催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火点、燃烧性能及排放的影响

对甲烷在催化剂铑(Rh)表面的反应机理进行了分析。通过修改CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂的HCCI发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了单区、多区模型。利用单区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火时刻的影响,结果表明在控制HCCI发动机着火时刻方面催化燃烧有其他方式所没有的优势;利用多区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的燃烧性能及HC、CO、NOx排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧对燃烧效率、着火持续期有较大的影响,同时能降低HC、CO的排放,但会提高NOx的排放。     

湍流对缸内存在催化燃烧的HCCI发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响

将发动机多维CFD程序KIVA-3V与化学动力学程序CHEMKIN Ⅲ及DETCHEM相耦合,模拟了湍流模型对缸内存在催化燃烧的HCCI发动机燃烧及排放特性的影响.发动机以甲烷为燃料,其表面和空间化学反应采用了详细的动力学机理.分析了两种湍流模型对缸内存在催化燃烧的HCCI发动机着火时刻、缸内温度场及HC、CO、NO浓度场的影响,结果表明当采用RNG k-ε模型时,与采用标准k-ε模型相比,HCCI发动机着火时刻会有所延迟,HC、CO排放有所升高,但Nox的排放将会有大幅降低.     

催化燃烧对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

通过运用DETCHEM软件包,对甲烷在催化剂Rh表面的详细反应机理进行了分析,结果表明数值模拟结果与实验数据相当吻合;通过耦合DETCHEM软件包及CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂铑的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了单区和多区模型．利用单区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火时刻的影响,同时讨论了催化燃烧对燃烧过程中主要化学组分浓度变化的影响,结果表明催化燃烧会使HCCI发动机着火时刻提前;利用多区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧能降低UHC的排放,但会提高NOx的排放．     

辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性和性能的影响

通过不同比例的正庚烷和异辛烷混合得到不同辛烷值的混合燃料，在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究燃料辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性、性能和排放特性的影响．研究结果表明，燃料辛烷值增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧反应速率降低，缸内爆发压力降低．燃料辛烷值增高，均质压燃向大负荷工况拓宽，燃料辛烷值较高时，存在极限转速，辛烷值增加，极限转速降低．对于每一工况，存在一个最佳经济性的燃料辛烷值，负荷增大，最佳辛烷值增高；随着燃料辛烷值增高，发动机NO、HC和CO排放增加，尤其是HC排放增加更为明显．对于均质压燃发动机，低负荷工况适合燃用低辛烷值燃料，高负荷工况适合燃用高辛烷值燃料。     

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行了二甲醚(DME)均质压燃(HCCl)燃烧过程的试验．研究结果表明，进气中加入30％的惰性气体CO2,发动机实现HCCl运转的负荷范围从0．05MPa扩展到0．35MPa．二甲醚在HCCl模式下表现出明显的双阶段着火特性，增加惰性气体的浓度，第一阶段着火始点滞后，燃烧放热峰值降低，燃烧持续期延长．排放测试表明，HCCl模式下发动机的NOx排放接近于零，可实现无碳烟排放，但CO和HC排放较高．     

Inhibition effect of doping methyl tert-butyl ether compounds to n-heptane on homogenous charge compression ignition combustion

This article reports an experimental study on the combustion characteristics and emissions of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion using n-heptane doped with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine using neat n-heptane and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by volume) MTBE/n-heptane blends at constant engine speed. The experimental results reveal that the ignition timing of the low temperature reaction (LTR) gets retarded, the peak values of heat release during the LTR decrease and the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) duration gets prolonged with the increase of MTBE in the blends. Consequently, the ignition timing of the high temperature reaction (HTR) gets delayed and both the attainable maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the lowest stable IMEP increase. Parametric studies on CO and HC emissions reveal that the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP, ignition timing of the HTR, combustion duration and fuel components have important impacts on HC emission, while the main parameters that show an important influence on CO emissions are the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP and combustion duration. Moreover, in order to suppress the CO and HC emissions to a low level, the maximum combustion temperature should be higher than 1500 K, the maximum pressure rise rate larger than 0.5 MPa/°CA, the IMEP above 0.3 MPa and the combustion duration shorter than 9 °CA.     

Effects of fuel combination and IVO timing on combustion and emissions of a dual-fuel HCCI combustion engine

This paper experimentally and numerically studied the effects of fuel combination and intake valve opening (IVO) timing on combustion and emissions of an n-heptane and gasoline dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. By changing the gasoline fraction (GF) from 0.1 to 0.5 and the IVO timing from –15°CA ATDC to 35°CA ATDC, the in-cylinder pressure traces, heat release behaviors, and HC and CO emissions were investigated. The results showed that both the increased GF and the retarded IVO timing delay the combustion phasing, lengthen the combustion duration, and decrease the peak heat release rate and the maximum average combustion temperature, whereas the IVO timing has a more obvious influence on combustion than GF. HC and CO emissions are decreased with reduced GF, advanced IVO timing and increased operational load.     

DME／CNG双燃料均质压燃发动机性能试验研究

研究了二甲基醚和天然气双燃料均质压燃发动机性能和排放特性.结果表明,采用高十六烷值燃料二甲基醚和高辛烷值燃料天然气,可以拓宽均质压燃的运行工况范围.均质压燃发动机在中等负荷工况,热效率比传统压燃式发动机高.小负荷工况,采用二甲醚和大比例EGR方案可以提高热效率.和传统压燃式或点燃式发动机不同,均质压燃发动机的着火始点对经济性影响不大.均质压燃发动机的NOx排放极低,比原机降低95%以上.随着二甲基醚浓度增加,NOx排放增加,HC和CO排放降低;接近爆震燃烧区域,NOx排放急剧升高,而接近稀燃极限区域,HC和CO排放急剧升高,发动机热效率降低.     

催化燃烧对均质压燃发动机排放影响的数值模拟

通过耦合DETCHEM软件包及CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了多区模型.利用此模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机缸内温度、热释放速率以及未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧能降低UHC、CO的排放,但NOx的排放会有所升高.对不同催化剂及混合催化剂对HCCI发动机缸内温度、热释放速率以及UHC、NOx、CO排放的影响进行了探索,结果表明,和金属铂相比,以铑作催化剂时UHC的排放降低,但NOx、CO排放会有所升高;采用500/0Pt-500/0Rh的混合催化剂时,UHC、NOx的排放介于1000/0Pt与1000/0Rh之间,但CO的排放却比采用1000/0Pt与1000/0Rh时都要低.     

均质压燃发动机燃烧与排放的多区模型模拟

应用一个有质量交换的6区模型模拟正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧和排放特性．通过把缸内划分为缝隙区、边界层区、外核心区和内核心区,加入Woschni传热模型计入了缸内的温度和浓度的不均匀分布．全部计算基于正庚烷燃烧的包含57种组分290个反应的详细机理,结果表明,该多区模型合理地模拟了HCCI发动机的燃烧过程,并可满意地预测出HC、CO和NO的排放．最后采用此多区模型分别讨论了缝隙容积、边界层厚度和壁面温度对HCCI发动机的燃烧和排放的影响．     

活性添加剂对高辛烷值燃料HCCI着火时刻与燃烧速率的影响

为研讨活性添加剂过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP)对高辛烷值燃料以HCCI燃烧模式运行时的放热率特征、着火时刻、燃烧持续期和排放特性的影响,在一台单缸发动机上,在辛烷值为90(RON90)(90％的异辛烷和10％的正庚烷)的混合燃料中加入不同比例(0～4％)的DTBP,考察5种燃料在1800r／min下不同负荷时的燃烧特性和排放特性．实验结果表明：RON90中没有添加剂时,只能在高温、高负荷下才能以HCCI燃烧模式运行;在其中加入少量的DTBP后,RON90实现HCCI燃烧的工况范围向低温低负荷下大幅度拓展．各种燃料的HCCI燃烧冷焰反应发生在850K左右,到950K结束,进入负温度系数区(NTC),在1125K左右突破NTC区而发生热着火．随DTBP含量增加,系统温度达到冷焰反应和热焰反应的化学时间尺度缩短,因此着火时刻提前,燃烧持续期缩短,特别是提高了低负荷下的燃烧速率．添加剂使各种当量比下未燃碳氢(UHC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放显著改善,NOx排放也保持在很低的水平．     

适用于HCCI发动机的异辛烷氧化的化学动力学模型(Ⅱ)——一个新的骨架机理

构造了一个包括40种组分和69个反应的异辛烷氧化的骨架机理，该机理可以较准确计算着火点、燃烧速率以及HC、CO和NOx的排放，适用于HCCI发动机的多维模型的计算。通过与激波管、速压机、喷射搅拌反应器和HCCI发动机实验数据的比较表明，该反应机理在不同温度、压力和当量比下，尤其在高压、稀薄的反应条件下具有很好的性能。在HCCI发动机的单区模型计算中骨架机理计算结果与Curran等人的详细机理计算结果基本相同。     

LP-EGR对增程器GDI汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为进一步降低燃油消耗率和有害排放,开发增程器专用发动机,在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上选取增程器的3个运行工况点,开展了当量比燃烧模式下的低压废气再循环(LP-EGR)试验研究.结果表明:随着废气再循环(EGR)率的增加、点火时刻的推迟,缸内压力和放热率峰值降低且推迟,燃烧持续期延长,缸内燃烧由爆震逐渐过渡到失火,NOx排放降低.随着EGR率的增加,HC排放升高,CO和PM排放降低.点火时刻对HC、CO和颗粒物(PM)排放的影响规律随EGR率的变化而不同.引入EGR前、后的颗粒物总数量(PN)浓度值均在较低的数量级(105/cm^3).3个工况点综合优化后的最低有效燃油消耗率为219.1 g/(kW·h),较原机降低了7.75%.     

Experimental study and chemical analysis of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with port injection of reaction inhibitors

The control of ignition timing in the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) of n-heptane by port injection of reaction inhibitors was studied in a single-cylinder engine. Four suppression additives, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), were used in the experiments. The effectiveness of inhibition of HCCI combustion with various additives was compared under the same equivalence ratio of total fuel and partial equivalence ratio of n-heptane. The experimental results show that the suppression effectiveness increases in the order MTBE < isopropanol ? ethanol < methanol. But ethanol is the best additive when the operating ranges, indicated thermal efficiency, and emissions are considered. For ethanol/n-heptane HCCI combustion, partial combustion may be observed when the mole ratio of ethanol to that of total fuel is larger than 0.20; misfires occur when the mole ratio of ethanol to that of total fuel larger than 0.25. Moreover, CO emissions strongly depend on the maximum combustion temperature, while HC emissions are mainly dominated by the mole ratio of ethanol to that of total fuel. To obtain chemical mechanistic informations relevant to the ignition behavior, detailed chemical kinetic analysis was conducted. The simulated results also confirmed the retarding of the ignition timing by ethanol addition. In addition, it can be found from the simulation that HCHO, CO, and C₂H₅OH could not be oxidized completely and are maintained at high levels if the partial combustion or misfire occurs (for example, for leaner fuel/air mixture).     

Experimental study of the performances of a modified diesel engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode versus the original diesel combustion mode

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode provides very low NO_x and soot emissions; however, it has some challenges associated with hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, fuel consumption, difficult control of start of ignition and bad behaviour to high loads. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control in-cylinder NO_x production in diesel and HCCI combustion mode. However EGR has different effects on combustion and emissions, which are difficult to distinguish. This work is intended to characterize an engine that has been modified from the base diesel engine (FL1 906 DEUTZ-DITER) to work in HCCI combustion mode. It shows the experimental results for the modified diesel engine in HCCI combustion mode fueled with commercial diesel fuel compared to the diesel engine mode. An experimental installation, in conjunction with systematic tests to determine the optimum crank angle of fuel injection, has been used to measure the evolution of the cylinder pressure and to get an estimate of the heat release rate from a single-zone numerical model. From these the angle of start of combustion has been obtained. The performances and emissions of HC, CO and the huge reduction of NO_x and smoke emissions of the engine are presented. These results have allowed a deeper analysis of the effects of external EGR on the HCCI operation mode, on some engine design parameters and also on NO_x emission reduction.     

Advanced combustion operation in a single-cylinder engine

In this paper advanced combustion concepts such as HCCI and PCCI were studied in a single-cylinder engine. PCCI was achieved by the combination of part aspiration and part direct injection of DME in the experiments, which was a compromise to obtain HCCI in that only a portion of the fuel was premixed and the portion of combustion was still controlled by the injection timing. Basic investigations toward the PCCI and HCCI combustion in a DME engine were carried out. DICI operation was also conducted to make a comparison. Results showed that as for the PCCI combustion operation, p_max, (dp/dθ)_max and heat release rate were between the values of HCCI and DICI operation and they increased with a rise of premixed ratio. The combustion duration for the PCCI combustion was longer than those of HCCI combustion, but was shorter than that of DICI combustion. Furthermore, the combustion duration decreased and the brake thermal efficiency increased with an increase in premixed ratio. CO and HC emissions for the PCCI combustion operation were lower than those of the HCCI engine. In comparison to conventional DICI operation, NO_x emissions for the PCCI combustion operation decreased significantly. Experiments also indicated that the fuel injection timing had a great influence on the performance and emissions of a DME engine at a PCCI combustion mode.     

Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for in reciprocating engines. The HCCI combustion engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. In this investigation, port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge. The combustion and emission characteristics of a HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiment is conducted with varying intake air temperature (120–150 °C) and at different air–fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. In-cylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emission measurements were employed for combustion diagnostics. In this study, effect of intake air temperature on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency and emissions in HCCI combustion engine is analyzed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the air–fuel ratio and intake air temperature have significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, gas exchange efficiency, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operation points, NO_x emissions are lower than 10 ppm however HC and CO emissions are higher.     

预喷策略对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

通过一台6缸直喷、高压共轨柴油机改装成的柴油引燃天然气发动机.试验研究预喷正时和预喷油量对燃烧参数和性能参数的影响,结果表明:相对单次喷射,较晚的预喷正时(30°CA BTDC)能提高发动机有效热效率(BTE),降低HC、CO排放,但NOx排放恶化,而较早的预喷正时(60°CA BTDC)能够在提高发动机BTE的同时,降低HC、CO排放,并且NOx排放基本保持不变;当预喷正时为60°CA BTDC,预喷油量适当增多(3~5 mg/cyc)能进一步提高发动机BTE,降低HC、CO和NOx排放;预喷油量进一步增加(6~7 mg/cyc),NOx排放恶化,并且由于着火相位波动导致燃烧稳定性变差.改善双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性一方面要增加预喷柴油在可燃混合气中的分布,增大柴油与可燃混合气混合的时间,改善混合气的活性,进而提高燃烧速率;另一方面要强化主喷柴油喷射对着火相位的控制,防止着火相位不一致而恶化燃烧稳定性.     

DME/LPG燃料比例实时优化的HCCI燃烧控制新方法

根据燃料设计的思想，提出了混合燃料比例实时优化的HCCI燃烧控制新方法。在一台2135柴油机上，通过燃料成分设计（DME／LPG混合燃料）、混合气成分设计（进气添加二氧化碳）、发动机参数调整（改变压缩比）等多种模式对二甲醚HCCI燃烧进行了研究和比较。试验结果表明，在不同工况下实时进行DME／LPG比例优化，通过改变燃料的理化特性和可燃混合气的成分，实现了HCCI着火与燃烧的有效控制，能够显著拓展二甲醚HCCI燃烧的运行负荷范围，并且各个工况下热效率最高、HC和CO排放最低。     

废气再循环对二甲醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃燃烧过程和排放特性的影响

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究了冷却废气再循环(EGR)对二甲醚(DME)／天然气(CNG)双燃料均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程和排放的影响．结果表明，EGR率加大，着火时刻滞后，放热速率降低，燃烧持续期延长，DME比例加大，着火始点提前，放热率峰值上升，燃烧持续期缩短，EGR率增大，发动机“失火”和爆震燃烧的DME比例增大，但“失火”和爆震燃烧之间的DME比例区间变宽，EGR可以拓宽HCCI发动机的工况范围．对应不同比例的EGR，有一个热效率最佳的DME比例区域．HC排放和CO排放随EGR率的增高而增加，随DME比例的增大而降低．NO。排放在不发生爆震的情况下保持在极低的水平．因此，控制DME比例和EGR率是控制DME／CNG双燃料HCCI发动机燃烧过程、性能和排放的关键。