocation of working dimensions and working tolerances such that the blueprint dimensions and tolerances can be achieved to accomplish the cost objectives.The selection of machining datum and allocation of tolerances are critical in any machining process planning as they directly affect any setup methods/machine tools selection and machining time.This paper mainly focuses on the selection of optimum machining datums and machining tolerances simultaneously in process planning.A dynamic tolerance charting constraint scheme is developed and implemented in the optimization procedure.An optimization model is formulated for selecting machining datum and tolerances and implemented with an algorithm namely Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm(NSGA-II).The computational results indicate that the proposed methodology is capable and robust in finding the optimal machining datum set and tolerances.     

Optimal tolerance design of assembly for minimum quality loss and manufacturing cost using metaheuristic algorithms

Tolerance allocation is a design tool for reducing overall cost of manufacturing while meeting target levels for quality. An important consideration in product design is the assignment of design and manufacturing tolerances to individual component dimensions so that the product can be produced economically and functions properly. The allocation of tolerances among the components of a mechanical assembly can significantly affect the resulting manufacturing costs. In this work, the tolerance allocation problem is formulated as a non-linear integer model by considering both the manufacturing cost of each component by alternate processes and the quality loss of assemblies so as to minimise the manufacturing cost. Metaheuristics techniques such as genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation are used to solve the model and obtain the global optimal solution for tolerance design. An example for illustrating the optimisation model and the solution procedure is provided. Results are compared with conventional technique and the performances are analysed.     

Minimum-Loss Assembly Tolerance Allocation by Considering Product Degradation and Time Value of Money

In the optimisation of tolerance allocation for a mechanical assembly, much work has concentrated on the minimum cost– tolerance allocation without considering the quality of the final assembly. Cheng and Maghsoodloo combined the cost– tolerance function and quality loss function, to determine the optimal tolerances for individual components, so that the total assembly cost (including both tolerance cost and quality loss) might be minimised. The objective of this paper is to propose a model for optimal tolerance allocation by considering both tolerance cost and the present worth of quality loss such that the total assembly cost/loss is minimised. The proposed model takes into account the time value of money for quality loss and product degradation over time, and includes two new parameters: the planning horizon and the product user’s discount rate. From the result of this study, a longer planning horizon results in an increase in both tolerance cost and quality loss; however, a larger value of discount rate yields a decrease in both tolerance cost and quality loss.